El recato que deben usar los príncipes en aprovecharse de los bienes de la Iglesia.
Lessons from Pagan Antiquity
Even pagan rulers and writers recognized the divine danger in violating sacred spaces and temple property.
Secular writers provide many examples of people who were severely punished by their gods for laying hands on temple property. They write with great gravity about Xerxes's army, destroyed by lightning and storms, and Cambyses's, buried under mountains of sand; about Artaxerxes VIII, whom his eunuch Bagoas killed; about Brennus, the Gallic captain, who took his own life; and many other similar examples. Even though the gods they worshiped were false, these people believed them to be true, and therefore sinned by robbing their temples under that false belief. The true God punished them, and through their punishments, He taught and warned us who know the true God, while allowing them to persist in their error and to believe that what was merely superstition, idolatry, and a great deception of Satan was the religion of the true God.12 Conversely, those same pagan authors praise Alexander the Great because, when he captured Tyre—while allowing his soldiers to sack and burn the city—he ordered that the lives of those who took refuge in the temples be spared; he did the same when he captured Thebes, even though he was furious with that city.3 And of Antiochus the Great, Plutarch writes that, when he had Jerusalem hard pressed by siege, the Jews asked him for a truce so they could celebrate their Passover with greater calm and solemnity, and he granted it to them, and sent them many bulls with gilded horns for the sacrifices, and much fragrant water for the temple; and that the Jews were so grateful for this generosity of Antiochus that right after Passover they surrendered to him.4 And of Agesilaus, Aemilius Probus says that when he took Thebes, though he was wounded and rivers of blood were running from his body, he did not forget to order that no one should touch the temples; and for this piety that Agesilaus always showed, Plutarch says it is no wonder that the gods favored him and made him prosper in everything he set his hand to.5 Josephus recounts the restraint Gnaeus Pompey showed in the Temple of Jerusalem, as well as the greed with which Marcus Crassus robbed it—a crime for which he was later punished by God, meeting a miserable death with his army at the hands of the Parthians. He even adds that King Herod, finding himself in need, opened King David's tomb in the hope of finding great treasures, though he was mistaken; he notes that from that day on, great troubles befell him as punishment for his presumption. But let's set the pagans aside—they made much of this—and discuss what the sacred and ecclesiastical writers have said on the subject.6
The Witness of Scripture and Christian History
Sacred scripture and the conduct of noble kings demonstrate that God punishes those who violate His house.
In the divine Scriptures, we read that Nebuchadnezzar, king of the Assyrians, robbed the temple of God and was later turned into a beast; that his son, King Belshazzar, died at the hands of his enemies for profaning sacred vessels; that King Antiochus was eaten by worms; and that Heliodorus was flogged by angels and left half-dead—not for actually taking the temple's goods, but for wanting to take them. We even read in the Acts of the Apostles about the deaths of Ananias and his wife, Sapphira—not for stealing property others had given to the temple, but for holding back part of what they themselves had offered to God and lying to the apostle Saint Peter. These accounts help us understand the care we must take with anything once it has been offered to the Lord. For this reason, when Alaric, king of the Goths, captured Rome, he ordered under severe penalty that none of his soldiers should rob the temples or touch anything within them, stating that he was making war on men, not on God or His saints. And when a Gothic knight found in a house of the church a maiden consecrated to God and asked her for the gold and silver she had, she answered that she would give it, because she had so great a store of it that she could quench his thirst; and she brought out the very rich vessels of silver and gold that belonged to the church of Saint Peter and that she was keeping, set them before him, and spoke these words: "These are the sacred mysteries of the apostle Saint Peter; if you have the courage, take them, and look carefully at what you are doing; for I, because I cannot defend them, do not dare to keep them." Struck with fear, the barbarian Goth reported what was happening to Alaric. Alaric ordered that all the sacred vessels be gathered and carried with great pomp and solemnity to the church of the apostle Saint Peter, and that all Christians accompanying them be kept safe from any harm. As Paulus Orosius writes, they were carried on the heads of the Goths themselves, escorted by soldiers with drawn swords. If a barbarian king acted this way, it's no surprise that King Clovis did the same when going to war with Alaric, or that King Don Alfonso of Naples did so when he took the city of Marseille by force in 1423 and sacked it, as Pandolfo Collenuccio notes in his History of Naples. The Great Captain, Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, showed this same care, as is recorded in his biography.7
Divine Judgment on Sacrilege
A catalog of historical judgments reveals the severe and often miraculous punishments inflicted upon those who seize church goods.
Church history is full of examples of princes, captains, and soldiers who were severely punished by God for daring to seize churches and their property; I want to recount some of them here. Julian, uncle of the emperor Julian the Apostate, stole sacred vessels from the church of Antioch and mixed them with his nephew's imperial treasures. He was visibly punished by God for this: his bowels rotted, and he suffered such cruel and disgusting sores that worms poured from them. Eaten away by these, he ended his sad and miserable life vomiting excrement from his mouth. Felix, the Emperor's treasurer and Julian's accomplice in the robbery of the church, died vomiting blood. Maurice the Cartulary persuaded Isaac, the exarch in Italy under the emperor Heraclius, to steal the enormous treasure kept at Saint John Lateran in Rome—a treasure no one had dared touch until then. The exarch did it, but not long afterward, Maurice was seized for other faults and put to death with extraordinary shame by Isaac's own order. A few days later, Isaac also died suddenly. As Carlo Sigonio writes, the Lord punished that sacrilege with the miserable deaths of both men.8 Leo IV, emperor of Constantinople, took a very rich gold crown that the emperor Maurice had offered to the church of Hagia Sophia, which featured a carbuncle of inestimable value among its precious stones; the moment he placed it on his head, an abscess known as a carbuncle erupted there, and he died from it.9 Saint Gregory of Tours writes in his History that after some soldiers had robbed the church of Saint Vincent in the city of Agen, they were punished by God in such a way that some men's hands burned and gave off smoke; into others the demon entered and tore them apart while they cried out to the Saint; others killed themselves with their own hands. Trithemius reports that through certain revelations it had become known that Dagobert, king of France, for having seized the goods of the churches, was accused before the throne of God, and that Charles Martel, a captain of such great valor, father of King Pepin and grandfather of the emperor Charlemagne, was condemned for that same offense; and others even add that Saint Eucherius, bishop of Orléans, ordered his tomb opened, and that nothing was found in it but a very misshapen serpent of strange size.10 Francisco Tarafa writes that Gunderic, king of the Vandals, having taken Seville, wanted to lay hands on the goods of the Church, and that the devil seized him and he died miserably.11 St. Isidore recounts that Agila, king of the Goths and successor to Theudigisel, profaned the temple of the martyr St. Acisclus in Córdoba—where the saint's body lay—by turning it into a stable for his horses. His army was subsequently routed by the people of Córdoba, and he fled to Mérida, where he was later killed by his own servants. Paleonidoro writes in the Life of St. Albert, a friar of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, that when enemies had entered his church in the kingdom of Sicily, of which he was a native, and profaned it, a noise was suddenly heard inside the casket in which the Saint lay, and that many of the soldiers who had profaned it then died, while others were left weakened and full of serious ailments; and when the casket was later opened, they found it broken open, and the Saint kneeling, as one who was asking God for vengeance for those sacrileges.12 In the life of Saint Austregisilus, bishop of Bourges in France, we read of the severe punishments God inflicted, through the saint's intercession, on those who robbed his church and the monastery's goods.13 In the histories of Spain it is written that when Queen Doña Urraca, daughter of King Alfonso VI, had entered the church of Saint Isidore in León and taken, for the war she was waging, the jewels and treasures she found there, as she was leaving very pleased with the spoil she burst open at the door of that same church and ended her days disastrously; and for the same reason King Alfonso of Aragon, her husband, was lost at the battle of Fraga.1415 King Pedro IV of Aragon, seeking to make the people of the city and archbishopric of Tarragona acknowledge him as their lord—he who held the useful domain—waged a very harsh war against the church of Tarragona; Saint Thecla, patroness of that city, appeared to him, struck him across the face with a slap, he fell ill at once and died with deep recognition and repentance of his guilt, and ordered in his will that the Archbishop of Tarragona be restored to the possession his predecessors had held.1617 When Philip, king of France, made war on King Pedro of Aragon and took the city of Girona, his men profaned the churches and plundered the tomb of Saint Narcissus, patron of that city; but from that same tomb of the Saint there came out countless swarms of flies and horseflies of extraordinary shape and size, which attacked the king's men and horses and so terrified and poisoned them that in a short time more than forty thousand Frenchmen and more than twenty-four thousand horses died of pestilence; and even King Pedro himself, in a letter he wrote to King Sancho of Castile, says that forty thousand horses died, and within a few days the same King of France died in Perpignan, and the flies of Saint Narcissus passed into proverb, as Caesar Baronius noted in his annotations on the Roman Martyrology.1819 In 1414, while the French army was at war with John, Duke of Burgundy and Count of Flanders, they captured the city of Soissons, which the Duke held, and desecrated the church of Saints Crispin and Crispinian, whose bodies are revered there. The following year, on the very feast day of those saints, that same French army—which was massive, powerful, and filled with the realm's nobility—was defeated, shattered, and destroyed by a much smaller English army that had been unable to secure any peace or settlement from the French. This was seen as God’s just punishment, brought about through the intercession of the holy martyrs whose church and tomb had been profaned.20 The French historians say that the reason God took the crown of the kingdom of France from the line of Clovis—who was the first Christian king of the French—and transferred it to that of Charlemagne was, among other things, the little regard his descendants had for the administration of the churches' goods; and that for this same reason God later took it from the kings who descended from Charlemagne and gave it to Hugh Capet and those of his house.
Read the original Latin
Los escritores profanos traen muchos ejemplos de los que fueron castigados severísimamente de sus dioses por haber puesto las manos en los bienes de sus templos. El ejército de Jérjes, desbaratado con rayos y tempestades, y el de Cambise, oprimido con montañas de arenas; Artajérjes VIII, á quien Bagoa, su eunuco, quitó la vida; á Breno, capitan de los galos, que se mató por sus propias manos; y otros muchos ejemplos como éstos escriben con gran ponderacion y encarecimiento; porque, aunque los dioses que adoraban eran falsos, pero, como ellos los tenian por verdaderos, pecaban en despojar sus templos con aquella falsa creencia; y el verdadero Dios los castigaba, y con los castigos dellos enseñaba y escarmentaba á nosOtros, que conocemos á Dios verdadero, y permitia que ellos perseverasen en su error, y creyesen que era religion de Dios verdadero la que no era sino supersticion é idolatría y grande engaño de Satanas. Y por el contrario, los mcsmos autores gentiles alaban á Alejandro Magno porque, cuando tomó á Tiro, dando licencia para que la saqueasen los soldados y la pegasen fuego, mandó que se les perdonasen las vidas á los que se acogiesen á los templos; y lo mesmo hizo cuando tomó á Tébas, con estar contra ella muy enojado.
Y de Antioco el Grande escribe Plutarco que, teniendo muy apretada con el cerco á Jerusalen, le pidieron los judíos treguas para celebrar su pascua con más quietud y solenidad, y él se las concedió, y les envió muchos toros con los cuernos dorados para los sacrificios, y muchas aguas de olores para el templo; y que los judios quedaron tan reconocidos por esta liberalidad de Antioco, que luégo despues de Pascua se le rindieron. Y de A gesilao dice Emilio Probo que cuando tomó á Tébas, con estar herido y correr rios de sangre de su cuerpo, no se olvidó de mandar que no se tocase á los templos; y por esta piedad que siempre tuvo Agesilao, dice Plutarco que no es maravilla que los dioses le favoreciesen y prosperasen en todo lo que ponia mano.
Y Josefo cuenta la templanza con que se hubo Gneo Pompeyo en el templo de Jerusalen, y la codicia con que Marco Craso le robó, y que despues fué castigado de Dios, muriendo miserablemente con su ejército á manos de los partos; y áun añade que el rey Heródcs, hallándose con necesidad, abrió la sepultura del rey David, creyendo hallar grandes tesoros, aunque se engañó; y dice que desde aquel dia le vinieron grandes trabajos, en castigo de aquel atrevimiento; pero dejemos aparte los gentiles, que encarecieron mucho esto, y digamos algo de lo que escriben los autores sagrados y eclesiásticos desta materia.
En las divinas letras leemos que Nabucodonosor, rey de los asirios, robó el templo de Dios, y despues se transformó en bestia; y que el rey Baltasar, su hijo, por haber profanado los vasos sagrados, murió á manos de sus enemigos; y que el rey Antioco fué comido de gusanos; Heliodoro azotado de los ángeles y dejado medio muerto, no por haber tomado los bienes del templo, sino por haberlos querido tomar; y áun en los Actos de los apóstoles leemos la muerte de Ananía y Safira, su mujer, no por haber robado la hacienda que otros habian dado al templo, sino por haberse quedado con parte de la que ellos mismos habian ofrecido á Dios y mentido al apóstol san Pedro, para darnos á entender la cuenta que se debe tener de cualquiera cosa que una vez se haya ofrecido al Señor. Por esto Alarico, rey de los godos, cuando tomó á Roma, mandó, so graves penas, que ninguno de sus soldados robase los templos ni tocase á cosa que hubiese en ellos, diciendo que hacia guerra con los hombres, y no con Dios ni con sus santos. Y como un caballero godo hallase en una casa de la iglesia á una doncella consagrada á Dios, y le pidiese el oro y plata que tenía, ella lo respondió que sí haria, porque tenia tan gran copia della, que podria hartar su sed; y sacó los vasos riquísimos de plata y oro, que eran de la iglesia de san Pedro, y ella guardaba, y se los puso delante, y le dijo estas palabras: «Estos son los sagrados misterios del apóstol san Pedro; si tienes ánimo, tómalos, y mira bien lo que haces; que yo, porque no los puedo defender, no los oso guardar. Espantóse el godo y bárbaro, y avisó de lo que pasaba á Alarico, el cual mandó que se tomasen todos los vasos sagrados, y se llevasen con gran pompa y solenidad á la iglesia del apóstol san Pedro, y que todos los cristianos que los acompañasen, fuesen libres de cualquiera agravio é injuria; y así fueron llevados sobre las cabezas de los mesmos godos, y acompañados de los soldados con las espadas desnudas, como lo escribe Paulo Orosio. Si esto hizo el rey bárbaro, no es maravilla que lo haya hecho el rey Clodoveo cuando iba á hacer guerra con Alarico, y el rey don Alonso de Nápoles cuando, en el año de mil y cuatrocientos y veinte y tres, tomó por fuerza la ciudad de Marsella y la saqueó, como lo dice, en su HHistoria de Nápoles, Pandulfo Colenucio; y que el Gran Capitan, Gonzalo Fernandez de Córdoba, haya tenido este mismo cuidado, como se escribe en su Vida.
Las historias eclesiásticas están llenas de ejemplos de príncipes, capitanes y soldados que, por haberse atrevido á las iglesias y á sus bienes, fueron castigados severamente de Dios; algunos de los cuales quiero yo referir aquí. Juliano, tio del emperador Juliano Apóstata, robó los vasos sagrados de la iglesia de Antioquía y los juntó con los tesoros del Emperador, su sobrino, y fué castigado visiblemente de Dios por ello, y se le pudrieron las entrañas, y tuvo tan crueles y asquerosas llagas, de las cuales manaban gusanos, que, comido dellos, acabó su triste y miserable vida echando por la boca los excrementos. Félix, tesorero del Emperador y compañero de Juliano en el robo de la iglesia, murió echando sangre por la boca. Mauricio Cartulario persuadió á Isacio, que era exarco en Italia por el emperador Heraclio, que robase el tesoro que estaba en San Juan de Letran, de Roma, que era grandisimo, y hasta aquel tiempo ninguno se habia atrevido á poner las manos en él, y esto exarco lo hizo; pero no mucho despues Mauricio, por otras culpas suyas, fué preso y muerto con extraña ignominia, por mandato del mismo Ísacio, el cual tambien de allí á pocos dias murió repentinamente; castigando el Señor aquel sacrilegio con las muertes miserables de los dos, como lo escribe Cárlos Sigonio.
Leon IV, emperador de Constantinopla, tomó una corona de oro muy rica, que el emperador Mauricio habia ofrecido al templo de Santa Sofia, en la cual, entre otras piedras preciosas, habia un carbúnculo de inestimable valor, y en poniéndola sobre su cabeza, luégo le nació en ella una apostema, que llaman carbunco, de que murió. San Gregorio Turonense escribe en su Historia que habiendo unos soldados robado el templo de San Vicente de la ciudad Agenense, fueron castigados de Dios de tal manera, que á unos se les quemaban las manos y echaban humo dellas, en otros entró el demonio y los despedazaba, llamando ellos á gritos al Santo; otros se mataban por sus propias manos. Tritemio refiere que por algunas revelaciones se habia sabido que Dagoberto, rey de Francia, por haber usurpado los bienes de las iglesias, fué acusado delante del trono de Dios, y que Cárlos Martelo, capitan de tan grande valor, y padre del rey Pepino, y abuelo del emperador Cárlos Magno, fué condenado por ello, y áun añaden otros que san Eucherio, obispo de Orliens, mandó abrir su sepultura, y que no se halló en cl sino una serpiente muy disforme y de extraña grandeza.
Fraucisco Tarafa escribe que Gunderico, rey de los vándalos, habiendo tomado á Sevilla, quiso meter las manos en los bienes de la Iglesia, y que el demonio se apoderó dl y murió miserablemente. Y san Isidro cuenta que Agila, rey de los godos y sucesor de Teodiselo, profanó en Córdoba el templo de san Acisclo, mártir, donde estaba su cuerpo, y le hizo caballeriza de sus caballos, y que su campo fué desbaratado de los cordobeses, y él huyó á Mérida, donde despues fué muerto por sus propios criados. Paleonidoro escribe en la Vida de gan Alberto, fraile de Nuestra Señora del Cármen, que habiendo entrado los enemigos en su templo, en el reino de Sicilia, de donde él fué natural, y profanádole, se oyó repentinamente un ruido dentro del arca en que estaba el Santo, y que luégo murieron muchos de los soldados que le habian profanado, y otros quedaron debilitados y llenos de graves dolencias; y abriéndose despues el arca, la hallaron quebrada, y el Santo puesto de rodillas, como quicn pedia á Dios venganza de aquellos sacrilegios.
En la Vida de san Astregisilo, obispo de Burges en Francia, leemos algunos graves castigos que hizo Dios, por intercesion deste santo, contra los que habian robado su iglesia y los bienes de su monesterio. En las historias de España se escribe que habiendo entrado la reina doña Urraca, hija del rey don Alonso el Sexto, en el templo de San Isidro, de Leon, y tomado para la guerra que hacia, las joyas y preseas que halló en él, volviendo muy contenta con la presa, reventó á la puerta del mismo templo y acabó desastradamente sus dias, y por la misma causa se perdió en la batalla de Praga el rey don Alonso de Aragon, su marido.
El rey don Pedro el Cuarto de Aragon, pretendiendo que los pueblos de la ciudad y arzobispado de Tarragona le reconociesen por su señor, que tenía el dominio útil, hizo muy cruda guerra á la iglesia de Tarragona; aparecióle santa Tecla, patrona de aquella ciudad, hirióle con una palmada en el rostro, adoleció luégo y murió con grande conocimiento y arrepentimiento de su culpa, y mandó en su testamento que el Arzobispo de Tarragona fueso restituido en la posesion en que habian estado sus predecesores. Cuando Filipe, rey de Francia, hizo guerra al rey de Aragon, don Pedro, y tomó la ciudad de Girona, su gente profanó las iglesias y robó el sepulcro de san Narciso, patron de aquella ciudad; mas del mesmo sepulcro del Santo salieron innumerables enjambres de moscas y tábanos de extraordinaria figura y grandeza, que embistieron en la gente y caballos del Rey, y los espantaron y emponzofiaron de manera, que en breve tiempo murieron de pestilencia más de cuarenta mil franceses y más de veinte y cuatro mil caballos; y áun el mismo rey don Pedro, en una carta que escribió al rey don Sancho de Castilla, dice que murieron cuarenta mil caballos, y dentro de pocos dias murió el mesmo Rey de Francia cn Perpiñan, y quedaron en proverbio las moscas de san Narciso, como lo notó César Baronio en sus anotaciones sobre el Martirologio romano.
El año de 1414, haciendo el ejército de Francia guerra á Juan, duque de Borgoña y conde de Flándes, tomó la ciudad de Suesson, que se tenia por el Duque, y profanó el templo de San Crispino y Crispiniano (cuyos cuerpos son reverenciados en aquella ciudad), y el año siguiente, el mesmo dia de los dichos santos, el mesmo ejército del Rey de Francia, que era copiosísimo y fortísimo y lleno de toda la nobleza del reino, fué vencido, destrozado y deshecho del ejército de Inglaterra, que era muy pequeño, y no habia podido alcanzar paz ni concierto alguno del frances; lo cual se tuvo por justo castigo de Dios, á intercesion de los santos mártires cuyo templo y sepulcro habia sido profanado. Los historiadores franceses dicen que la causa por que Dios quitó la corona del reino de Francia al linaje de Clodoveo, que fué el primer rey cristiano de los franceses, y le traspasó al de Cárlos Magno, fué, entre otras, por la poca cuenta que tenian sus descendientes con la administracion de los bienes de las iglesias, y que por esta mesma causa despues se la quitó á los reyes que descendian de Cárlos Magno, y la dió á Hugo Capeto y los de su casa.
Notes
- 1 ↩Source surface `nosOtros` read as `nosotros` (us).
- 2 ↩Source has `Artajérjes VIII`; Bagoas the eunuch is classically associated with Artaxerxes III. Rendering follows the Spanish numbering as given.
- 3 ↩Source surface `mcsmos` read as `mismos` (same).
- 4 ↩"aguas de olores" rendered as "fragrant water" (scented/perfumed water for temple use); could also be read as aromatic oils or incense-related liquids.
- 5 ↩Source has "A gesilao" (split/corrupt form); translated as Agesilaus, matching the later "Agesilao" in the same sentence.
- 6 ↩Source reads «Heródcs»; treated as a corrupt form of «Herodes» (Herod), which fits the Josephus narrative about opening David's tomb.
- 7 ↩Source prints 'HHistoria de Nápoles' (double H) and 'Pandulfo Colenucio'; rendered as History of Naples and Pandolfo Collenuccio.
- 8 ↩«Cartulario» is rendered as the Byzantine court office cartulary (cartularius), not as a cartulary book; «exarco» is the Exarch of Italy/Ravenna.
- 9 ↩Spanish pairs carbúnculo (the gem) with carbunco (the disease/abscess called a carbuncle); both are rendered as carbuncle, with the second marked as the medical sense.
- 10 ↩Source reading 'en cl' is treated as a corrupt form of 'en él' ('in it'), referring to the tomb.
- 11 ↩Source prints “Fraucisco” and “dl”; rendered as Francisco Tarafa and “him” (de él), the most plausible intended readings.
- 12 ↩Source prints “gan Alberto” and “quicn”; rendered as san Alberto (St. Albert) and quien (“one who”), the most plausible intended readings.
- 13 ↩Spanish Astregisilo / Burges rendered as the usual English forms Austregisilus and Bourges; monesterio is the period spelling of monasterio.
- 14 ↩Source reads 'Praga'; historically this is almost certainly the Battle of Fraga (1134), where Alfonso I of Aragon fell—not Prague. Rendered as Fraga with review flag.
- 15 ↩'reventó' is taken as sudden bodily bursting at the church door (a stock divine-punishment motif), not mere rage or a horse bolting.
- 16 ↩Source reading «fueso» treated as «fuese» (subjunctive: that he be restored).
- 17 ↩«dominio útil» is a feudal-legal term (useful/usufructuary domain, as opposed to direct dominion); rendered as «useful domain».
- 18 ↩Source reading «cn Perpiñan» treated as «en Perpiñan» (in Perpignan).
- 19 ↩«emponzofiaron» taken as a period spelling/variant of «emponzoñaron» (poisoned).
- 20 ↩Suesson is the early modern Spanish form for Soissons; Crispino/Crispiniano rendered as the standard English saints' names Crispin and Crispinian.
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit