El respeto que deben tener los principes á los ministros de la santa Iglesia.
The Universal Duty of Priestly Reverence
The author introduces the necessity of respecting God's ministers, citing historical examples from pagan nations that honored their priests above temporal rulers.
Religion also teaches us something else: the respect due to priests, to temples dedicated to God, and to the goods that the faithful offer to churches for the remission of their sins and the increase of divine worship—and a great deal has been written about this. I'll briefly touch on some of what serious authors write about this subject. First, in this chapter, let's discuss the respect and reverence princes ought to have for God's priests and spiritual ministers; in the following chapters, we'll speak of temples and the careful restraint with which they ought to handle church property.1 One of the things that most clearly shows the regard all nations—even gentile ones—have had for the religion of their false gods is the reverence and respect they showed their priests and ministers. They were always held and regarded as sacred men come down from heaven, and were honored and served with the highest veneration. Plutarch writes that in some places in Greece, they held the priesthood equal to kingship, and that priests were honored with the same respect as kings.2 As Aelian notes, the priests were the judges among the Egyptians.3 Among the Gauls, whom we now call the French, the authority and power the Druids held is almost past belief: they were their priests, and they had the power to decide and judge the cases and controversies that arose between private persons and the magistrate, and among other ministers of the gods, as Dionysius of Halicarnassus writes.4 Tacitus writes that among the Germans, the priests decided all serious and important matters, and no one could resist or contradict them. In Cappadocia the priest of Bellona was, in empire and power, the second person after the King. In Ethiopia, the priests held such immense majesty and power over the King that, whenever they saw fit, they would order him to step down and die—and he would obey. The Sultan of Egypt didn't consider himself the true lord until the caliph confirmed and declared him as such.5
The Sublime Dignity of the Christian Priesthood
A theological reflection on the immense spiritual authority of Christian priests, whose office surpasses all temporal power and earthly dignity.
So if these nations, enlightened only by the light of reason, and yet on the other hand blind and without knowledge of the true God, so highly esteemed, revered, and served the ministers of their gods—who were false, abominable, and unclean—what should Christians do toward the priests and ministers of the one living and true God?✦6 With what eyes should they look on those whom Sacred Scripture sometimes calls gods, sometimes angels of the Lord, sometimes crowned kings that they may rule his people, sometimes judges to judge the tribes of the earth; those it calls ambassadors sent by God, teachers who instruct and shepherds who feed his flock, and sounding trumpets, heavens and gates of heaven, watchtowers, walls, pillars, and eyes of the Church; those who are the salt of the earth, the light of the world, and a city set on a high mountain, as Christ our Redeemer calls them?✦✦7 .8 With what reverence should those be treated who have the power, given by God, to free men from sin, make them children of God, open the gates of heaven, close those of hell, give spiritual life to the dead, free the captives, give light to the blind, and undo the tyranny of Satan? Moses did a great thing when he used his staff to open the sea, drown Pharaoh, and lead the people of Israel through the desert with so many great marvels and wonders. But what comparison is there between all that Moses did and what the priest does every day in bringing God down from heaven, holding him in his hands, and preparing the people to receive him worthily?9 Just as the brightness of the sun surpasses that of all the stars and planets, so the dignity and office of the Christian priest surpasses any temporal dignity and power, as St. Leo says.10 Pope St. Clement testifies that the prince of the apostles, St. Peter, used to say that kings and emperors ought to obey the priests and consider that, by kissing their sacred hands, they are reconciled with God through the priests’ prayers. For this reason, God said to the prophet Jeremiah, “I have this day set you over the nations and over the kingdoms,” because, as Theodoret says, he was a priest, and one of the priests of Anathoth.1112 Innocent III proves from this passage that the spiritual power of the priest is greater than the temporal power of kings. Boniface I says the same in his letters to the emperor Honorius, as does Gelasius I to the emperor Anastasius. The fervent martyr-bishop St. Ignatius, writing to the people of Smyrna, tells them that honor is owed first to God, second to the priests, and third to kings; and Gregory Nazianzen, St. John Chrysostom, and St. Ambrose all rank the dignity of the priest above that of the king.✦13 Saint Martin meant to show this when, while dining with Emperor Maximus, he offered the cup to the priest accompanying him before the Emperor, as Severus recounts in his Life; and Saint Epiphanius says that the Lord gave His Church both royal and pontifical dignity, transferring to her forever the throne and scepter of David.14 Pope Saint Gregory, after confirming certain privileges he had granted to a monastery founded by Queen Brunhild in France, didn't hesitate to say: "Any king, priest, judge, or lay person who breaks these privileges shall, by that very act, lose the authority of his office and power."15 For this reason, Peter of Blois, writing to the Pope, says: "No duke, king, or emperor stands outside your jurisdiction; the cross of Christ surpasses and exceeds the imperial eagles, the sword of Peter that of Constantine, and the Apostolic See is superior to the power of the empire."16 For this reason, blessed Saint Francis used to say that if he saw a saint come down from heaven, and from another side a priest, he would show reverence to the priest before the saint. Christian princes have always shown themselves devout in reverencing the priests of God, judging that they ought to excel and outdo pagan princes in this all the more—princes who so carefully reverenced their own—just as priests differ from priests, and the true God from false gods.17
Imperial Examples of Devotion
A collection of historical precedents showing how great Christian emperors and kings demonstrated their piety through humble submission to the clergy.
This is why Emperor Constantine showed such honor to priests and bishops: he took them along as companions in war so they could pray to God for him; he burned petitions brought against them without even reading them, treating the clergy as judges appointed by God; he said that if he saw a religious or a priest sin with his own eyes, he would cover him with his imperial robe so no one else would see; he refused to sit at the Council of Nicaea until all the bishops were seated, and then only with their permission and on a low seat; and he enacted a law ordering that more honor be given to a priest than to any other layman.18 From this came what Emperor Valentinian said to the bishops and clergy of Milan: that they should choose as bishop such a person that he would gladly bow his head to him and pay him the reverence due.19 This is why the great Emperor Theodosius showed such respect to Saint Ambrose, and why he refused to sit in the priests' choir in Constantinople, even though the Patriarch begged him to do so. This led to the rebuke that Honorius gave his brother, Emperor Arcadius, for consenting to have Saint John Chrysostom driven from his see. He told him: "So then, brother, take care to show by your deeds and words, to God and to men, that you are sorry for the wrong you have done. Convince yourself, and be certain, that our empire either falls or is preserved by the prayers of the priests."20 This is why King Attila, despite being a fierce barbarian, showed obedience to Pope Saint Leo and turned back with his victorious army, because he saw the princes of the apostles, Saint Peter and Saint Paul, threatening him if he did not.21 This is the source of the reverence with which Emperor Justin the Elder received the holy Pope John in Constantinople, casting himself at his feet, and the reverence that all Christian kings and emperors still show today to the Supreme Pontiff, as the vicar of Jesus Christ our Lord.22 This is the source of Emperor Charlemagne’s words: "If we are generous toward the servants of God and gladly do what they ask, it is because we understand that this submission is good for us—both for reaching the height of empire and, which is worth more than all the dignities of the world, for receiving the reward of eternal recompense."23 This is also why Marcin Kromer writes of Boleslaus, the king of Poland: he punished nothing in his kingdom more severely than contempt for religion or a lack of respect for priests, and he never sat down in a bishop's presence while the bishop was still standing.24 This is reflected in the laws of the Partidas: "Laypeople must greatly honor and protect the clergy, each according to his order and the dignity he holds—first because they are mediators between God and them, and second because by honoring them they honor the holy Church, whose servants they are in upholding the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, who is their head, for they are called Christians."25 From this come the honorable titles that emperors, in their laws, give to priests and bishops, calling them most reverend, most religious, most blessed, most holy, and other similar names of the highest respect and reverence. From this come the privileges they granted to every ecclesiastical person—privileges that fill the imperial laws and those of every kingdom—which each king should keep in his own realm, and show his piety and religion in the respect he himself has, and his zeal that all his subjects should have that same respect for her ministers, not so much for their persons as for God's, whom they represent on earth.26 For even Alexander the Great, when he was going to destroy Jerusalem and the high priest came out to meet him in pontifical vestments, knelt before him and paid him reverence.27 And when Parmenion, his great favorite, asked him how he had humbled himself so much before that man, he answered: «I have not reverenced the man, but God, whose high priest he is.»28 What, then, will it be right for the Christian prince to do toward the minister of Christ, since the pagan revered and recognized God in the priest of the Jews, who was his enemy?29
The Prince's Responsibility in Church Governance
The chapter concludes by noting that while the office itself demands respect, the prince must also ensure the worthiness of those appointed to lead the Church.
This respect and reverence toward God's ministers is so due that the emperor Julian—though he was an apostate and an enemy of every true religion—seeing that his own religion (false and diabolical as it was) could not be kept up without this respect and deference, wrote a letter to Arsacius, high priest of Galatia, in which he orders that the priests not go out to receive their presidents and governors except when those men come to the temples, and even then only as far as the church door, and he gives the reason in these words: «As soon as any governor enters the temple door, he takes on the standing of a private person, and the priest is superior to everyone inside the temple, as you know, because divine law so commands.»30 And even granting that the prelate and the priest, whoever he may be, ought to be reverenced and obeyed, still, so that the people may do so more willingly, the prince should see to it that the bishops and priests of his states, in holiness of life, in learning, in prudence, and in every other quality, are such that by themselves they deserve that honor and reverence.31 And if by indult of the Apostolic See he holds the right of presentation to bishoprics, he should look carefully at whom he names and chooses for so high a dignity and for a burden that (as the Council of Trent says) is fearsome even for the shoulders of angels.32 If he wants to satisfy his conscience and fulfill his duty, he shouldn't settle for naming someone worthy; he must name the most worthy person, the one who, all things considered, deserves it most. For if he does this in the appointment—33
Read the original Latin
Otra cosa nos enseña la misma religion, que es el respeto que se debe tener á los sacerdotes y á los templos dedicados á Dios, y á los bienes que para remision de sus pecados y aumento del culto divino ofrecen á las iglesias los fieles, de lo cual hay mucho escrito. Yo brevemente tocaré algo de lo que autores graves desta materia escriben; y primero tratemos en este capitulo del respeto y reverencia que deben tener los principes á los sacerdotes y ministros espirituales de Dios, y en los siguientes hablarémos de los templos y del recato con que deben tratar los bienes de las iglesias. Una de las cosas en que más se descubre la cuenta que todas las naciones, áun las de los gentiles, han tenido con la religion de sus falsos dioses, es en la reverencia y respeto que tuvieron á sus sacerdotes y ministros, porque siempre fueron tenidos y mirados como unos hombres sagrados y venidos del cielo, y acatados y servidos con suma veneracion. Plutarco escribe que en algunos lugares de Grecia tenian el sacerdocio por igual al reino, y que los sacerdotes eran acutados con el mismo respeto que los reyes.
Entre los egipcios los sacerdotes cran los jueces, como dice Eliano. Entre los galos, que ahora llamamos franceses, no se puede creer la autoridad y potestad que tenian los druidas, que eran sus sama tenian potestad para decidir y juzgar las causas y controversias que se ofrecian entre los particulares y el magistrado y entre otros ministros de los dioses, como lo escribe Dionisio Alicarnaseo. Y entre los germanos, escribe Tácito que los sacerdotes determinaban todas las cosas graves y de importancia, sin que ninguno les pudiese repugnar ni contradecir. En Capadocia el sacerdote de Belona era en el imperio y potencia la segunda persona despues del Rey. En Etiopía los sacerdotes tenian tan grande majestad é imperio sobre el Rey, que cuando les parecia le mandaban que dejase el imperio y se muriese, y él obedecia. El Soldan de Egipto no se tenía por señor hasta que el califa le confirmase y le declarase por tal.
Pues si estas naciones, alumbradas con sola la luz de la razon, y por otra parte ciegas y sin conocimiento del verdadero Dios, tanto estimaban, reverenciaban y servian á los ministros de sus dio-— ses, que eran falsos, abominables y sucios, ¿qué deben hacer los cristianos con los sacerdotes y ministros de Dios solo, vivo y verdadero? ¿Con qué ojos deben mirar á aquellos que la Sagrada Escritura unas veces llama dioses, otras ángeles del Señor, otras reyes coronados para que rijan su pueblo, otras jueces para juzgar los tribus de la tierra, á los que llama ombajadores enviados por Dios, doctores que enseñan y pastores que apacientan su rebaño, y trompetas sonoras, cielos y puertas del cielo, atalayas, muros, colunas y ojos de la Iglesia; á los que son sal de la tierra, luz del mundo, y ciudad puesta sobre el monte alto, como los llama Cristo, nuestro redentor? . ¿Con qué reverencia deben ser tratados los que tienen potestad, dada de Dios, para librar los hombres del pecado y hacerlos hijos del mismo Dios, abrir las puertas del cielo, cerrar las del infierno, dar vida espiritual á los muertos, soltar los presos, alumbrar los ciegos y deshacer la tirania de Satanas? (Giran cosa hizo Moisén cuando con la vara abrió la mar, ahogó á Faraon, llevó por el desierto al pueblo de lsrael con tantas y tan grandes maravillas y prodigios; pero ¿qué tiene que ver todo lo que hizo Moisén con lo que hace cada dia el sacerdote en traer del cielo y tener en sus manos á Dios, y disponer al pueblo para que le reciba dignamente? De manera que, asi como la claridad del sol excede la do todas las estrellas y planetas, así la dignidad y oficio del sacerdote cristiano excede á cualquiera dignidad y potestad temporal, como lo dice san Leon. Y san Clemente, papa, testifica que decia el principe de los apóstoles, san Pedro, que los reyes y emperadores debian obedecer á los sacerdotes, y pensar que, besando sus sagradas manos, por sus oraciones son reconciliados con Dios; por esto dijo Dios al profeta Jeremías: «Yo te he hoy puesto sobre las gentes y sobre los reinos y; porque, como dice Teodorcto, era sacerdote, y de los sacerdotes de Anatoth. Y deste lugar prueba Inocencio ITI que es mayor la potestad espiritual del sacerdote que la temporal de los reyes; y lo mismo dice Bonifacio I, escribiendo al emperador Honorio, y Gelasio I, al emperador Anastasio, y el ferventiísimo mártir obispo san Ignacio, escribiendo al pueblo de Smirna, le dice que en el primer lugar se debe la honra á Dios, en el segundo á los sacerdotes, y en el tercero á los reyes; y Gregorio Nacianceno y san Juan Crisóstomo y san Ambrosio anteponen la dignidad del sacerdote á la del rey.
Esto quiso significar san Martin cuando, comiendo con el emperador Máximo, dió para beber el vaso al sacerdote que iba con él ántes que al Emperador, como lo dice Severo en su Vida; y san Epifanio dice que dió el Señor á su Iglesia juntamente la dignidad real y la pontifical, y transfirió en ella para siempre jamas el trono y ceptro de David. Y san Gregorio, papa, despues de haber confirmado ciertos privilegios que habia concedido á un monesterio fundado de la reina Brunichilda en Francia, no dudó decir: «Cualquicra rey, sacerdote, juez Ó persona lega que quebrantáre estos privilegios, por el mesmo caso carezca de la autoridad de su cargo y potestad. y Por esto Pedro Blesense, escribiendo al Papa, le dice estas palabras: «Ningun duque, rey ni emperador está fuera de vuestra jurisdicion; la cruz de Cristo sobrepuja y excede las águilas 1mperiales, y la espada de Pedro á la de Constantino, y la Silla Apostólica es superior á la potestad del imperio.» Por esto decia el bienaventurado san Francisco que si viera bajar á un santo del cielo, y de otra parte á un sacerdote, primero hiciera reverencia al sacerdote que al santo, Por esto los príncipes cristianos se han mostrado siempre pladosos en revereuciar á los sacerdotes de Dios, juzgando que tanto más deben esmerarse y aventajarse en esto sobre los principes gentiles, que con tanto cuidado reverenciaron á los suyos, enanto va de sacerdotes á sacerdotes, y de los falsos dioses « Dios verdadero.
De aquí vino la honra que el emperador Constantino hizo á los sacerdotes y obispos en llevarlos consigo á la guerra, como compañeros, para que rogasen á Dios por él; en quemar los memoriales que le habian dado contra ellos, sin quererlos lecr, como de jueces puestos por Dios; en decir que si viesa con sus propios ojos pecar á un religioso ú sacerdote, le enbriría con su ropa imperial, para que ninguno otro le viese; en no quererse sentar en el concilio Niceno sino despues de todos los obisps, y con su licencia y en una silla baja; en hacer ly en que mandaba que se diese más honra al sacerdote que á ningun otro hombre seglar. De aquí vino lo que dijo el emperador Valentiniano á los obispos y clero de Milan, que eligiesen tal persona por obispo, á la cual él de buena gana sujetasc su cabeza y hiciese la debida reverencia. De aquí vino el respeto que el gran emperador Teodosio tuvo á san Ambrosio, y el no quererse sentar en el coro de los sacerdotes, en Constantinopla, aunque le rogaba el Patriarca que lo hiciese.
De aqui la reprension que Honorio, su hijo, hizo al emperador Arcadio, su hermano, por haber consentido que san Juan Crisóstomo fuese echado de su silla; en la cual le dice estas palabras: «Procurad, pues, hermano, de mostrar con obras y con palabras, á Dios y á los hombres, que estáis arrepentido de lo que habeis hecho mal, y persuadios y tened por cierto que, por las oraciones de los sacerdotes, nuestro imperio ó cae ó se conserva.» De aquí vino la obediencia que el rey Atila, aunque ficro y birbaro, tuvo á san Leon, papa, cuando volvió atras con el ejército vencedor, porque vió á los principes de los apóstoles, san Pedro y san Pablo, que le amenazaban si no lo hacia. De aquí vino la reverencia con que el emperador Justino el mayor recibió al santo papa Juan en Constantinopla, echindose á sus piés, y la que todos los reyes y emperadores cristianos hoy dia hacen al sumo Pontífice, como á vicario de Jesucristo nuestro Señor.
De aquí lo que dice el emperador Cárlos Magno: «Si nosotros somos liberales con los siervos de Dios, y de buena gana hacemos lo que ellos quieren, la razon es, porque entendemos que esta sujecion nos es provechosa para alcanzar la cumbre del imperio, y lo que vale más que todas las dixnidades del mundo, para recebir el premio de la retribucion eterna.» De aquí lo que Martin Cromero escribe de Voleslao, el rey de Polonia, que ninguna cosa castigaba más severamente en su reino que el menosprecio de la religion y el poco respeto de los sacerdotes, y que nunca se:asentaba delante de obispo miéntras que el obispo estaba en pic. De aquí lo que se escribe en las leyes de las Partelas por estas palabras: «Ilonrar é guardar deben mucho los legos á los clóúrigos, cada uno seenn su órden é de la dignidad que tiene, lo uno porque son medianeros entre Dios é ellos, lo otro porque honrándolos honran á la santa Iglesia, cuyos servidores son en honrar la fe de nuestro Sefior Jesucristo, que es cabeza de ellos, porque son llamados cristianos. y De aquí los títulos honrosos que los emperadores, en sus leyes, dan á los sacerdotes y obispos, llamándolos reverendisimos, religiosísimos, beatisimos, santiísimos, y con otros nombres semejantes, de sumo respeto y reverencia. De aquí los privilegios que concedieron á todas las personas eclesiásticas, de los cuales están llenas las leyes imperiales y de todos los reinos, los cuales debe guardar cada rey en el suyo, y mostrar su piedad y religion en el respeto que tiene, y el celo en que todos sus súbditos le tengan á los ministros della, no tanto por sus personas, cuanto por la de Dios, que representan en la tierra. Que áun Alejandro Magno, cuando, yendo á destruir á Jerusalen, le salió á recebir el sumo sacerdote vestido de pontifical, se le arrodilló y adoró. Y como Parmenion, 8u gran privado, le preguntase cómo se habia humillado tanto á aquel hombre, respondió: aNo he yo adorado al hombre, sino á Dios, cuyo sumo sacerdote él es. n ¿Qué será justo que haga el príncipe cristiano con el ministro de Cristo, pues el gentil reverenció y reconoció á Dios en el sacerdote de los judíos, que era su enemigo?
Es tan debido este respeto y reverencia á los ministros de Dios, que el emperador Juliano, con ser apóstata y enemigo de toda verdadera religion, por ver que la suya (aunque era falsa y diabólica) no se podia conservar sin este respeto y acatamiento, escribió una carta á Arsacio, pontifice do Galacia, en que le ordena que los sacerdotes no salgan á recebir á sus presidentes y gobernadores sino cuando vienen á los templos, y áun entónces hasta la puerta sólo de la iglesia, y da la razon por estas palabras: «En entrando por la puerta del templo cualquicra gobernador, se viste de persona particular y privada, y el sacerdote es superior do todos los que están dentro del templo, como vos sabeis, porque asi lo manda la ley divina.» Y puesto caso que el perlado y el sacerdote, cualquiera que sea, se debe reverenciar y obedecer, pero para que el pueblo lo haga de mejor gana, procure el príncipe que los obispos y sacerdotes de sus estados, en la santidad de la vida, en las letras, en la prudencia y en todas las demas partes, sean tales, que por sí mesmos merezcan aquella honra y reverencia.
Y si por indulto de la Sede Apostólica tiene la presentacion de los obispados, mire mucho á quién nombra y escoge para tan alta dignidad y para una carga que (como dice el concilio Tridentino) áun para los hombros de ángeles es temerosa. Y si quiere satisfacer á su conciencia y obligacion, no se contente de nombrar al digno, sino al más digno y al que, consideradas todas las circunstancias, mejor lo merece; que si esto hace en la provision PR,
Scripture echoes
- ↩Jer.10.10;1Thess.1.9 — But the LORD is the true God; he is the living God and the everlasting King. At his wrath the earth quakes, and the nations cannot endure his indignation. 1Thess.1.9 — For they themselves report about us what kind of welcome we had among you, and how you turned to God from idols, to serve the living and true God
- ↩Ps.82.6;Exod.22.28;John.10.34-John.10.35 — I said, "You are gods, sons of the Most High, all of you; Exod.22.28 — You shall not delay your fullness and your dripping; the firstborn of your sons you shall give to me. John.10.34 — Jesus answered them, "Is it not written in your Law, 'I said, you are gods'?" John.10.35 — He called 'gods' those to whom the word of God came — and the Scripture cannot be broken.
- ↩Mal.2.7 — For the lips of a priest should guard knowledge, and instruction is to be sought from his mouth, for he is the messenger of the LORD of hosts.
- ↩Jer.1.10 — See, I have appointed you this day over the nations and over the kingdoms, to pluck up and to break down, to destroy and to overthrow, to build and to plant.
Notes
- 1 ↩recato rendered as 'careful restraint' (caution/scrupulous handling of church property), not mere bashfulness.
- 2 ↩Source reads 'acutados'; translated as intended 'acatados' (honored/respected), matching the preceding sentence's acatados y servidos and the parallel 'con el mismo respeto'.
- 3 ↩Source reading 'cran' treated as a corruption of 'eran' ('were').
- 4 ↩Source phrase 'que eran sus sama tenian potestad' is corrupt; rendered as 'they were their priests, and they had the power,' taking 'sama' as a mangled remnant of 'sacerdotes' (or a similar priestly designation) and restoring a missing connective before the second 'tenían'.
- 5 ↩'Soldan' rendered as 'Sultan' (historical title of the Egyptian ruler); 'califa' as 'caliph'.
- 6 ↩Source has a line-break/hyphenation glitch in «dio-— ses»; read as «dioses» (“gods”).
- 7 ↩«ombajadores» read as «embajadores» (ambassadors); «colunas» as «columnas» (pillars).
- 8 ↩Source sentence is only a period («.»); no recoverable Spanish wording in this unit. Likely a segmentation artifact between the long questions of s2 and s4.
- 9 ↩Opening «(Giran cosa» treated as OCR for «Gran cosa» (“A great thing”); «Moisén» as Moisés; «lsrael» as Israel. Leading parenthesis in the witness is unbalanced and dropped as print noise.
- 10 ↩«la do todas» read as «la de todas» (“that of all”).
- 11 ↩The Jeremiah quotation in the witness ends abruptly with an extra «y» («…sobre los reinos y»), apparently truncated mid-verse (Jer 1:10). Translation renders the clause as present, without inventing the missing continuation.
- 12 ↩«Teodorcto» read as Theodoret; «Anatoth» as Anathoth.
- 13 ↩«Inocencio ITI» read as Innocent III; «deste» as «de este»; «Smirna» as Smyrna.
- 14 ↩Source 'ceptro' read as 'cetro' (scepter).
- 15 ↩Source typos normalized: 'Cualquicra'→'Cualquiera', 'monesterio'→'monasterio'; quote appears without a closing guillemet in the source.
- 16 ↩Source 'águilas 1mperiales' read as 'águilas imperiales' (imperial eagles); 'jurisdicion' as 'jurisdicción'.
- 17 ↩OCR/print errors normalized: 'pladosos'→'piadosos', 'revereuciar'→'reverenciar', 'enanto'→'cuanto', and 'de los falsos dioses « Dios verdadero' read as 'de los falsos dioses a Dios verdadero'.
- 18 ↩Source shows OCR/print corruptions corrected for sense: lecr→leer; viesa→viese; enbriría→encubriría; obisps→obispos; ly→ley.
- 19 ↩Source sujetasc corrected to sujetase (imperfect subjunctive).
- 20 ↩Source has elliptical «De aqui la reprension» without «vino»; rendered in parallel with the surrounding «De aquí vino…» examples in this chapter.
- 21 ↩Normalized obvious OCR/print corruptions: «ficro» → fiero (fierce); «birbaro» → bárbaro (barbarian).
- 22 ↩Normalized «echindose» as echándose (casting himself).
- 23 ↩Read source 'dixnidades' as 'dignidades' (dignities).
- 24 ↩Normalized corrupted forms: 'Martin Cromero' → Marcin Kromer; 'Voleslao' → Boleslaus; 'se:asentaba' → 'se asentaba'; 'en pic' → 'en pie' (standing).
- 25 ↩Corrected OCR/historical garbling: 'Partelas' → Partidas; 'Ilonrar' → 'Honrar'; 'clóúrigos' → 'clérigos'; 'seenn' → 'según'; 'Sefior' → 'Señor'. Closing guillemet missing in source.
- 26 ↩'della' = de ella, referring to religión: ministers of religion/the Church. Rendered as 'her ministers' with religion as the antecedent.
- 27 ↩'adoró' here is the traditional language of deep reverence/prostration before sacred authority, not Christian latria; rendered as 'paid him reverence' to avoid implying idolatrous worship of the man (clarified in s7).
- 28 ↩Corrected OCR: '8u' → 'su'; opening quote marker 'aNo' → '«No'.
- 29 ↩Leading stray 'n' treated as OCR debris from the previous quotation close, not as part of the sentence.
- 30 ↩Source has OCR-like forms: «do Galacia» → de Galacia; «cualquicra» → cualquiera; «superior do todos» → superior de todos. Translated the corrected intended reading.
- 31 ↩Source «perlado» is the common early-modern/OCR form of «prelado» (prelate); translated as prelate.
- 32 ↩presentación: the canonical right of presentation (naming candidates to bishoprics), not a modern ceremonial 'presentation'.
- 33 ↩Source ends mid-clause at 'provision PR,' — likely a page-break or signature mark truncation. Translation stops at the recoverable sense; the following material is not invented.
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit