De la excelencia de la religion cristiana.
The Superiority of Divine Revelation
The Christian religion is uniquely excellent because it is revealed by the true God, surpassing all human philosophy and pagan superstition.
If the Roman republic and other powerful, supposedly wise states valued their religion so highly and polished the worship of their gods so carefully—even though those gods were false, vicious, ridiculous, and base, like the prostitute Flora, the lewd Priapus, or the adulterer Jupiter—then how much care should we take? How watchful should we be, and with what piety and diligence should we Christians devote ourselves to the service of our great, only, and true God, and to everything belonging to the most holy and pure religion that the Lord himself taught us?1 For this religion has not been disclosed to us by the light of human reason alone, nor by the study and teaching of philosophy, since these are so low and limited that they cannot reach its excellence and height; and human reason is so weak and dark without the light of faith that before the Gospel shone in the world, there were in it countless sects and gods; and philosophy was so vain and confused that it could not hit on what man's last end consists in—which is the rule and measure of his whole life—and there were so many, and such diverse and contrary, opinions among the philosophers themselves, not only on lesser matters of less worth and importance, but even on this question of our happiness, which is of the highest importance, that Marcus Varro, a most learned man, reports two hundred and eighty-eight different opinions about man's last end, as Saint Augustine writes.2 But our holy religion has come to us from heaven, and eternal Wisdom has taught it to us, and the Only-Begotten of God, who is in the bosom of the Father, has made it known to us; He has been the teacher of this divine doctrine, and He alone could be. As Saint Hilary says, concerning God, only God is to be believed.3 For just as no one knows what is in a man's heart except the man himself, so no one knows what is in God except God himself and the one to whom He deigns to reveal it. It follows that our religion holds God's majesty in the highest regard because God himself revealed it. It confesses that He is pure act—a reality so perfect that nothing can be added to His infinite perfections, each of which is God himself—and that for Him there is nothing new or old, because all things past and future are present to Him.4 They confess that He is the first cause, which moves all other causes; the first truth, on which all other truths depend; the first goodness, the flowing spring of everything good; the first beauty, by which all other things are beautiful; and the first and highest perfection, from which all the perfections of creatures began—all of which exist in Him in an even higher way, along with other infinite perfections that are uniquely His.5 Finally, the Christian religion attributes to Him everything belonging to the omnipotence and glory of God's majesty. Nothing more or better can be attributed to Him than what it confesses regarding His omnipotence, His wisdom, and His immense, infinite goodness.6
The Interior Life and the New Law
The evangelical law is written upon the heart, providing the grace and sacraments necessary for a life of perfect love and virtue.
And at the same time it teaches us that this sovereign Lord must be served with a clean, whole, and perfect heart, and loved above everything that can be loved; that sin must be hated above everything that can be hated; and that our neighbor must be loved for the love of that same God, with the same love and affection with which a person loves himself.✦7 And because man is by nature weak, and by his own strength alone cannot keep God's law or reach the height of such lofty perfection, and because the old law, though it commanded what had to be done, did not give the spirit and strength to do it, and for this reason was imperfect and of itself more an occasion for committing sins by acting against it than a help for keeping it, as Saint Paul says—yet our sacred religion teaches us that the evangelical law is not like that of the Jews, nor written on tablets of stone like that one, but on the hearts of Christians, because it is that covenant and agreement God promised to make with humankind, putting his law in their hearts and writing it in their inmost being, so that the poor would be taught by God; and that it is a heavenly and divine law that teaches what we ought to do and gives us the will and strength to do it.✦✦8 And that the sacraments we have in our religion—which no other has ever had in the world—are the instruments that Jesus Christ, our Redeemer, instituted to give us this spirit and this grace. For the Sacraments of the new law do not only signify grace; they also work it and cause it in the soul of the one who receives them worthily.9 Well then, what shall I say of its antiquity?10 What about the constancy and perpetuity of our most holy faith, which has been the same and singular from the beginning of the world in every age, even if it has been more clearly declared and explained at certain times than at others? I say that it always was and is one, because God, who reveals the mysteries, is one; the Church, to whom they are revealed, is one; and the head of the Church through whom they are revealed—the Supreme Pontiff—is one. Moreover, the truths of faith themselves are always one and never change, even though other things in the Church that do not belong to the faith may change.✦11 Who could explain, with a tongue not human but angelic, the other excellences and wonders of our holy religion?✦ Who will set forth the richest treasure of Sacred Scripture, which, like a royal table, is furnished with every kind of food for the nourishment and support of every holy soul, and for every mind and understanding, however lofty they may be?
The Fruits of the Holy Spirit
The Christian faith produces profound moral transformation, evidenced by the lives of saints, doctors, and martyrs throughout history.
Who can present a teaching so pure and sincere, without any mixture of error? Who can describe the great favor it promises for virtue, and the disfavor and punishments it threatens for vice?12 Who can set forth the happiness it promises and gives? For it not only makes people good, but also blessed, fulfilling the natural desire we all have for the highest good and final end.13 Who can describe the purity of life it produces in those who profess it? Who can set forth the changes it works in hearts? For it turns wolves into sheep, lions into lambs, serpents into doves, and wild, barren trees into beautiful trees heavy with the fruits of eternal life.✦14 Who could count the countless saints there have been and still are in the Catholic Church, who have shone and still shine in the world in every kind of virtue, more than the stars in the sky?✦ What about tender children, clothed in purity and innocence? What about young women purer than the sun, adorned with the laurel of their virginity?15 How many matrons so continent that they deserved to be a model of every virtue and chaste honor? How many monks, anchorites, priests, and levites who, though men by nature, were more than men by grace, and while still on earth in the body were, in spirit, dwellers in heaven? And as for the sacred doctors who in every province and region of the world have illuminated the holy Catholic Church—what Cicero or what Demosthenes could speak of them worthily, or what river of eloquence would not run dry recounting their number without number, their wisdom not human but heavenly, the depth and sharpness of their minds, the maturity and gravity of their judgment, the excellence and loftiness of their teachings, the abundance and elegance of their words, the order and arrangement of what they treat, the force and evidence of the arguments they use, whether attacking16 the enemies of the Church, or answering them and defending the truth—and above all, that humble, gentle, loving, zealous, and truly divine spirit that permeates everything they write? So just as the brightness of the sun is known by the rays of light it casts from itself, so the incomprehensible wisdom of God shines out and is made plain in what so many, so great, and so wise doctors, enlightened by Him, taught us. All of this has been necessary to cultivate our minds—which are naturally crude and unfit, yet often self-confident and bold—to cast down the vain presumption and pride of the philosophers, to confute the malicious ignorance and ignorant malice of the heretics, to declare the sovereign majesty of the mysteries of the Christian religion, and to sail safely across the deepest and loftiest ocean of Sacred Scripture.17 Of the strongest and most valiant martyrs it is better to keep silent and honor them with a pure and fitting silence than to try to praise them with our mute tongue; for even the tongue of the angels can scarcely recount their countless armies, the variety of their torments, the atrocity of their sufferings, the cruelty and kinds of deaths they endured, and the courage and joy with which they endured them.
The Invincible Triumph of the Church
The Church, led by Christ, has overcome the powers of darkness and idolatry through the witness of the martyrs and the power of the Gospel.
All these holy and blessed martyrs are knights of the Catholic Church. All these most wise doctors are her disciples.18 All the bishops and pastors are her sheep.19 All religious and lay people, virgins and married women, princes and commoners, children and the old, the wise and the ignorant, and finally everyone who in any lot, state, and way of life has shared in the grace and redemption of our Lord Jesus Christ and been saved by his merits, are the loveliest plants of this paradise of delights, disciples of this school of heavenly wisdom, valiant soldiers of this sacred army, chosen courtiers of the court of God, obedient and gentle sheep of this fold, true children of the Apostolic and Roman Church, and raised on the purest milk of the Catholic religion—which, ringed by so many and such brilliant squadrons, and with God as its captain general, is invincible, and always has been, is, and will be the victor over powerful tyrants, over deceitful heretics, over sin, death, the devil, and hell, whose gates and power will never be able to prevail against her; on the contrary, this holy religion has been so powerful that, through twelve poor fishermen and her own soldiers, she was able to cast out of his20 kingdom the prince and tyrant of the world, who had entrenched himself there, and through idolatry had stripped the true King and Lord from his throne, taken his crown of divinity, and set it on his own head.21 And he had so tyrannized human beings that they offered him shameful, frenzied, and so cruel sacrifices that fathers sacrificed their own children; and the power of the Crucified was able to cleanse the earth, purge the sea, and sanctify the air infected with the smoke of those abominable sacrifices, and to banish this pestilence from the universe, raze the temples of the false gods, tear down their altars, burn and smash and drag away their idols, and cast this fierce and bloody tyrant from his throne, as God had promised through the prophet Zechariah. And the way so great a deed and so glorious a victory was finished was through the death of those who conquered and through the countless and brilliant miracles the Lord worked, by which he conquered through them. Among those miracles, as Fray Luis de Granada so well says, taking it from Saint Augustine, the greatest of all without doubt was the conversion of the world itself. And any prudent person will say the same, if he considers that the preachers of the Gospel and of this holy religion were, as we said, a few poor and despised fishermen, and that they preached things hard and difficult to believe, and no less hard to put into practice: for they preached the mysteries of the Trinity, of the Incarnation, of the holy Sacrament of the altar, and that a crucified man was God and Creator of heaven and earth—things that so far surpass all human understanding; and at the same time they taught a perpetual cross and mortification, and that a person must oppose all his pleasures and appetites and deny himself—things so contrary and repugnant to our corrupted and badly inclined will.2223 The people they preached to were utterly lewd and carnal—brutes and slaves of Satan—and the preachers of this teaching had as opponents and enemies all the princes, emperors, and monarchs of the world who resisted the preaching, and who resisted it with all their power and with every kind of torment, torture, and death that the devil, who drove them, knew how to invent.24 They fought and fell; they resisted and were defeated. They killed our soldiers, and those soldiers, by their death—or rather, their true life—triumphed over their killers. Our holy religion was left mistress of the field, and from then until now it always has been and always will be, by the power of Him who is its strength, its shelter and defense, its glory, its crown and triumph. Since she is all that, shouldn't she be served and preferred above everything in the world?25
Read the original Latin
Pues si la república romana, y otras que fueron poderosas y tenidas por sábias, tanto preciaron su religion y tanto se esmeraron en el culto de sus dioses, que eran falsos, viciosos, ridículos y viles, pues adoraban á Flora, que habia sido ramera, y á Priapo, deshonesto, y á Júpiter, adúltero, y á otros monstruos como éstos, ¿qué cuenta debemos nosotros tener, cómo nos debemos desvelar, con cuánta piedad y diligencia nos debemos ocupar los cristianos en el servicio de nuestro grande, solo y verdadero Dios y en todo lo que toca á la santísima y purísima religion que el mismo Sefior nos enseñó? Porque esta religion no nos ha sido descubierta con sola la lumbre de la razon humana, ni con el estudio y dotrina de la filosofía, pues éstas son tan rateras, que no pueden llegar á su excelencia y alteza; y la razon del hombre es tan flaca y escura sin la lumbre de la fe, que ántes que resplandeciese el Evangelio en el mundo, habia en él infinidad de sectas y de dioses; y la filosofía era tan vana y confusa, que no atinaba á conocer en qué consiste el último fin del hombre, que es la regla y medida de toda su vida, y habia tantas y tan diversas y contrarias opiniones entre los mismos filósofos, no solamente en las otras cosas de ménos valía é importancia, pero áun en esta de nuestra felicidad, que es importantísima, que Marco Varron, sapientiísimo varon, refiere doscientas y ochenta y ocho opiniones diversas acerca del último fin del hombre, como lo escribe san Agustin. Pero nuestra santa religion nos ha venido del cielo, y la Sabiduría eterna nos la ha enseñado, y el Unigénito de Dios, que está en el seno del Padre, nos la ha manifestado; El ha sido el maestro desta dotrina divina, y Él solo lo podía ser. Porque, como dice san Hilario, de Dios á Dios solo se debe creer. Pues así como no hay nadie que sepa lo que está en el corazon del hombre, sino el hombre, así no hay quien sepa lo que hay en Dios, sino el mismo Dios y á quien Él se digna revelarlo. De aquí es que nuestra religion siente altísimamente de la majestad de Dios, porque el mismo Dios se lo ha revelado, y confiesa que es:acto puro, que quiere decir una cosa tan perfeta, que ninguna cosa se puede añadir á sus perfeciones, que son infinitas, y cuda una dellas es el mismo Dios, y que para Él no hay cosa nueva ni vieja, porque todas las cosas pasadas y venideras le son presentes. Conficsan que es la primera causa, que mueve todas las otras causas, y la primera verdad, de la cual dependen todas las otras verdades, y la primera bondad, que es fuente manantial de todo lo que es bueno, y la primera hermosura, por la cual todas las otras cosas son hermosas, y la primera y suma perfecion, de donde tuvieron principio todas las perfeciones de las criaturas, las cuales todas están en él por otra más alta manera, con otras infinitas que son propias suyas. Finalmente, todo lo que pertenece á la omnipotencia y gloria de la majestad de Dios le atribuye la religlon cristiana, y ninguna cosa más ni mejor se le puede atribuir de lo que ella confiesa, así de su omnipotencia como de su sabiduria y bondad inmensa é infinita.
Y juntamente nos enseña” que este soberano Señor debe ser servido con limpio, entero y perfeto corazon, y amado sobre todo lo que se puede amar, y aborrecido el pecado sobre todo lo que se puede aborrecer, y amado el prójimo por amor del mismo Dios, con aquel amor y afecto que el hombre ama á si mismo.
Y porque el hombre de suyo es flaco, y por gus solas fuerzas no puede cumplir con la ley de Dios, y llegará la cumbre de tan alta perfecion, y la ley vieja, aunque mandaba lo que se habia de hacer, no daba espíritu y fuerzas para hacerlo, y por esta causa era imperfeta y de suyo más ocasion de cometer pecados obrando contra ella, que ayuda para guardarla, como dice san Pablo; mas nuestra sagrada religion nos enseña que la ley evangélica no es como la de los judíos, ni escrita en las tablas de piedra, como aquella, sino en los corazones de los cristianos, porque es aquel asiento y concierto que Dios prometió de hacer con los hombres, poniendo su ley en sus corazones y escribiéndola en sus entrañas, para que los pobres fuesen enseñados por Dios, y que es una ley celes— tial y divina, que enseña lo que debemos hacer, y nos da la voluntad y fuerzas para lo hacer. Y que los sacramentos que tenemos en nuestra religion, los cuales ninguna otra ha tenido en el mundo, son los instrumentos que Jesucristo, nuestro redentor, instituyó para darnos este espíritu y esta gracia. Porque los sacramentos de la nueva ley, no solamente sinifican la gracia, mas la obran y causan en el ánima del que dignamente los recibe. Pues ¿qué diré de la antigúedad? ¿Qué de la constancia y perpetuidad de nuestra santisima fe, la cual desde el principio del mundo en todos los siglos ha sido la misma y siempre una, aunque en un tiempo más declarada y explicada que en otro? Digo que siempre fué y es una, porque Dios, que revela log misterios, es uno; y la Iglesia, á quien se revelan, es una; y la cabeza de la Iglesia, por quien se revelan, que es el sumo Pontífice, es uno; y porque las mismas cosas reveladas, que pertenecen á la fe, siempre son unas y nunca se mudan, aunque se muden otras en la Iglesia, que no pertenecen á la fe. ¿Quién podrá, con lengua no humana, sino de ángeles, explicar las otras excelencias y maravillas de nuestra santa religion? ¿Quién declarará el tesoro riquísimo de la Sagrada Escritura, que, como una mesa real, está proveida de todos los manjares, para pasto y sustento de todas las ánimas santas, y para todos los ingenios y entendimientos, por elevados que sean?
¿Quién la dotrina tan pura y sincera, sin ninguna mezcla de error? ¿Quién el favor grande que promete d la virtud, y el disfavor y castigos que amenaza á los vicios? ¿Quién la felicidad que promete y da, pues no 8olamente hace buenos á los hombres, sino tambien bienaventurados, cumpliéndoles el deseo natural que tenemos todos del sumo bien y último fin? ¿Quién la pureza de vida que causa en los que la profesan? ¿Quién las mudanzas que hace en los corazones, pues muda lus lobos en ovejas, los leones en corderos, las serpientes en palomas, y los árboles silvostres y estériles en árboles hermosos, cargados de frutos de vida eterna? ¿Quién podrá contar la infinidad que ha habido y hay en la Iglesia católica de santos, que en todo linaje de virtudes han resplandecido y resplandecen en el mundo, más que las estrellas del firmamento? ¿Qué de niños tiernos, vestidos de puridad é innocencia? ¿Qué de doncellas más limpias que el sol, adurnadas con la laurca de su virginidad?
¿Qué de matronas tan continentes, que merecieron ser dechado de toda virtud y honestidad? ¿Qué de monjes, anacoritas, sacerdotes, levitas, que siendo hombres en la naturaleza, fueron más que hombres por la gracia, y estando en la tierra con el cuerpo, fueron con el espiritu moradores del cielo? Pues de los sagrados doctores que en todas las provincias y regiones del mundo han ilustrado la santa Tglesia católica, ¿qué Tulio ó qué Demóstenes dignamente podrá hablar, Ó qué rio de elocuencia no se agotará en contar el número sin número dellos, la sabiduría no humana, sino celestial, la profundidad y agudeza de ingenio, la madureza y gravedad de juicio, la excelencia y alteza de sentencias, la copia y elegancia de palabras, el órden y disposicion en lo que tratan, la fuerza y evidencia de los argumentos que usan, agora sea impugnando á. los enemigos de la Iglesia, agora respondiéndoles y defendiendo la verdad; y sobre todo, aquel espiritu humilde, suave, amoroso y celoso, y verdaderamente divino, con que todo lo que escriben está empapado? De manera que así como la claridad del sol se conoce por los rayos de la luz que echa de si, asi la sabiduría incomprensible de Dios resplandece y se echa de ver en lo que tantos y tan grandes y tan sabios doctores, alumbrados por Él, nos enseñaron. Y todo ha sido menester para cultivar nuestros entendimientos, por una parte rudos y por sí inhábiles, y por otra confiados y atrevidos, para derribar la vana presuncion y altivez de los filósofos, para convencer la maliciosa inorancia y inorante malicia de los herejes, para declarar la majestad soberana de los misterios de la religion cristiana, y navegar seguramente por el piélago profundiísimo y altísimo de la Sagrada Escritura. De los fortisimos y valerosísimos mártires mejor es callar y con un casto y debido silencio honrarlos, que quererlos alabar con nuestra lengua muda; pues la de los ángeles apénas podrá contar los ejércitos sin cuento dellos, la variedad de los tormentos, la atrocidad de las penas, la crueldad y linajes de muertes que padecieron, y el esfuerzo y alegría con que padecieron.
Todos estos santos y bienaventurados mártires son caballeros de la Iglesia católica. Todos estos sapientísimos doctores son sus discípulos. 'Podos los obispos y pastores son sus ovejas. Todos los religiosos y seglares, virgenes y casadas, principes y plebeyos, niños y viejos, sabios é inorantes, y finalmente, todos los que en cualquiera suerte, estado y manera de vida han participado de la gracia y redencion de nuestro Señor Jesucristo, y se han salvado por sus merecimientos, son plantas hermosisimas deste paraíso de deleites, discípulos desta escuela de sabiduría celestial, soldados esforzados desta milicia sagrada, cortesanos escogidos de la córte de Dios, ovejas obedientes y mansas deste aprisco, hijos verdaderos de la Iglesia apostólica y romana, y criados con la leche purisima de la religion católica, la cual, rodeada de tantos y tan lucidos escuadrones, y teniendo á Dios por capitan general, es invencible, y siempre ha sido y es y será vencedora de los tiranos poderosos, de los herejes engañosos, del pecado, de la muerte, del demonio y del infierno, cuyas puertas y poder jamas podrán prevalecer contra ella; ántes esta santa religion ha sido tan poderosa, que, por medio de doce pobres pescadores, y soldados suyos, pudo echar de su. reino al príncipe y tirano del mundo, el cual se habia encastillado en él, y por medio de la idolatría quitado al verdadero Rey y Señor de su silla, y tomádole la corona de su divinidad y puéstola sobre su cabeza. Y tenía tan tiranizados á los hombres que le ofrecian sacrificios deshonestos, furiosos y tan crueles, que los padres sacrificaban á sus hijos, y la potencia del Crucificado pudo limpiar la tierra, purgar la mar y santificar el aire inficionado con el humo de los sacrificios abominables, y desterrar del universo esta pestilencia, asolar los templos de los falsos dioses, derribar sus altares, quemar y despedazar y arrastrar sus idolos, y derribar de su trono á este fiero y sangriento tirano, como Dios lo tenía prometido por el profeta Zacarías; y la manera con que se acabó una hazaña tan grande y una vitoria tan gloriosa, fué con la muerte de los que vencian y con los milagros innumerables y esclarccidos que obraba el Señor, que por cllos vencia; entre los cuales, como muy bien dice cl padre fray Luis de Granada, tomándolo de san Agustin, el mayor, sin duda, de todos fué la misma conversion del mundo; y cualquiera hombre prudente dirá que es asi, si consideráre que los predicadures del Evangelio y de esta santa religion eran, como dijimos, unos pocos y pobres y despreciados pescadores, y que predicaban cosas arduas y dificultosas para creerse, y no ménos para obrarse; porque predicaban los misterios de la "Prinidad, de la Encarnacion, del santo Sacramento del altar, y que un hombre crucificado era Dios y criador del cielo y de la tierra, que son cosas que tanto sobrepujan todo humano entendimiento; y juntamente enseñaban una perpétua cruz y mortificacion, y que el hombre debe contradecir á todos sus gustos y apctitos, y negarse ú sí mismo, que son cosas tan contrarias y repugnantes á nuestra estragada y mal inclinada voluntad.
Los hombres á quien predicaban eran deshonestísimos y carnalísimos, y unos brutos y esclavos de Satanas, y los predicadores desta dotrina tenian por contrarios y por enemigos á todos los principes, emperadores y monarcas del inundo, que resistian á la predicacion, y resistian con todo su puder y con todos los géneros de tormentos, 8uplicios y muertes que el demonio, que los movia, supo inventar. Pelearon y cayeron, resisticron y fueron vencidos, mataron á nuestros soldados, y ellos con su muerte (6 por mejor decir, verdadera vida) triunfaron de sus matadores, y nuestra santa religion quedó señora del campo, y despues acá siempre lo ha sido y lo será, por virtud del que es cu virtud, su amparo y defensa, su gloria, su corona y triunfo; pues siendo ella tal, ¿no ha de ser servida y preferida á todas las cosas del mundo?
Scripture echoes
- ↩Lev.19.18 — You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against the sons of your people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself. I am the LORD.
- ↩Jer.31.33;Heb.8.10;2Cor.3.3 — But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the LORD: I will put my law within them, and I will write it on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. Heb.8.10 — For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord: I will put my laws into their minds, and I will write them on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. 2Cor.3.3 — being revealed that you are a letter of Christ, served by us, written not with ink but with the Spirit of the living God, not on tablets of stone but on tablets of flesh, that is, of the heart.
- ↩Isa.54.13;John.6.45 — All your children shall be taught by the LORD, and great shall be the peace of your children. John.6.45 — It is written in the prophets, "They will all be taught by God." Everyone who has heard from the Father and has learned comes to me.
- ↩Eph.4.4-Eph.4.6 — There is one body and one Spirit, just as you were called to one hope of your calling. Eph.4.5 — one Lord, one faith, one baptism Eph.4.6 — one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all
- ↩1Cor.13.1 — If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I am a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal.
- ↩Matt.10.16 — Look, I am sending you out as sheep among wolves; therefore be wise as serpents and innocent as doves.
- ↩Gen.15.5;Dan.12.3 — And he brought him outside and said, "Look now toward heaven, and count the stars, if you are able to count them." And he said to him, "So shall your offspring be." Dan.12.3 — And those who are wise will shine like the brightness of the sky, and those who lead many to righteousness, like the stars forever and ever.
Notes
- 1 ↩Source reads «Sefior»; translated as intended «Señor» (Lord).
- 2 ↩«rateras» rendered as «low and limited» (base, ground-level, unequal to the height of revealed religion), not as thievish.
- 3 ↩«de Dios á Dios solo se debe creer» taken as Hilary's maxim that only God is a trustworthy witness about God (not that one believes 'from God to God' in a spatial sense).
- 4 ↩Source «es:acto puro» read as «es acto puro» (pure act); «cuda una» read as «cada una».
- 5 ↩Source «Conficsan» corrected to intended «Confiesan» (they confess); subject continues the Christian confession of the previous sentence.
- 6 ↩Source «religlon» read as intended «religión».
- 7 ↩Source has a stray closing quotation mark after enseña (enseña”); treated as typographic noise and omitted in the English.
- 8 ↩Normalized OCR: 'por gus solas fuerzas' → 'por sus solas fuerzas'; 'y llegará la cumbre' → 'y llegar a la cumbre'; 'celes— tial' → 'celestial'.
- 9 ↩Normalized OCR: 'sinifican' → 'significan'.
- 10 ↩Normalized OCR: 'antigúedad' → 'antigüedad'.
- 11 ↩Normalized OCR: 'log misterios' → 'los misterios'.
- 12 ↩Source reading 'promete d la virtud' treated as 'promete a la virtud' (OCR truncation of 'a'/'á').
- 13 ↩Source 'no 8olamente' read as 'no solamente' (OCR digit for long-s/letter s).
- 14 ↩Source 'muda lus lobos' read as 'muda los lobos'; 'silvostres' as 'silvestres'.
- 15 ↩Source 'adurnadas' read as 'adornadas'; 'laurca' as 'laurea' (laurel crown).
- 16 ↩Normalized OCR 'Tglesia' as 'Iglesia' (Church). 'Tulio' rendered as Cicero (Marcus Tullius).
- 17 ↩'convencer' rendered as 'confute' (prove wrong / overcome in argument), the period polemical sense, not modern 'persuade emotionally'.
- 18 ↩"sus discípulos" refers to the Catholic Church (from s1), not to the martyrs alone.
- 19 ↩Source reads "'Podos"; translated as the clear intended "Todos" (All).
- 20 ↩Sentence breaks mid-clause at "pudo echar de su."; sense continues in s5 with "reino..." Period orthography normalized (deste/desta, inorantes, jamas, etc.) without changing sense.
- 21 ↩Continues s4's unfinished clause ("echar de su / reino"). "el príncipe y tirano del mundo" is Satan, usurping divine kingship by idolatry.
- 22 ↩Normalized clear print/OCR corruptions: esclarccidos→esclarecidos; cllos/cl→ellos/el; predicadures→predicadores; "Prinidad→Trinidad; apctitos→apetitos; ú sí mismo→a sí mismo. Sense is unambiguous.
- 23 ↩Kept "holy Sacrament of the altar" for "santo Sacramento del altar" (Eucharistic specificity). "mortification" and "deny himself" retained as traditional ascetical terms.
- 24 ↩Normalized OCR/print corruptions in the source: inundo→mundo, puder→poder, 8uplicios→suplicios; sense translated from those corrected readings.
- 25 ↩Normalized OCR/print corruptions: resisticron→resistieron; (6 por mejor decir→(o por mejor decir; cu virtud→su virtud. 'Por virtud del que es su virtud' taken as 'by the power of Him who is its strength'.
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit