SR
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince)/Book 1 · Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano — Libro Primero: De la religión que debe tener el príncipe
Chapter 38PrincipeCristiano.1.38

Prosigue la materia del capítulo pasado.

The Peril of Sacrilege

Historical accounts warn of the divine judgment that befalls those who usurp Church property.

We would never finish if we tried to recount every example written on this point; but even if we pass over the others in silence, it isn't right to leave out one that is extraordinary and marvelous, written by Peter of Cluny, a contemporary of Saint Bernard and a man so holy that he is called Peter the Venerable.1 This holy man says that in Mâcon, a city not far from Lyon in France, there was a count who was a great tyrant and usurper of the Church's goods, and that he persecuted and mistreated the clergy and prelates who complained about it.2 One day, while the count was in his palace celebrating with a large company, a knight of such majesty and boldness suddenly entered that he terrified everyone there. With a grave voice and a severe look, he turned to the count and ordered him to follow—and with such commanding force that the poor count didn't dare do otherwise. He followed him; the knight led him to the door of the house, where a powerful horse was waiting, and ordered the count to mount. He mounted, and at once the horse rose into the air and took off at a run, the count crying out, before disappearing. The dread and terror this caused in everyone who saw it was so great that they walled up the palace door through which the wretched count had gone out, so that no one would enter or leave by it, and so that a lasting memory would remain of such a strange and fearful event. Paolo Emilio, a meticulous and refined historian of French affairs, records another case like this one involving a Count of Cavaillon named Guillelmo, a great persecutor of the Church. While he was at a lavish banquet with other lords, he was summoned by a man waiting at the door on horseback; when the man ordered him to mount, he carried him off, and the count was never seen again. He adds that another Count of Nevers, an enemy of the Church's immunities, had his mouth twisted to the side and died a wretched death.3

Restitution and Princely Prudence

Kings must exercise caution and humility regarding Church goods, recognizing that sacrilege leads to ruin.

Don Sancho Ramírez, king of Aragon, who was a valiant prince, made use of some of the Church's revenues for the war he was waging against the Moors; and even though that war was so important, and fought in defense of our holy religion, and even though the king had no other way to keep it going, he felt such great scruple at having laid hands on the Church's goods that in the year 1081, while he was with his court at Roda, in the presence of Don Ramón Dalmau, bishop of that church, before the altar of Saint Vincent he did public penance and ordered that what had been taken from that church of Roda be restored—for on that account it had been left desolate and ruined—as Jerónimo Zurita writes. Serious and prudent people have noticed that when princes—whether out of greed or some extreme necessity that is more apparent than real—lay their hands on Church property, nothing seems to prosper for them. Not only does the ecclesiastical property they seize crumble in their hands, but so does the secular wealth joined with it. It acts like a moth, a woodworm, or rust, which eats away cloth and consumes wood and iron; it is like the eagle's feathers, which, they say, when mixed with those of other birds, waste and consume them.4 For this reason, King Charles VII of France, finding himself hard-pressed and in extreme need of money for the war he was waging against the English over the county of Normandy—which they had taken from him and on which the peace and quiet of his kingdoms depended—refused a prelate's advice to use the tithes of the Church of France, saying that it had gone badly for other princes who had done so.5

The Sanctity of Church Endowments

Imperial and royal decrees underscore the inviolable nature of consecrated goods through solemn warnings and curses.

And Jerónimo Osorio, bishop of Silves, in the History of the King of Portugal, Dom Manuel, writes that after the Pope had granted him the thirds and tenths of the ecclesiastical revenues of his kingdom for the wars in Africa, he noticed that once he had made use of this concession, things no longer went for him with the same success as before, and that he resolved not to use it; for it is certain that our Lord wants great respect shown for what belongs to him and to his ministers, and that we understand that the preservation of kingdoms is in his hand, and that they are neither diminished nor impoverished, however much is given to his temples and ministers.6 And as proof of this I want to bring in here a law made by the emperor Basil, whom the Greeks call Porphyrogenitus, which Doctor García de Loaysa cites for this same purpose in the Annotations he wrote on the councils of Spain. There he says that after the emperor Nikephoros Phokas had made a law ordering the revocation of all donations made to monasteries and churches so that they should hold no landed property—giving as his reason that the bishops were misusing what belonged to the poor, and the soldiers had nothing to eat—the emperor Basil revoked it by another law. In that law he says that, having understood that the statute Nikephoros had made against the Church and the holy houses of God after seizing the empire had been the cause and origin of all the present evils and of the ruin and confusion they were suffering—because it had been an injury not only to the churches and the holy houses of God but to God himself—and having found by experience that after that law was observed nothing good had befallen him and no kind of calamity had been wanting, he orders that it cease and no longer be kept, but rather the laws that stood before. And of Alexios Komnenos, emperor of Constantinople, we read that, besides making great and severe laws against those who would make use of things consecrated to God and dedicated to the churches, to show his devotion still more, in the bull they call the Golden Bull he added the following words: «If from this day forward, O Lord God!7 anyone is so bold as to take the things that until now have been dedicated to the holy churches, or that will be so dedicated hereafter, let such a one be deprived of the light of your vision; let the morning sun not shine on him; let him not enjoy your help and protection, but let him always be despised and abandoned by you.8 As Paul the Deacon writes, Queen Theodelinda cast essentially the same curse on anyone who would usurp the goods she had given to the church of Saint John the Baptist in Monza.9 Many other Christian kings and princes, moved by their pious devotion, gave great wealth and magnificent gifts to the Church. Fearing that human greed might eventually break the bonds that make such goods sacrosanct and inviolable, they added these or similar curses to their donation deeds against anyone who would touch or usurp them. They did this so that if respect for our Lord and His Church did not restrain people, at least the fear and dread of the harm they would suffer might hold them back and make them more cautious.10

Religion as the Foundation of Rule

The treatise concludes its first part by establishing religion as the essential foundation for all other princely virtues.

With this, let's close the first part of this treatise, which concerns the duty of Christian kings and princes to defend the Church and to protect and advance our holy religion, acting as its guardians, pillars, and cherished sons. Let us now look at the other virtues they must have for the good government and preservation of their states, and how they must build them on this first and most excellent virtue of religion, as on a most strong and firm foundation; for without true religion no true virtue is found, as Saint Augustine says, and we will prove this in the second part of this treatise that follows.11

Read the original Latin

Nunca acabariamos, si quisiésemos referir aquí todos los ejemplos que cerca deste punto están escritos; mas, aunque callemos los otros, no es justo que dejemos uno, que es extraordinario y maravillloso entre los demas, y escrito por Pedro Cluniacense, contemporáneo de san Bernardo, y varon tan santo, que por esto le llaman Pedro Venerable. Dice, pues, este santo varon que en Macon, ciudad no lejos de Leon de Francia, hubo un conde gran tirano y usurpador de los bienes de la Iglesia, y que perseguia y maltrataba á los clérigos y perlados que se quejaban dello. Estaba este conde un dia en su palacio muy regocijado y de fiesta con mucha gente, y entró á deshora en él un caballero de tanta majestad y con tal denuedo, que atemorizó á todos los circunstantes, y con voz grave y semblante severo, volviéndose al Conde, le mandó que le siguiese, y esto con tan grande imperio, que el pobre Conde no se atrevió á hacer otra cosa; siguióle, llevóle á la puerta de la casa, donde estaba un poderoso caballo, en el cual mandó al Conde que subiese; subió, y luégo el caballo se levantó en el aire y tomó la carrera, dando gritos el Conde, y desapareció. Fué tanto el pavor y espanto que esto causó en todos los que lo vieron, que hicieron tapiar la puerta del palacio por donde habia salido el desventurado Conde, para que ninguno entrase ni saliese por ella, y quedase perpetuamente memoria de un caso tan extraño y temeroso.

Paulo Emilio, diligente y elegante historiador de las cosas de Francia, escribe otro caso semejante á éste, que aconteció á un conde de Cavillon, llamado Guillelmo, grande perseguidor de la Iglesia; el cual, estando con otros señores en muy espléndido convite, fué llamado de uno que estaba á la puerta á caballo, y mandándole subir en él, le llevó y no pareció más. Y afñiaade en el mesmo lugar que otro conde de Nivers, enemigo de la inmunidad de la Iglesia, se le torció la boca y murió desastradamente.

El rey de Aragon, don Sancho Ramirez, que fué valeroso príncipe, se aprovechó de algunas rentas de la Iglesia para la guerra que hacia contra los moros, y con ser tan importante aquella guerra y en defensa de nuestra santa religion, y no tener el Rey posibilidad para continuarla de otra manera, tuvo tan grande escrúpulo de habér puesto las manos en los bienes de la Iglesia, que el año de 1081, estando con su córte en Roda, en presencia de don Ramon Dalmao, obispo de aquella iglesia, delante el altar de san Vicente hizo pública penitencia, y -mandó restituir lo que se habia tomado á aquella iglesia de Roda, que por esta causa estaba desolada y perdida, como lo escribe Jerónimo Zurita.

Algunas personas graves y prudentes han notado que cuando los principes (ahora sea por codicia, ahora por alguna más aparente quo verdadera y extrema necesidad) se entregan en los bienes de la Iglesia, parece que ninguna cosa les luce, y que no solamente la hacienda eclesiástica que toman se les deshace entre las manos, sino tambien la otra seglar que se junta con ella, porque es como la polilla, carcoma y orin, que gasta el paño y consume la madera y el hierro, y como las plumas del águila, que juntándolas con las de las otras aves, dicen que las gastan y consumen. Por esto Cárlos VII, rey de Francia, hallándose apretadisimo y con extrema necesidad de dinero para la guerra que traia con los ingleses sobre el condado de Normandía, que le habian tomado (de la cual dependia la paz y quietud de sus reinos), aconsejándole un perlado que se sirviese de las décimas de la Iglesia de Francia, no quiso hacerlo, diciendo que les habia sucedido mal á algunos príncipes que lo habian hecho.

Y Jerónimo Osorio, obispo de Silucs, en la Historia del rey de Portugal, don Manuel, escribo que habiéndole hecho el Papa merced de las tercias y décimas de las rentas eclesiásticas de su reino para las guerras de Africa, advirtió que despues que se habia aprovechado desta concesion no le sucedian las cosas con aquella felicidad que ántes, y que se determinó de no usar della; porque cierto que nuestro Señor quiere que se tenga gran respeto á sus cosas y á las de sus ministros, y que entendamos que la conservacion de los reinos está en su mano, y que ellos no se menoscaban ni empobrecen por mucho que se dé á sus templos y ministros. Y para prueba desto quiero traer aquí una ley que hizo el emperador Basilio, llamado de los griegos Porfirogineta, la cual trae á este mismo propósito el doctor García de Loaisa, en las Anotaciones que escribió sobre los concilios de España, donde dice que habiendo el emperador Nicéforo Foca hecho una ley, en que mandaba revocar todas las donaciones que se hubiesen hecho á los monesterios y á los templos, para que no tuviesen bienes raices, dando por razon quo los obispos gastaban mal lo que era de los pobres, y los soldados no tenian que comer, el emperador Basilio la revocó por otra ley en que dice que habiendo entendido que la ley que, despues que Nicéforo usurpó el imperio, habia hecho contra la Iglesia y santas casas de Dios, habia sido causa y origen de todos los males presentes, y de la destruicion y confusion que padecian, por haber sido en injuria, no solamente de las iglesias y de las santas casas de Dios, sino del mismo Dios, y por haber experimentado que despues que se habia guardado aquella ley, no le habia sucedido cosa buena, ni le habia faltado género de calamidad, manda que cese y no se guarde más, sino las leyes que ántes Y de Alejio Comneno, emperador de Constantinopla, leemos que, demas de haber hecho grandes y rigurosas leyes contra los que se aprovechasen de las cosas consagradas á Dios y dedicadas á los templos, para mostrar más su devocion, en la bula que llaman de Oro afñiadió las palabras siguientes: «Si de aquí adelante ¡oh Señor Dios! alguno fuere tan osado, que tome las cosas que hasta ahora han sido dedicadas á las santas iglesias, 6 para adelante lo serán, este tal carezca de la luz de vuestra vision, no lo alumbre el sol de la mafiana, no goco de vuestra ayuda y proteccion, pero siempre sea menospreciado y desamparado de vos.» Y la misma maldicion, en sustancia, echó la reina Teodelinda á los que usurpasen los bienes que ella habia dado á la iglesia de San Juan Bautista, en la ciudad de Moncia, como lo escribe Paulo Diácono. Y otros muchos reyes y príncipes cristianos que, movidos de su piadosa devocion, dieron grandes bienes y magníficos dones á la Iglesia, temiendo que con el tiempo la codicia de los hombres podria romper todos los vínculos con que los tales bienes, por ser sacrosantos, 8on inviolables, en las mismas donaciones que hicieron á la Iglesia de los tales bienes, añadieron estas y otras semejantes maldiciones contra los que los tocasen y usurpasen, para que si el respeto do nuestro Señor y de su Iglesia no los reprimiese, á lo ménos el justo temor y espanto de su daño los detuviese é hiciese más recatados.

Con esto acabemos la primera parte deste tratado, que es de la obligacion que corre á los reyes y príncipes cristianos de defender la Iglesia y amparar y amplificar nuestra santa religion, como tutores, pilares y hijos regalados della. Veamos ahora las otras virtudes que deben tener para el buen gobierno y conservacion de sus estados, y cómo las deben edificar sobre esta primera y excelentísima virtud do la religion, como sobre un fortísimo y firmíisimo fundamento; porque sin la verdadera religion no se halla verdadera virtud, como dice san Agustín, y nosotros lo probarémos en la segunda parte que se sigue deste nuestro tratado.

Notes

  1. 1Source reading 'maravillloso' taken as 'maravilloso' (marvelous).
  2. 2'perlados' is the older Spanish form of 'prelados' (prelates); 'Leon de Francia' rendered as Lyon in France.
  3. 3Source reading "afñiaade" is corrupt; translated as "añade" ("he adds"), the only contextually plausible form.
  4. 4Source reading 'más aparente quo verdadera' treated as 'más aparente que verdadera' (more apparent than true); 'quo' is almost certainly a typesetting/OCR error for 'que'.
  5. 5Source 'perlado' rendered as 'prelate' (standard early-modern Spanish for 'prelado').
  6. 6Source reads «Silucs» and «escribo»; rendered as Silves (Osorio’s see) and «writes» (escribe), the intended sense.
  7. 7Between Basil’s revocation and the Alexios material the source runs «sino las leyes que ántes Y de Alejio Comneno…», almost certainly a lost sentence break; rendered as the prior laws remaining in force, then a new example of Alexios Komnenos. «Porfirogineta» rendered Porphyrogenitus; «Alejio» as Alexios; «bula… de Oro» as the Golden Bull (chrysobull).
  8. 8Source «6» read as «ó» (or); «mafiana» as mañana; «goco» as goce.
  9. 9Source «Moncia» rendered Monza (the historical church of San Giovanni Battista associated with Queen Theodelinda).
  10. 10Source «8on» read as «son»; «do» as «de».
  11. 11Source has 'virtud do la religion' and 'firmíisimo'; read as 'de la religión' and 'firmísimo'.

Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion

Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat

Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.

Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.

  • A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
  • One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
  • Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit
Chosen Portion — Daily Prayer (free iOS app)