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The Necessity of Princely Penance
Emperors Otto III and Otto IV demonstrate that even the highest earthly rulers must submit to penance and humility before God.
Emperor Otto III had Crescentius, a leader who had risen against the Pope, put to death, even though he had first given his word that he would not kill him. Afterward, he confessed to Saint Romuald, an abbot who was famous at the time for his holiness, and Romuald ordered him, as penance, to travel on foot and barefoot to Saint Michael of Monte Gargano, located in the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Apulia.1 The Emperor obeyed, wearing a hair shirt against his bare skin throughout Lent, sleeping on a mat, and performing other penances, as Peter Damian—a cardinal and a highly respected author of that era—writes in the Life of Saint Romuald; Lawrence Surius also reports it, and Carlo Sigonio mentions it.23 Regarding Otto IV, who was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III and stripped of the empire, the German writer Albert Krantz notes that after he rebelled against the Church, he never again knew peace or prosperity. At the hour of his death, his grief was so intense that he ordered his cooks to trample him and place their feet on his neck, as he viewed himself as the vilest and most abject creature in the world.4
The King's Submission to the Church
King Henry II of England provides a powerful example of public penance and reconciliation with the Church after the death of Saint Thomas of Canterbury.
Henry II, king of England, by his words gave occasion for some of his servants and ruthless men to kill the blessed archbishop and primate of England, Saint Thomas of Canterbury; and although he did not order it done—on the contrary, he was grieved by it—yet to make amends for the scandal in the kingdom and submit himself to the censures of Holy Church, laying aside his royal garments, he did public penance and willingly had himself flogged on his bare back in public, as a true son of the Church who knew and wept for his sin and submitted to the correction of his mother, counting it better to be her son than king of England.5 Because this is an example worth knowing and deeply admirable, I want to record here the circumstances of this penance as described by a writer from that same time. This author says that the King walked barefoot from the church of Saint Dunstan to the cathedral where the body of Saint Thomas lay. Upon reaching the door, he prostrated himself and prayed. Once inside, he watered the place where the holy prelate was killed with many tears. After making his confession before the Bishop, he approached the saint's tomb with great trembling and reverence, dissolving in tears and moving many of the bystanders to weep as well. Baring his back, he was flogged five times by the bishops and afterward by the monks—who numbered more than eighty—each of them giving him three blows with the discipline on his back. He was then solemnly absolved, remaining barefoot on the ground and fasting the whole night with great feeling, tenderness, and devotion.6 Because of this devotion and penance, God granted him great favors, and he won victory over his enemies through the intercession of Saint Thomas himself, as Edward writes in the Life of Saint Thomas of Canterbury, and William of Newburgh in his History—both English authors of that time.7
Examples of Royal Obedience and Resistance
Various kings, including Edgar, John, Pedro of Aragon, and Philip of France, illustrate the consequences of resisting or submitting to ecclesiastical authority.
Let us set beside this example of a king of England another of Edgar, king of the same realm, who, carried away by the blind passion of love, had committed a sacrilege in a certain convent of nuns; and when he held out his hand (according to the custom of the land) to honor and greet Dunstan, who was also (like Saint Thomas) Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop refused to give him his own hand, and ordered him not to set the royal crown on his head for seven years and to build a convent of nuns—and he did everything just as he was commanded.89 King John of England was also excommunicated by the Pope for his harsh treatment of the clergy and the wrongs he committed against the churches. At first, he was stubborn and refused to obey, but later—seeing that his subjects were withdrawing from him and refusing to follow him out of fear of the censures—he gave in, submitted, and did as he was ordered. Even so, once he felt free of that pressure, he returned to his violent ways; as a result, he was badly worn down and afflicted, and he died miserably.1011 King Peter of Aragon, who conquered the kingdom of Sicily from the French, was excommunicated by Popes Martin IV and Honorius IV because the kingdom was under the direct authority of the Church, and Peter had seized it against the wishes of the popes governing at the time.12 As he lay dying, the King told the prelates, religious leaders, and lords gathered around him that he had never intended to offend the Church, but rather to serve her. He claimed he had done nothing to deserve the severe sentence the Apostolic See had pronounced against him; yet, as a faithful Catholic prince who knew that any sentence of excommunication—whether just or13 unjust, ought to be feared, he had ordered that the interdict laid on his kingdoms for this cause should be observed in them.14 And with great devotion and tenderness he asked the Archbishop of Tarragona to absolve him from the excommunication, since he was ready to swear and promise by his royal faith that he would abide by whatever the Apostolic See determined by right and justice about that matter, go in person to the Pope, show his innocence, and give an account of himself—showing himself in this as obedient and humble a son of the Church as he had shown himself brave and stout-hearted in the many wars and battles he fought. King Philip of France became infatuated with a woman named Bertrada, who was married to Fulk, Count of Anjou, and he left his own wife, the Queen, to marry her. The Pope ordered him to leave his mistress and return to his lawful wife, using every gentle and harsh means to bring Philip around and remove the scandal from the kingdom. When those efforts failed—because the poor King, overcome by love, was beside himself—Pope Urban II excommunicated him and ordered the kingdom of France to withhold its obedience.15 The King made great threats to withdraw16 his obedience to the Pope, and it did him no good; he pretended he meant to go to Rome to ask pardon in order to soften the Pontiff, and that came to nothing (because the Pope stood firm and constant); and at last the King surrendered, submitted to the Church, and obeyed her censures, seeing that they were just, and that not only the prelates and bishops but the whole kingdom held them as such and obeyed them with the reverence that was due—in which one sees the force they had and ought to have among those who are true children of the Church, as Papirio Masonio says in his Annals of France, adding that religion had more power than the scepter and the crown and the name and majesty of royalty.17
The Power of Spiritual Reverence
The deep devotion and fear of excommunication shown by the French kingdom and the Duke of Austria underscore the weight of the Church's spiritual authority.
Pope Innocent excommunicated Louis VII, king of France, and laid an interdict on his kingdom for a certain disobedience and contumacy of the king; and for the three years the interdict lasted, there was no churchman who would admit the King to the divine offices or give him the Body of Christ our Lord.18 How great was the devotion of the kingdom of France in those days? How great was its piety? How humble was its obedience and reverence toward the Apostolic See? Out of this same respect and rightful fear of excommunication, when Emperor Frederick—who was under excommunication—asked for the Duke of Austria's daughter as his wife, the Duke refused to give her to him, and the young woman would not marry him; such was the reverence people had for the censures of the Church.19
The Fruits of True Repentance
King Voleslao of Poland demonstrates the depth of a truly repentant heart through his rigorous asceticism and pilgrimages.
Let us finish this chapter by telling of the penance Voleslao, king of Poland, did for having ordered his brother Sbigneo killed—and although he did it because of his brother's disobedience, pomp, and vain presumption, and at the instigation and counsel of his own men, who followed a false reason of state, Martin Cromero, Bishop of Warmia, a diligent and elegant writer of Polish affairs, says that Voleslao's repentance and grief over his brother's death were so great that, not content with having given many and very large alms to the poor, and rich gifts to the churches and to the priests, and with having washed that sin clean in a fountain of continual tears, and going about covered in ashes and a hairshirt, and washing the filthy feet of poor beggars with his own hands, and having done so many things in satisfaction for that guilt that the people of his kingdom were left amazed—he alone was not satisfied, because everything seemed too little to him.20 He fasted for an entire Lent on bread and water, wore a hairshirt against his skin, and traveled like a private citizen—accompanied by only a few priests and servants—on foot, and barefoot for much of the way, to visit the tomb of Saint Giles. Afterward, he made another pilgrimage, also on foot, to visit the tomb of Saint Stephen, King of Hungary. He wept at every sanctuary he found along the way, distributed generous alms, and left people everywhere astonished and edified by the evidence of his humble penance and marvelous piety.21
Read the original Latin
El emperador Oton III hizo matar á Crescencio, hombre principal, que se habia levantado contra el Papa, habiéndole dado ántes su palabra que no le mataria; confesóse duspues con san Romualdo, abad, que florecia en a ¡uel tiempo con gran fama de santidad, y él le mandó, en penitencia, ir á pié y descalzo á San Miguel del monte Gargano, que está en el reino de N¿éroles, en la provincia de Apulla. Y el Emperador obedeció, y trujo á raíz de sus carncs un cilicio toda la cuaresma y durmió sobre una estera, y cumplió otras penitencias, como lo escribe Pedro Damian, cardenal y autor muy grave y de aquel mismo tiempo, en la Vida de san KFRomualdo, y lo trae Lorenzo Surio, y Cárlos $Sigonio hace mencion dello.
De Otoun IV, que tambien fué excomulgado por Inocencio, papa ITT, y privado del imperio, escribe Alberto (trantcio, aleman, que despues que se rebeló á la Iglesia, nunca tuvo quietud ni prosperidad, y que á la hora de la muerte tuvo tan grande dolor, que mandó á sus cocineros que le pisasen y pusiesen los piég sobre su cuello, teniéndose por la más vil y abatida criatura del mundo.
Enrique 11, rey de Inglaterra, dió ocasion con gus palabras que algunos criados suyos y hombres desalmados matasen al bienaventurado arzobispo y primado de Inglaterra, santo Tomas Cantuariense, y aunque él no lo mandó hacer, ántes tuvo pesar dello, pero para satisfacer el escándalo del reino y sujetarse á las censuras de la santa Iglesia, dejando su vestidura real, hizo penitencia pública, y quiso ser azotado sobre sus espaldas desnudas públicamente, como hijo verdadero de la Iglesia, que conocia y lloraba su pecado y se sujetaba á la correccion de su madre, estimando en más ser hijo della que rey de Inglaterra. Y por ser ejemplo digno de saberse y de grande admiracion, quiero poner aquí las circunstancias con que un escritor de aquel mismo tiempo pinta esta penitencia del Rey. Desde la iglesia de San Dunstano, dice este autor que fué el Rey descalzo hasta la iglesia mayor, donde estaba el cuerpo de santo Tomas; llegado á la puerta, se prostró y hizo oracion; entrado, regó con muchas lágrimas el lugar donde fué muerto el santo pontifice, y dicha la confesión delante del Obispo, con gran temblor y reverencia se acercó á su sepulcro, deshaciéndose en lágrimas y haciendo derramar muchas á los circunstantes; y desnudándose las espaldas, fué azotado cinco veces de los obispos y despues de los monjes, que eran más de ochenta, dándole cada uno tros golpes con la disciplina sobre las espaldas, y así fué absuelto solenemente, estando sobre el suelo descalzo y ayuno toda la noche, con gran sertimiento, ternura y devocion. Y por esta devocion y penitencia, Dios le hizo grandes mercedes, y alcanzó vitoria de sus enemigos por la intercesion del mismo santo Tomas, como lo escribe Eduardo en la Vida de santo Tomas Cantuariense, y Guillelmo Neubrigense en su ¿Historia, autores ingleses de aquel tiempo.
Juntemos con este ejemplo de un rey de Inglaterra, otro de Edgardo, rey del mismo reino, el cual, arrebatado de la ciega pasion del amor, habiendo cometido un sacrilegio en cierto monesterio de monjas, y extendiendo su mano (á la costumbre de la tierra) para honrar y saludar á Dostano, que tambien era (como santo 'Tomas) arzobispo Cantuariense, el Arzobispo no le quiso dar la suya, y le mandó que por espacio de siete años no pusicse la corona real sobre su cabeza y que edificase un monesterio de monjas; y él lo hizo todo como le fué mandado.
El rey Juan, asimesmo de Inglaterra, habiendo sido excomulgado del Papa por el mal tratamiento que hacia á los clérigos y agravios á las iglesias, annque estuvo duro al principio y no quiso obedecer, pero despues (viendo que sus súbditos, por temor de las censuras, se apartaban dél y no le querian seguir) se rindió y sujetó, y hizo lo que le fué mandado; puesto caso que, viéndose desahogado, volvió á sus violencias, por las cuales fué muy fatigado y afligido y murió miserablemente.
El rey de Aragon, don Pedro, que ganó el reino de Sicilia y le quitó á los franceccs, fué excomulgado de los sumos pontífices Martino 1V y Honorio asimesmo IV, por ser el directo dominio de aquel reino de la Iglesia, y haberse apoderado el rey don Pedro dél contra la voluntad de los papas, que en aquella sazon la gobernaban. Hallándose el Rey á punto de muerte, delante de muchos perlados y religiosos y señores de su reino dijo que, puesto caso que él nunca habia tenido intencion de ofender á la Iglesia, sino de servirla, ni de hacer cosa que mereciese la rigurosa sentencia que la Sede Apóstolica habia pronunciado contra él; pero que, como fiel y católico principe, quo sabía que cualquiera sentencia de excomunion, justa 6. injusta, se debia temer, habia mandado que en sus reinos se guardase el entredicho que por esta causa se habia puesto en ellos. Y pidió con gran devocion y ternura al Arzobispo de Tarragona que le absolviese de la excomunion, pues estaba aparejado de jurar y prometer por su fe real que estaria á lo que por derecho y justicia fuese determinado sobre aquel hecho por la Sede Apostólica, y ir personalmente al Papa, y mostrar su inocencia y dar razon de sí; mostrándose en esto tan obediente y humilde hijo de la Iglesia, como en las muchas guerras y batallas que tuvo se mostró valeroso y de corazon esforzado. v Filipe, rey de Francia, se aficionó á una señora, que se llamaba Bertrada, y estaba casada con Fulcon, condo de Angiu, y dejando á la Reina, su mujer, se casó con ella, Mandóle el Papa que dejase la amiga y volviese á hacer vida con su legítima mujer, y tomó todos los medios blandos y ásperos para reducir al rey Filipe y quitar del reino aquel escándalo, y como no bastasen (porque el pobre Rey, con el amor, estaba fuera de sí), el papa Urbano lI le excomulgó, y mandó al reino de Francia que no le obedeciese. Hizo el Rey grandes amenazas de quitar. la obediencia al Papa, y no le valió; fingió querer ir á Roma á pedir perdon para ablandar al Pontifice, y salióle en vano (porque el Papa estuvo fuerte y constante), y finalmente, el Rey se rindió y sujetó á la Iglesia y obedeció á sus censuras, viendo que eran justas, y que no sólo los perlados y obispos, mas todo el reino, las tenía por tales y las obedecia con la reverencia que era razon, en lo cual se ve la fuerza que ellas tuvieron y deben tener en los que son verdaderos hijos de la Iglesia, como lo dice, en sus Anales de Francia, Papirio Masonio, y añade que tuvo más fuerzas la religion que el cetro y la corona y el nombre y majestad real.
Inocencio, papa, excomulgó á Luis VIT, rey do Francia, y puso entredicho en su reino, por cierta desobediencia y contumacia del ley, y en tres años que duró el entredicho no hubo persona eclesiástica que admiticse al Rey á los oficios divinos ni le quisiese dar el cuerpo de Cristo nuestro Señor. ¿Cuán grande era la devocion del reino de Francia en aquel tiempo? ¿Cuánta su piedad? ¿Cuán humilde la obediencia y reverencia á la Sede Apostólica? Por este mismo respeto y justo temor de la excomunion, pidiendo el emperador Federico (que estaba excomulgado) por mujer á una hija del Duque de Austria, nunca el Duque se la quiso dar, ni la doncella casarse con él: tanta era la reverencia que se tenía á las censuras de la Iglesla.
Acabemos este capítulo con decir la penitencia que hizo Voleslao, rey de Polonia, por haber mandado matar á Sbigneo, su hermano, y aunque lo hizO por la desobediencia, fausto y vana presuncion de su hermano y por instigacion y consejo de los suyos, que siguieron la falsa razon de estado, dice Martin Cromero, obispo Varmiense, diligente y elegante autor de las cosas de Polonia, que fué tan grande el arrepentimiento y dolor que tuvo Voleslao de la muerte de su hermano, que no contentándose con haber hecho muchas y muy grandes limosnas á los pobres, y dado ricos dones á las iglesias y á los sacerdotes, y haber limpiado con una fuente de continuas lágrimas aquel pecado, y andar cubierto do ceniza y de cilicio, y lavar los piés asquerosos á los pobres mendigos con sus propias manos, y hecho tantas cosas en satisfacion de aquella culpa, que la gente de su reino quedaba admirada, él solo no quedaba satisfecho, porque todo le parecia poco. Y que ayunó toda una cuaresma á pan y agua, y trujo el cilicio á raiz de sus carnes, y acompañado de algunos pocos sacerdotes y criados suyos, como un hombre particular, se fué á pié, y gran parte del camino descalzo, á visitar la sepultura de san Gil, y despues hizo otra peregrinacion, tambien á pié, para visitar el sepulcro de san Estéban, rey de Hungria, llorando en todos los santuarios que hallaba en estos caminos y repartiendo grandes limosnas, y dejando en todas las partes espantada y edificada la gente, y rastros de su humilde penitencia y maravillosa piedad.
Notes
- 1 ↩Source shows OCR/print corruption: 'duspues' → después; 'en a ¡uel tiempo' → en aquel tiempo; 'N¿éroles' → Nápoles (kingdom of Naples); 'Apulla' → Apulia. Translation follows the most plausible corrected reading.
- 2 ↩Source corruptions normalized for sense: 'trujo' (archaic trajo) kept as 'wore/brought'; 'carncs' → carnes; 'san KFRomualdo' → san Romualdo; 'Cárlos $Sigonio' → Carlos Sigonio; 'dello' → de ello.
- 3 ↩'trujo á raíz de sus carnes un cilicio' rendered as 'wore a hair shirt next to his bare flesh' (cilice worn against the skin).
- 4 ↩Source shows OCR/print corruption: 'Otoun IV' → Otto IV; 'papa ITT' → Pope Innocent III; 'Alberto (trantcio' → Albert Krantz (Alberto Crantzio); 'piég' → pies (feet). Translated the historically and linguistically most plausible corrected reading.
- 5 ↩Source 'Enrique 11' read as Henry II (OCR/print for II); 'gus palabras' read as 'sus palabras' (his words).
- 6 ↩Source 'tros golpes' read as 'tres golpes' (three blows); 'sertimiento' as 'sentimiento' (feeling); 'solenemente' as 'solemnemente' (solemnly).
- 7 ↩Source has stray inverted question mark before 'Historia' ('¿Historia'); treated as 'Historia'.
- 8 ↩Source reading "Dostano" is taken as Dunstan (Spanish Dunstano), the Archbishop of Canterbury under King Edgar; the previous section already names the church of San Dunstano, and Dunstan is the historically fitting figure paired with Edgar.
- 9 ↩Source "pusicse" is read as pusiese ("should put/set"); "monesterio" as monasterio ("monastery/convent").
- 10 ↩Source reading “annque” is treated as “aunque” (although); “asimesmo” as “asimismo” (likewise).
- 11 ↩“Puesto caso que” rendered as “Even so” to keep the concessive force: he complied, yet later relapsed when the pressure eased. “Viéndose desahogado” is taken as feeling free of the pressure of isolation and censures, not merely “relieved” in a casual sense.
- 12 ↩Source reading "franceccs" treated as "franceses" (the French); "Martino 1V" treated as Martin IV.
- 13 ↩Sentence is artificially cut mid-clause after "justa 6."; continued in s3. Source "justa 6." read as "justa ó" (just or), joining s3's "injusta". "quo" treated as "que"; "perlados" as "prelados".
- 14 ↩Continues s2's interrupted clause "justa ó injusta, se debía temer...".
- 15 ↩Initial "v" read as "Y" (And). "condo de Angiu" treated as "conde de Anjou"; "Urbano lI" as Urban II. Historical names normalized: Filipe→Philip, Bertrada, Fulcon→Fulk.
- 16 ↩Printed unit ends mid-phrase; continuation is s7 "la obediencia al Papa...".
- 17 ↩Continues s6. "perlados" treated as "prelados". "Papirio Masonio" left as in the source (likely Papire Masson / Papirius Massonius).
- 18 ↩Source readings corrected for sense: 'Luis VIT' → Louis VII; 'rey do Francia' → king of France; 'contumacia del ley' read as 'contumacia del Rey' (the king's contumacy); 'admiticse' → admitiese.
- 19 ↩Source 'Iglesla' read as 'Iglesia' (Church).
- 20 ↩Source has OCR noise 'hizO' (read as 'hizo') and 'cubierto do ceniza' (read as 'de ceniza'). Names are kept in the Spanish forms of the witness: Voleslao (Boleslaus), Sbigneo (Zbigniew), Martin Cromero (Marcin Kromer), obispo Varmiense (Bishop of Warmia).
- 21 ↩Archaic 'trujo' = 'trajo' (wore/brought); 'á raiz de sus carnes' rendered 'next to his flesh' (hairshirt worn against the skin). 'espantada' here is awe/astonishment, not mere fright.
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit