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Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince)/Book 1 · Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano — Libro Primero: De la religión que debe tener el príncipe
Chapter 32PrincipeCristiano.1.32

Lo que se dcbe temer la excomunion.

The Humility of Christian Kings

Great rulers submit to ecclesiastical authority because they recognize their own mortality and their accountability to the King of kings.

Someone might well ask why such powerful emperors and kings humbled themselves so deeply and submitted to the Church's censure and correction, since no force on earth could have compelled them to do so. To this I say that they knew that, even while dressed in gold and purple and served and adored by the world, they were nothing more than a little dust and ashes. They knew that over them stood another sovereign King, the King of kings and Judge of the living and the dead—who, as Job says, "strips the golden belt from kings and binds their loins with a piece of rope"; or, as the holy king David says, "takes the breath and the life from princes, and is terrible and fearsome to the kings of the earth."1 With the light and strength that same Lord gave them, they submitted to Him and to His ministers as if to their own fathers and judges, because they knew that what they did toward those ministers, they did toward God, whose lieutenants and vicars they were. For this reason, writing to Theodosius and exhorting him to do penance for having ordered the killing of so many guiltless men in Thessalonica, as we said, after bringing him some examples of kings, St. Ambrose says these words: "I have said all this not to put you to shame, but to stir you, by the example of these kings,2 to remove this sin from your kingdom.3 Remove it by humbling your soul before the Lord. You are a man, and temptation came upon you; overcome it. Sin is not taken away except by tears and by penance.4 Neither angel nor archangel can forgive sins; only the Lord can do that, and He does not forgive them except to those who do penance. I counsel, beg, exhort, and admonish you, because it grieves me that you—who are a rare example of piety, exceedingly merciful, and could not bear that an innocent man should suffer—now care nothing that so many innocents have suffered."

Examples of Royal Penance

Historical examples of emperors like Theodosius, Arcadius, and Theodosius II demonstrate the fruit of humble submission to church correction.

Even if you have been most successful in war, and even if you are worthy of praise in other areas, you have always taken piety as your coat of arms and as your greatest ornament and glory. The devil has envied what was most excellent and admirable in you; defeat him while you still have the power to do so.5 Don't add another sin to your sin, and don't seize what, by being seized, has already done harm to many.6 These are the words of Saint Ambrose to Theodosius, whom the saint praised after his death, saying: "I loved him, because he loved the one who rebuked him more than the one who flattered him." He laid aside the royal ornaments, publicly wept in the church for the sin he had committed, led astray by others; he asked forgiveness with tears and groans. Ordinary people are ashamed to do public penance, but the Emperor was not; rather, he had such deep sorrow for his sin that there wasn't a day he didn't weep over it and grieve that he had committed it."7 The emperor Arcadius, son of Theodosius, followed his father’s good example. He and his wife, the empress Eudoxia, were excommunicated by the holy Pope Innocent, who delivered this fearful and grave sentence: "I, the least of all, a sinner, to whom God has entrusted the throne of his great apostle Saint Peter, separate you and Eudoxia and cast you out of the Church and out of the Communion of the faithful, so that you may not take part in the sacred and pure mysteries of Christ our Redeemer."8 He didn't rage or grow angry; instead, he humbled himself and submitted. He answered the Pope, making amends and asking for forgiveness and absolution from the excommunication with such great modesty, repentance, and obedience that he deserved to obtain it—though the Empress died within a few months, and Arcadius didn't live long afterward.9 Perhaps this is where Theodosius—son of Arcadius and grandson of Theodosius the Great—developed his devotion to the Church and his profound respect for excommunication. When a certain religious man excommunicated him because he couldn't get what he wanted from the Emperor, the good Emperor refused to eat until the bishop sent word that he had nothing to fear, and the same man who had excommunicated him came to absolve him.10 Even if it seems to some that Theodosius was excessively scrupulous in this matter, the truth is that because of the reverence and holy fear he had for His Church, God our Lord took him under His protection, favored him, and defended him against the barbarians who wanted to crush him, destroying their armies with signs and wonders from heaven, as will be told further on.

The Gravity of Spiritual Censure

Excommunication is a powerful spiritual sword that must be feared, as it severs the soul from the body of the Church and the communion of the faithful.

It was their awareness of their own unworthiness and the respect these princes held for the Church’s censures that led to this pious and devout submission. There is no doubt that excommunication and the Church’s censures are the strongest and most powerful weapons she possesses to humble the proud and subdue rebellious believers, as the most holy Council of Trent declares. As the glorious martyr and eloquent bishop Saint Cyprian divinely says, God commanded that those who would not obey the priests or the judges then in office be put to death. They killed them with the sword when the circumcision of the flesh was still in force, but now that circumcision is spiritual, the proud and obstinate must be cut off and punished with a spiritual sword by being cast out of the Church.11 And for this reason Tertullian calls excommunication a divine censure and a prejudgment of the day of judgment.12 Origen says that the excommunicated are compared to Satan, and many holy and authoritative doctors emphasize how much excommunication must be feared. Among them, Saint Augustine says: "What the Lord says—that we should treat as a Gentile and a publican (meaning as excommunicated) anyone who will not hear and obey the Church—is something graver than if he were wounded by the sword, burned with fire, or torn apart by wild beasts." If we weighed this with the seriousness it deserves, we would find that, aside from losing God’s favor and being in mortal sin (which a just excommunication presupposes), we ought to fear and flee nothing more than excommunication itself. By it, we are cut off and severed like withered members from the body of the holy Church, deprived of communion and fellowship with our faithful brothers and sisters, and cut off from the sacrifices and intercessions of the Church and the countless heavenly goods shared by those who, through faith and charity, are united in her with God.1314 Because of the sin of Achan, who stood under the anathema, God told Joshua that He would no longer be with His people until they destroyed him and removed him from the face of the earth.15 Anathema is the term for a formal excommunication, because in Greek it means something set apart and reserved, not to be touched. This is why sacred things dedicated to God are also called anathema—they are already set apart and reserved for Him, and for that reason cannot be profaned or used for other purposes. Excommunicated people are likewise called anathema because they are cut off from ordinary dealings with others, cast aside, and effectively handed over to Satan, so that no one should associate with them or have anything to do with them.1617 Some scholars write that in the early Church, the devil visibly took possession of the bodies of the excommunicated, tormenting and afflicting them so that they might come to acknowledge their fault—just as the Apostle Saint Paul says, from whom they take this: Ut spiritus salvus fieret; so that their spirit might be saved.18

Read the original Latin

Preguntará por ventura alguno por qué estos emperadores y reyes tan poderosos se humillaron tanto y sujetaron á la censura y correccion de la Iglesia, pues no habia fuerza en la tierra que los pudiese compeler á hacer lo que hacian. A esto digo que la causa era porque conocieron que, aunque andaban cubiertos de oro y púrpura y cran servidos y adoradus del mundo, no eran mús que un poco de polvo y ceniza, y que tenian sobre sí otro rey soberano, que es Rey de los Reyes y Juez delos vivos y de los muertos, y el que, como dice Job: uQuita el cinto de oro á los reyes, y ciñe los lomos dellos con un pedazo de soga»; Ó, como dice el santo rey David: «Priva del resuello y de la vida á los príncipes, y es terrible y espantoso á los reyes de la tierra.» Y con la luz y fuerza que el mismo Señor les daba, se sujetaban á El y á sus ministros, como á padres y jueces suyos, porque sabian que lo que hacian con ellos lo hacian con Dios, cuyos lugartenientes y vicarios eran. Por esto, escribiendo san Ambrosio á Teodosio, y exhortándule á hacer penitencia por haber hecho matar á tantos hombres que no tenian culpa en Tesalónica, como dijimos, despues de haberle traido algunos ejemplos de reyes, dice estas palaLras: «Todo esto he dicho, no por confundirte, sino para provocarte, con cl ejemplo de estos rey. es, á quitar de tu reino este pecado. Quitale, humillando tu ánima al Señor; hombre eres, y vínote la tentacion; véncela, El pecado no se quita sino con lágrimas y con penitencia. Ni ángel ni arcángel puede perdonar pecados; súlo el Señor lo puede hacer, y no los perdona sino á los que hacen penitencia. Yo te aconsejo, ruego, exhorto y amonesto, porque me pesa que tú, que eres un raro ejemplo de piedad y clementisimo sobremanera, y no podias sufrir que un hombre innocente padeciese, ahora no se te dé nada que tantos innocentes hayan padecido.

Aunque hayas sido felicísimo en las guerras, y en las otras cosas seas digno de alabanza, siempre tuviste por tu blason y por tu mayor ornamento y gloria la piedad. El demonio ha tenido envidia de lo que en tí cra más excelente y admirable; véncele miéntras que tienes facultad de poderle vencer. No añadas á tu pecado otro pecado, ni usurpes lo que, por haberlo usurpado, ha hecho daño á muchos.»' Todas éstas son palabras de san Ambrosio á Teodosio, al cual el mismo Santo alaba despues de muerto, diciendo: «Yo le amé, porque él amaba más al que le reprendia que al que le lisonjeaba. Dejó los ornamentos reales, lloró en la iglesia públicamente el pecado que habia cometido, engañado de otros; pidió perdon con lágrimas y gemidos. Los hombres particulares tienen vergiienza do hacer penitencia pública, y no la tuvo el Emperador; úntes tuvo tan gran sentimiento de su pecado, que no hubo dia que no le llorasc y tuviese dolor de haberle cometido.»

Y Arcadio, emperador, hijo de Teodosio, imitando el ejemplo de su buen pare, habiendo ¿l y la emperatriz Ludoxia, su mujer, sido excomulgados por el santo papa Inocencio 1 diste nombre con aquellas temcrosas y graves palabras: «Yo, el menor de todos, pecador, á quien Dios ha encomendado el trono de su gran apóstol san Pedro, á ti y á Eudoxia, os aparto y echo fuera de la Iglesia y de la comunicacion de los ficles, para que no podais participar de los misterios sagrados y puros de Cristo nuestro redentor.» No se embraveció ni se enojó; ántes se humilló y se rindió, y respondió al Papa, dando satisfacion y pidiendo perdon y absolucion de la excomunion con tan grande moudestia, arrepentimiento y obediencia, que mereció alcanzarla, aunque la Emperatriz murió dentro de pocos meses, y Arcadio no vivió mucho tiempo despues. Do aquí vino, por ventura, la devoción que Peodosio, hijo de Arcadio y nicto de Teodosio el Magno, tuvo á la Iglesia, y el respeto grandisimo á la excomunion; porque habiéndole excomulgado cierto religioso porque no habia podido alcanzar del Emperador cierta cosa que pretendia, no quiso comer cl buen Emperador hasta que el Obispo le envió á decir que no tenía que temer, y vino á absolverle el mismo que le habia excomulgado. Y puesto caso que á algunos pueda parecer que fué demasiademente escrupuloso Teodosio en este hecho, la verdad es que por esta reverencia y santo temor que tuvo á su Iglesia, Dios nuestro Señor le tomó debajo de su proteccion, y le favoreció y defendió contra los bárbaros que le quisieron oprimir, y con señales y prodigios del cielo deshizo los ejércitos dellos, como adelante se dirá.

El conocimiento, pues, de su propia vileza, y la estima que tenian estos principes de las censuras de la Iglesia, cra la causa deste piadoso y devoto rendimiento; porque no hay duda sino que la excomunion y censuras de la Iglesia son el arma más fuerte y puderusa que ella tiene para humillar á los altivos y domar á los fieles rebeldes, como lo dice el sacrosanto concilio "Pridentino; porque, como divinamente dice el glorioso mártir y elocuentísimo obispo san Cipriano, mandaba Dios matar á los que no obedecian á los sacerdotes ni á los jueces que ála sazon juzgahan; pero matábanlos con la espada cn el tiempo que tenía fuerza la circuncision de la carne; pero ahora, que la circuncision es espiritual, con espada espiritual se deben cortar y castigar los soberbios y contumaces, siendo echados de la ijrlesia. Y por esto Tertuliano llama á la excomunion censura divina y prejuicio del dia del juicio. Origenes dice que los excomulgados son comparados á Satanas, y muchos santísimos y gravisimos dotores encarecen sobremanera lo mucho que se debe temer la excomunion, y entre ellos san Agustin dice estas palabras: «Lo que dice el Señor, que tengamos por éthnico y por publicano (que quiere decir excomulgado) al que no oyere y obedeciere á la Iglesia, es cosa mis grave que si fuese lhurido con la espada, ó abrasado con el fuego, ó despedazado de las fieras»; lo cual, si sc mirase con la ponderación que sería razon, hallariamos que despues del estar en desgracia de Dios y del pecado mortal (que la justa excomunion presupone), ninguna cosa debriamos temer ni huir más que la misma excomunion; pues por ella somos apartados y cortados, como miembros secos, del cuerpo de la santa Iglesia, y privados de la comuion y participacion de los fieles, nuestros hermanos, y de los sacrilicios y sufragios de la Iglesia, y de los otros innumerables y celestiales bienes, de que participan Jos que por fe y curidad están en ella unidos con Dios.

Por el pecado de Acham, que estaba anatematizado, dijo Dios á Josué que no scría más con su pueblo, hasta que le hundicsen y quitasen de sobre la haz de la tierra. Y llámase anatematizar el excomunlgar con solenidad, porque anatema, en griego, quiere decir una cosa apartada y guardada, que no se ha de tocar, y por eso las cosas sagradas y dedicadas á Dios re llaman anatema, como cosas que están ya apartadas y guardadas para Dios, y que por esto no se pueden profanar y convertir en otros usos; y los excomulgados asimesmo se llaman anatema, porque están apartados de la comun conversacion de los otros hombres, y desechados y como entregados á Satanas, para no comunicarlos ni tener que ver con ellos. Y hay doctores que escriben que en la primitiva Iglesia el demonio se apoderaba visiblemente de los cuerpos de los excomulgados, y los atormentaba y afligia para que se reconociesen, y como dice el apóstol san Pablo, del cual losacan: Ut spiritus salvus fieret; para que su espiritu se salvase.

Notes

  1. 1Normalized OCR corruptions: cran→eran, adoradus→adorados, mús→más, uQuita→«Quita; Job and David quotes treated as scripture citations.
  2. 2palaLras→palabras; cl→el; quoted sentence is truncated mid-word at 'rey' and continues in the next sentence as 'es...' (reyes).
  3. 3Continuation of Ambrose's broken quote from s4; 'es' completes 'reyes'.
  4. 4ánima rendered as 'soul' (durable theological term). 'Quitale' = remove/take away that sin. Punctuation normalized where 'véncela, El' likely begins a new sentence.
  5. 5Source 'cra' read as 'era' ('was'); 'miéntras' as 'mientras'.
  6. 6'Usurpes lo que… ha hecho daño' is Ambrose's warning against compounding guilt by seizing a right or power that, when usurped, has already wounded many (in context, not overriding Church penance/censures).
  7. 7Source corruptions corrected for sense: 'vergiienza'→vergüenza, 'do'→de, 'úntes'→antes, 'llorasc'→llorase.
  8. 8Source print is corrupt at several points: «pare» read as «padre»; «¿l» as «él»; «Ludoxia» normalized to «Eudoxia» (as in the quoted formula); «temcrosas» as «temerosas»; «ficles» as «fieles»; and «Inocencio 1 diste nombre» as «Inocencio, [y] de[s]te nombre» (under this sentence/formula).
  9. 9«moudestia» corrected to «modestia» (modesty).
  10. 10Corrected print errors: «Do aquí» → «De aquí»; «Peodosio» → «Teodosio»; «nicto» → «nieto»; «cl buen Emperador» → «el buen Emperador».
  11. 11Normalized OCR/print corruptions in the Spanish: cra→era, puderusa→poderosa, Pridentino→Tridentino (Council of Trent), juzgahan→juzgaban, cn→en, ijrlesia→iglesia.
  12. 12Spanish prejuicio here is theological praeiudicium (foretaste/prejudgment of the Last Judgment), not modern 'prejudice'.
  13. 13Normalized OCR/print corruptions: dotores→doctores, mis grave→más grave, lhurido→herido, sc→se, comuion→comunión, sacrilicios→sacrificios, Jos→los, curidad→caridad; éthnico read as gentile/pagan.
  14. 14sufragios rendered as intercessions (Church's prayers/suffrages for the living and dead), not ballots.
  15. 15Normalized OCR: 'scría' → 'sería'; 'hundicsen' → 'hundiesen'. Spanish 'Acham' rendered as English biblical 'Achan' (Joshua 7).
  16. 16Normalized OCR: 'excomunlgar' → 'excomulgar'; 'solenidad' → 'solemnidad'; 're llaman' → 'se llaman'; 'asimesmo' → 'asimismo'.
  17. 17The source uses 'anatema' both for things devoted to God (set apart / reserved) and for persons under solemn excommunication; English keeps 'anathema' for that dual sense rather than flattening it to 'ban' alone.
  18. 18Normalized OCR: 'losacan' → 'lo sacan' (they take/quote it from him); 'afligia' → 'afligía'; 'espiritu' → 'espíritu'.

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