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Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince)/Book 1 · Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano — Libro Primero: De la religión que debe tener el príncipe
Chapter 36PrincipeCristiano.1.36

El respeto y reverencia que se debe tenerá los templos de Dios.

The Sacred Duty of Reverence

The prince is obligated to protect the sanctity of churches and respect their status as places of refuge, a duty recognized even by pagan antiquity.

This same respect is owed to the churches: see to it that they are reverenced and served with the deference and care that is right, and that no profanities, dissolute behavior, or worldly practices unworthy of the Lord's majesty are allowed in them—He who is adored there and sacrificed for our sins as a pleasing aroma; and that secular justice protect their privileges and immunities, and that those who take refuge in them enjoy that security which even pagan and profane princes granted to those who fled, as to a harbor and sacred refuge, to the temples of their false gods; for they had their asylums, which were sacred and safe places from which wrongdoers could not be dragged out—as were the asylum of Thebes, which Cadmus its founder established, and that of Rome, which Romulus established, and others in Asia and Greece; and some temples were held in such respect and reverence that simply being in them was enough to be safe from any violence or penalty their crimes might deserve.12 And the pagan writers report that the gravest calamities came upon those who lost this respect for their temples—as can be seen in Justin, who says that because the people of Epirus killed Laodamia, who had taken refuge in the temple of Diana, they were afflicted and consumed by hunger, barrenness, civil strife, and every kind of misery; and in Pausanias (who attributes Sulla's misfortune to his having had Aristion dragged from the temple of Minerva and put to death, and who recounts other horrible examples) and in other authors whom President Covarrubias cites, one sees the regard the pagans had for their false religion and for the veneration of temples, because by the weak light of reason alone they knew how just and fitting a thing it was to act that way.34 Since princes rightly want their own houses and royal palaces to be respected, and they rigorously punish any disrespect or disorder committed within them, it is only just that they take even greater care regarding the reverence and respect due to the houses of God. This is proportional to how much one house differs from another, and how much the Lord who is adored in the Church differs from the most powerful prince or monarch on earth. If the privileges princes grant to individuals should be honored, how much more reason is there to honor those granted to the temples of God—or, more accurately, to God himself? For that reason the emperors Theodosius and Valentinian command in a law that those who drag by force someone who has taken sanctuary in the church are to be punished with death, and they want such a person to be safer under the name and protection of religion than under arms; and in the laws of the Partida it is said: «Churches hold privileges and great liberties from the emperors and from the kings and from the other lords of the lands, and this was very much with reason, so that the houses of God might have greater honor than those of men.»56

Imperial Examples of Devotion and Sacrilege

Historical accounts demonstrate that while pious rulers like Theodosius found favor through humility in the church, those who violated its sanctuary faced divine retribution.

Socrates notes in his History that the profanation of temples is a sign of God's wrath and of some grave punishment.7 Emperor Theodosius the Younger had very great devotion and reverence for the churches, and besides the law he published so that all the subjects of his empire would have the same, he says of himself these words: "We who are always surrounded by the arms of our empire, and for whom it is not fitting to be without our guards and armed men, when we enter the church leave with great humility at the door our weapons and even the diadem itself, which is the sign of royal majesty; and we do not approach the altar except to make our offering, and once we have offered, we withdraw into the body of the church, out of the reverence we owe to the places where the Lord's divinity shines most brightly."8 Eutropius, a great favorite of the emperor Arcadius, persuaded him to pass a law ordering that anyone taking refuge in a church be dragged out. Later, to escape the penalty for his own grave crimes, Eutropius fled to the church himself—but it did him no good, because he was dragged out under his own law, punished, and the law was then revoked. And Stilicho, father-in-law of the emperor Honorius and his captain general and governor of the empire—who in Milan had ordered Cresconius dragged out of the church, though Saint Ambrose resisted and opposed him—later, when he was a traitor and convicted of the crime of lèse-majesté, fled to the church in Ravenna. And the respect the emperor's officers who went to seize him showed for the church was so great that they did not dare drag him out by force, though with soft words and fair speech they got him out and cut off his head; and with it he paid for the disrespect he had shown the church, and for his mad ambition by which, to make his son Eucherius emperor, he threw the Roman Empire into turmoil and destroyed it with the flood of so many barbarous and cruel nations, with whom he had made a pact to carry out his design.9 Mascezel, who by calling on God defeated with five thousand men his brother Gildo—who had rebelled and had seventy thousand—afterward, swollen with the victory, showed disrespect to the temple of God and ordered some men who had taken refuge there to be dragged out of it; and while they remained alive and unharmed, they saw him perish. Things went better for Count Boniface, a brave captain in Africa, a devout Christian, and a great friend of Saint Augustine. In anger he had dragged a criminal out of the church to punish him, and for that Saint Augustine himself excommunicated him and ordered the clergy not to admit him into the church. Boniface acknowledged his fault, humbled himself, asked forgiveness, and did penance, restoring the prisoner to the church; and he wrote a letter to the Saint in which, among other things, he says these words: «I know my faults; let my unworthy tears join your pious weeping, so that they may wipe away this black and ugly stain; do not deny me entrance to the church, for there I hope for pardon, where I committed the sin.»1011

The Integrity of Sacred Property

The prince must ensure that church property and consecrated goods remain inviolate, even during the chaos of war.

This same respect and reverence for temples also means not allowing them to be profaned or looted in war, and not seizing church property or the estates once consecrated to God—who most severely punishes any injury and disrespect done to him in this, as will be told in the following chapter.

Read the original Latin

Este mismo respeto se debe á las iglesias, procurando que sean reverenciadas y servidas con el acatamiento y cuidado que es razon, y que no so consientan en cllas profanidades, disoluciones y seglaridades indignas de la majestad del Señor, que en ellas es adorado y sacrificado por nuestros pecados en olor de suavidad; y que la justicia seglar les guarde sus privilegios é inmunidades, y los que se acogen á ellas gocen de aquella seguridad que áun los principes gentiles y profanos concedieron á los que, como á puerto y refugio sagrado, se acogian á los templos de sus falsos dioses; porque tenian sus asilos, que eran lugares sagrados y seguros, de donde no se podian sacar los malhechores, como fueron el de 'Tébas, que hizo Cadmo, su fundador, y el de Roma, que hizo Rómulo, y otros en Asia y en Grecia; y algunos templos tuvieron de tanto respeto y reverencia, que bastaba estar en ellos para estar seguros de cualquiera violencia y pena que mereciesen sus delitos.

Y cuentan los escritores gentiles haber sucedido gravisimas calamidades á los que perdian este respeto á sus templos, que se pueden ver en Justino, que dice que por haber muerto los de Epiro á Laodamia, que se habia retraido al templo. de Diana, fueron afligidos y consumidos con hambreo, esterilidad, discordias civiles y todo género de nuiserias; y en Pausania (que atribuye la infelicidad de Sila al haber hecho sacar del templo de Minerva y matar á un aristio, y cuenta otros horribles ejemplos) y en otros autores, que refiere el presidente Covarrubias, se ve la cuenta que los gentiles tenian con su falsa religion y con la veneracion de los templos, porque con sola la lumbre flaca de la razon conocian cuán justa y conveniente cosa fuese hacerlo así. Y pues los príncipes quieren, y con razon, que sus casas y palacios reales sean tan respetados, y castigan con rigor cualquiera desacato y desórden que en ellos se comete, muy Justo es que tengan tanto mayor cuidado de la reverencia y respeto que se debe á las casas de Dios, cuanto va de casas á casas, y del Señor que en la Íglesia es adorado al más poderoso principe y monarca de la tierra.

Y si los privilegios dados de los príncipes á personas particulares se deben guardar, ¿con cuánta más razon lo deben ser los que se dan á los templos de Dios, ó por mejor decir, al mismo Dios? Por eso los emperadores Teodosio y Valentiniano mandan, en una ley que sean castigados con pena de muerte los que sacaren por fuerza al que está retraido en la iglesia, y quieren que el tal esté más seguro con el nombre y amparo de la religion que con las armas; y en las leyes de la Partida se dice: «Privilegios é grandes franquezas han las iglesias de los emperadores é de los reyes é de los otros señores de las tierras, é esto fué muy con razon, porque las casas de Dios hobiesen mayor honra que las de los hombres.»

Sócrates nota en su Historia que las profanaciones de los templos son señal de la ira de Dios y de algun grave castigo. El emperador Teodosio el menor tuvo muy gran devocion y reverencia á Jas iglesias, y demas de la ley que publicó para que todos los vasallos de su imperio la tuviesen, dice de sí mismo estas palabras: «Nosotros, que siempre estamos rodeados de las armas de nuestro imperio, y que no conviene que estemos sin nuestras guardas y gente armada, al entrar en la ¡iglesia, con grande humildad dejamos á la pueria las armas y la misma diadema, que es señal de la majestad real, y no nos llegamos al altar sino para ofrecer, y habiendo ofrecido, salimos fuera al cuerpo de la iglesia, por la reverencia que debemos á los lugares en que resplandece más la divinidad del Señor.»

Eutropio, que fué gran privado del emperador Arcadio, lo persuadió que hiciese una ley en que mandase que fuesen sacados de la iglesia los que se acogiesen á ella; y despues, por huir la pena de sus graves delitos, él mesmo huyó á la iglesia, y no le valió; porque fué sacado della por su ley, y castigado, y la ley se revocó. Y Estilicon, suegro del emperador Honorio y su capitan general y gobernador del imperio, que en Milan habia mandado sacar de la iglesia á Cresconio, resistiendo y contradiciéndolo san Ambrosio, despues, siendo traidor y convencido de crimen de lesa majestad, huyó en Ravena á la iglesia, y fué tan grande el respeto que los ministros del Emperador que le iban á prender tuvieron á ella, que no le osaron sacar por fuerza, aunque con blandura y buenas palabras le sacaron y cortaron la cabeza, y con ella pagó el desacato que habia usado con la iglesia, y gu loca ambicion, con que, por hacer emperador á su hijo Eucherio, turbó el imperio romano, y le destruyó con la avenida de tantas naciones bárbaras y crueles, con las cuales se habia concertado por salir con su intento.

Mascezel, que llamando á Dios, venció con cinco mil hombres á Gildon, su hermano, que se habia rebelado y tenía setenta mil, despues, desvanecido con la vitoria, fué desacatado al templo de Dios, y mandó sacar dél algunos hombres retraidos, y quedando ellos vivos y sanos, le vieron á él perecer. Mejor le sucedió al conde Bonifacio, valeroso capitan en África, devoto cristiano, y grande amigo de san Agustin; el cual, habiendo con cólera sacado de la iglesia un hombre facinoroso para castigarle, fué excomulgado del mesmo san Agustin, y mandado á los clérigos que no le admitiesen en la iglesia; y Bonifacio reconoció su culpa y se humilló, y pidió perdon y hizo penitencia, restituyendo el preso á la iglesia, y escribió una carta al Santo, en que, entre otras, le dice estas palabras: «Conozco mis culpas; mis indignas lágrimas se junten con vuestros llantos piado808, para que puedan borrar esta mancha negra y fea; no se me niegue la entrada á la iglesia, porque allí espero el perdon, donde “ometí el pecado.» A esto mesmo respeto y reverencia de los templos pertenece no permitir que en las guerras sean profanados ni robados, y el no aprovecharse de los bienes de las iglesias, ni de las haciendas dadas á ellas y una vez consagradas á Dios; el cual castiga severisimamente cualquiera injuria y desacato que en esto se le hace, como en el capitulo siguiente se dirá,

Scripture echoes

  1. Eph.5.2and walk in love, just as Christ also loved you and gave himself up for us, an offering and sacrifice to God for a fragrant aroma

Notes

  1. 1Normalized OCR slips in the source: 'no so consientan' → 'no se consientan'; 'en cllas' → 'en ellas'; ''Tébas' → 'Tebas/Thebes'.
  2. 2'en olor de suavidad' is the traditional sacrificial phrase (a pleasing aroma / sweet-smelling savor), used here of Christ offered in the churches.
  3. 3Source 'hambreo' read as 'hambre' (hunger); 'nuiserias' read as 'miserias' (miseries).
  4. 4'un aristio' rendered as the proper name Aristion (the Athenian tyrant whom Sulla removed from Athena's temple); 'Sila' as Sulla; 'Pausania' as Pausanias; 'cuenta' as regard/care rather than numerical account.
  5. 5«retraido en la iglesia» rendered as sanctuary/refuge in the church (legal asylum), matching the chapter’s concern with forced removal from temples.
  6. 6«las leyes de la Partida» refers to the Castilian Siete Partidas; kept as ‘the Partida’ to preserve the source’s legal citation.
  7. 7«Sócrates» here is the church historian Socrates Scholasticus (Historia Ecclesiastica), not the philosopher of Athens.
  8. 8Normalized clear OCR/print errors in the Spanish: «á Jas iglesias» → «á las iglesias»; «la ¡iglesia» → «la iglesia»; «á la pueria» → «á la puerta» (at the door).
  9. 9Source reading «y gu loca ambicion» is almost certainly a corruption of «y su loca ambición» (“and his mad ambition”); translated on that corrected sense.
  10. 10Source has OCR/print garble «llantos piado808»; rendered as «piadosos» (pious weeping), the only sense that fits the letter’s rhetoric.
  11. 11Source ends «donde ometí el pecado»; read as «cometí el pecado» (where I committed the sin). «Ometí» (I omitted) is implausible here and looks like a missing initial c.

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