El easo que hicieron los gentiles del ser apartados de las cosas sagradas.
The Universal Witness to Spiritual Exclusion
Ancient cultures and pagan societies recognized the gravity of spiritual separation and social ostracism as a necessary response to grave wrongdoing.
The Christian religion has always placed great importance on this separation—this dismembering, as it were—that occurs through excommunication. But Jews and Gentiles alike also considered it a most grievous punishment to bar wicked people from sacred things, and they would flee from them as if from a plague. When the Romans condemned someone as a traitor, they ordered that no one provide him with water or fire—meaning all the necessities of life. The Greeks, from whom the Romans adopted the custom, did the same, driving those who had committed grave crimes against the republic out of their public squares, temples, and sacrifices. As Cicero notes, the Athenians had their own public censures and denunciations, and Hesychius writes that they even had a specific temple for this purpose, which Aristophanes also mentions.1 Plutarch writes that after the Athenians killed Socrates, they developed such hatred for his false accusers that they withdrew from them and avoided them entirely, refusing to speak or have any dealings with them until, worn out and in despair, the accusers died of pure grief.2 Plato, in the book of his Laws, among the other penalties he sets against parricides, says that they should be anathematized and barred from all sacred things, and that anyone who eats or drinks with such persons, or has dealings with them in any way, must not enter the temple or even the city until he has purified and cleansed himself of that stain.3 Julius Caesar writes that the Druids—the priests of the Gauls—were so honored, respected, and obeyed that when they excommunicated someone, the entire population viewed that person as impious and criminal, fleeing from them and refusing to see or speak to them. Pliny writes of the king of the island of Taprobane that when he committed a shameful or unjust act, he was punished with death—though no one actually killed him. Instead, everyone simply withdrew and fled from him, refusing to speak to him, and the king, abandoned and in despair, would eventually die.4 And there will be other such examples among the Gentiles, which make us understand that they knew the need for a spiritual and higher power, and how grave a thing it is for a man to be cut off from the company and conversation of other men; but just as the Gentiles failed to hit on the knowledge of one true God—which the light of nature teaches us—and so had many gods, so they also failed to establish rightly the spiritual power to which divine worship belongs.5
The Authority of the Church and the Conscience of the Prince
The Christian Church exercises a higher form of spiritual discipline, which demands obedience from even the highest earthly rulers to preserve the health of their souls.
Setting aside the pagans and turning back to the practices of the holy Church of Jesus Christ, St. John Chrysostom notes that the apostle St. Paul allows a faithful Christian to associate with pagans and unbelievers, but forbids them from eating with the excommunicated.✦ And it is very worth noticing how seriously the holy Church takes excommunication: for on Good Friday, while she makes a special prayer for pagans, unbelievers, and Jews, she does not pray that day for the excommunicated alone—though it is the day of universal redemption.6 For this reason, when Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV—an emperor who was a cruel enemy and persecutor of the Church—the Catholic princes of Germany abandoned him. When he grew furious and threatened to take revenge, the princes stood firm, as their religion weighed more with them than the Emperor's empty threats. They told his ambassadors that while the Emperor had wronged them in their honors and estates, they had endured it to remain loyal to their prince; but now that he was excommunicated and cut off from the body of the Church, they could not deal with him without harming their souls, and they would rather lose his favor than God's. This Emperor, persisting in his disobedience and excommunication, was stripped of the empire and his imperial insignia. He was reduced to such misery that he begged the Bishop of Speyer for food in the church of Our Lady—which the Emperor himself had built—but he was refused. Dying soon after, his body went five years without burial, even while his own son was emperor, to comply with the censures of the Church.7 It’s no wonder that Christian kings and princes who truly want to be held as such follow the example of those mentioned above—not out of fear of temporal power, but because of the pressure their own consciences felt through fear of the Church's censures, and the spirit and strength God gave them from heaven. To help us understand this truth and show us the regard we must have for excommunication, God has at times worked great miracles through it—sometimes punishing those who were excommunicated and despised the censure, and sometimes working other wonders, as will be told in the next chapter.8
Read the original Latin
No solamente la religion cristiana ha hecho siempre gran cuenta deste apartamiento y como desmembramiento que se hace por medio de la excomunion; pero tambien los judíos y gentiles tuvieron por gravísimo castigo el apartar de las cosas sagradas á los hombres facinorosos, y hulan dellos como de pestilencia. Y asi los romanos, cuando condenaban á algnno como á traidor, man daban que ninguno le pudiese dar agua ni fuego, por las cuales cosas entendian todas las que son necesarias para la vida humana, y lo mismo hactan los griegos, de los cuales lo tomaron los romanos, echando de sus plazas, templos y sacrificios á los que habian cometido algun grave delito contra su república. Y los atenienses tenian suis censuras y detestaciones públicas, como dice Ciceron, y templo particular para cello, como escribe Esichio, del cual hace mencion tambien Aristófanes. Y Plutarco escribe que los mesmos atonienses, despues que mataron á Sócrates, cobraron tan grande aborrecimiento contra los que falsamente le habian acusado, que se apartaban y huian dellos, sin qunererlos hablar ni tratar, hasta que, aburridos y desesperados, de pura pena se murteron. Platon, en el libro de sus Lryes, entre las otras penas que pone contra los parricidas, dice que deben ser anatematizados y apartados de todas las cosas sagradas, y que cualquiera que con los tales comiere ó hebiere 6 en cualquicra cosa comunicáre, no debe entrar en el templo ni áun en la ciudad ántes de haberse purificado y purgado de aquella mancha. Y Julio César escribe de los druidas, sacerdotes de los galos ó franceses, que eran tan acatados, respetados y obedecidos, que á los que ellos excomulgaban todo el pueblo los tenía por impios y facinorosos, y hutan dellos, sin quererlos ver ni hablar. Y Plinio, hablando del rey de la isla Trapobana, escribe que cuando el Rey cometia alguna cosa fea 6 injusta, le castigaban con la muerte; la cual ninguno se la daba; pero apartábanse todos y huian dél, sin haber nadie que le quisiese hablar, y con esto el mismo Rey, como desamparado y desesperado, se moria. Y otros ejemplos como éstos habrá de gentiles, que nos dan á entender que conocian la necesidad quo hay de una espiritual y superior potestad, y cuán grave cosa es ser apartado un hombre del comercio y conversacion de los hombres; pero asi como los gentiles no atinaban en el conocimiento de un Dios verdadero, que la lumbre de la naturaleza nos en— seña, y por eso tenian muchos dioses, asi tampoco acertaban en establecer la potestad espiritual, á la cual pertenece el culto divino.
Pero, dejando aparte á los gentiles, y volviendo al uso de la santa Iglesia de Jesucristo, san Juan Crisóstomo nota muy bien que el apóstol san Pablo da licencia para que el fiel cristiano comunique con el gentil é infiel, y se la quita para que no coma con el excomulgado. Y es cosa mucho para notar el caso que la santa Iglesia hace de la excomunion, pues el Viérnes Santo, haciendo oracion particular por los paganos, infieles y judios, por sólo los excomulgados no ora aquel dia, con ser dia de universal redencion. Y por esta causa, cuando el papa Gregorio VIT excomulgó á Enrique IV, emperador y cruelisimo enemigo y perseguidor de la Iglesia, y los principes católicos de Germania le desampararon, y él se embravecia y amenazaba á todos que se habia de vengar dellos, tuvieron fuerte los principes y pudo más en ellos la religion que las vanas amenazas del Emperador, y respondieron á sus embajadores que mióntras que el Emperador les habia maltratado en sus honras y haciendas, ellos le hubian sufrido y obedecido, por guardar la lealtad que debian á su principe; mas ahora, que estaba excomnlurado y cortado del cuerpo de la Iglesia, ellos no podian tratar con él sin perjuicio de sus almas, y miis querian perder su gracia que la de Dios, Y perseverando este Emperador en su desobediencia y excomunion, fuó despojado del imperio y de las insignias imperiales, y reducido á tan estrecha miseria, que pidió al Obispo de Espira que le diese de comer en la ¡iglesia de Nuestra Señora, que el mismo Emperador habia edificado, y no lo alcanzó; y muricudo en breve, estuvo su cuerpo cinco años sin euterrarse, siendo su mismo hijo emperador, por cumplir con las censuras de la Iglesia. Asi que, no es maravilla que los reyes y principes cristianos que do véras lo son y quieren ser tenidos por tales, hagan lo que hicieron los que arriba referimos, no por la fuerza temporal, que no temian, sino por la fuerza con que sus propias conciencias los apretaban con el temor de las censuras de la Tglesia, y por el espiritu y vigor del cielo que les daba Dios, el cual, para darnos á entender esta verdad, y declararnos el caso que debemos hacer de la excomunion, algunas veces ha obrado grandes milagros por medio della, ahora castigando á los que estaban excomulgados y menospreciaban la excomunion, ahora haciendo otras maravillas, como en el capitulo siguiente se dirá.
Scripture echoes
- ↩1Cor.5.9-1Cor.5.11 — I wrote to you in the letter not to associate with sexually immoral people— 1Cor.5.10 — not meaning at all the sexually immoral people of this world, or the greedy and swindlers, or idolaters, for then you would have to leave the world entirely. 1Cor.5.11 — But now I am writing to you not to associate with anyone who bears the name of brother or sister if that person is sexually immoral, or greedy, or an idolater, or a reviler, or a drunkard, or a swindler — not even to eat with such a one.
Notes
- 1 ↩Read 'suis' as 'sus', 'cello' as 'ello', and 'Esichio' as Hesychius (Esichio/Hesiquio).
- 2 ↩Read 'atonienses' as 'atenienses', 'qunererlos' as 'quererlos', and 'murteron' as 'murieron'. Old Spanish 'aburridos' taken as worn out / worn down, not modern 'bored'.
- 3 ↩Read 'Lryes' as 'Leyes' (Laws); 'hebiere' as 'bebiere'; '6' as 'o'; 'cualquicra' as 'cualquiera'.
- 4 ↩'Trapobana' rendered as Taprobane (classical name for Sri Lanka), the usual identification of Pliny's Taprobane.
- 5 ↩Read 'quo' as 'que' and restored the broken line 'nos en— seña' as 'nos enseña'.
- 6 ↩"por sólo los excomulgados no ora": the exclusive omission is the excommunicated—Good Friday intercessions cover pagans, unbelievers, and Jews, but not those under excommunication.
- 7 ↩Normalized OCR corruptions in the Spanish witness: Gregorio VIT→Gregory VII; mióntras→mientras; excomnlurado→excomulgado; miis→más; fuó→fue; muricudo→muriendo; euterrarse→enterrarse; ¡iglesia→iglesia. Espira rendered as Speyer.
- 8 ↩Normalized OCR: "do véras"→de veras; "Tglesia"→Iglesia.
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit