Que la religion cristiana enseña á los principes lo que deben hacer cuando, por algun pecado grave, son castigados de la IgleSia.
The Princely Duty of Humility
Christian faith requires princes to submit to ecclesiastical correction with the same humility they expect from their subjects.
This same religion also teaches great princes that if they ever, being human, fall into some grave offense, they should own it, humble themselves, and submit to the Church's canons, censure, and correction. They should understand that they lose no authority, nor even a point of their greatness, by lowering themselves and making themselves equal in penance to other men—even their own subjects—when they are equal to them in guilt.1 All the greatness and power of the earth is filth and refuse before God. The one who recognizes God in His minister will readily yield to him and accept his correction, for the more he humbles himself for God's sake, the more highly God will exalt him.2 That is why holy King David danced and leapt before the ark, telling his wife Michal, who rebuked him for it: "I will dance and leap before the Lord, who chose me as king. I will be even more lowly than I have been, and humble in my own eyes; for that way I will appear more glorious in the eyes of the Lord and of the whole world."3 He acknowledged his guilt when rebuked by Nathan, humbled himself, and did penance. As Saint Ambrose says: "David sinned as kings are used to sinning, but he did penance, wept, and groaned—which kings are not used to doing." Of this we have some examples in the ecclesiastical histories.
Historical Examples of Royal Penance
Historical accounts, such as that of Emperor Philip, demonstrate the ancient practice of public penance for rulers.
Eusebius of Caesarea writes in his history that the emperor Philip was a Christian who lived during the time of Saint Fabian, pope and martyr. One day, when Philip wanted to enter the church, the Pope ordered him not to enter until he had performed public penance for certain grave sins. The Emperor obeyed with great humility and completed his public penance—which, as Tertullian says, meant confessing his sin before all the people, remaining apart from the other faithful in the area reserved for penitents, wearing sackcloth and ashes for the entire required period, showing his mourning and sorrow through his appearance, throwing himself at the feet of the priests to ask for mercy, and begging the other Christians present to obtain it for him from the Lord.4 Theodoret notes that penitents used to come to church bound and in chains, like wrongdoers presenting themselves before a judge. Anyone who wants to see in more detail what public penitents used to do should read the account by Father Robert Bellarmine, who treats the subject with his customary learning and care.
The Penance of Theodosius
The story of Emperor Theodosius and Saint Ambrose serves as the ultimate model of a ruler conquering himself through public submission to the Church.
The story of Emperor Theodosius is well known—a prince as glorious in his devotion and obedience to the Church as he was in the valor and victories he won over his enemies. Having killed many of the people of Thessalonica in a fit of anger, he tried to enter the church of Milan, but was met by the steadfast and holy prelate Ambrose. With great gravity and majesty, Ambrose ordered him not to enter until he acknowledged his sin and performed public penance. The Emperor obeyed, not daring to enter the church, and turned away instead. Finally, after eight months of mourning, the Emperor returned to the church door—not to force his way in, but to ask Saint Ambrose for pardon and mercy. The Saint rebuked him as a tyrant and a breaker of the Church’s laws, and the Emperor answered with marvelous humility: “I don't want to break the laws the Church has established, nor force my way into it; but I beg you to loose me and absolve me from its censures, to remember the Lord’s clemency, and not to shut against me the door He opened to all who repent of their sins.”5 Saint Ambrose then said, “Well then, what penance do you offer for such an atrocious crime?” “What medicine have you applied to a wound so great and so hard to heal?” “It is for you,” the Emperor said, “to give me the remedies, and for me to accept them.” Having obeyed everything the valiant bishop commanded and having been absolved by him, the faithful and glorious Emperor entered the Church. Prostrate and bowed to the ground, tearing at his hair and striking his face, and watering the earth with rivers of tears, he began to ask forgiveness for his sins and to speak those words of the royal prophet David: “My soul clings to the dust; give me life, Lord, as you have promised.” O truly glorious prince and illustrious emperor, who knew so well how to recognize and esteem the greatness of God and the obedience owed to His ministers, and how just it is that the summit and majesty of all earthly sovereignty and monarchy should humble itself before them! Certainly, anyone who considers this deed with due weight and judges it on a fair scale will agree that it was a far more illustrious victory for Theodosius to have conquered himself through this devout surrender and pious submission than to have won so many great victories and triumphed so often over his enemies. Many emperors triumphed over their enemies as Theodosius did, but very few humbled themselves to the Church and triumphed over themselves as he did. As the glorious father Saint Augustine says, “God willed that Emperor Theodosius should do public penance before the people so that we all might take example and do the same when it is needed, and so that neither the poor nor the rich, the tradesman nor the knight and lord, should feel shame or take it as an affront to do what the Emperor did.”
Transition to Further Instruction
The author concludes the reflection on Theodosius to proceed with the broader treatise.
But let's leave this example now, on which we have lingered because it is so remarkable, and move on to the rest.6
Read the original Latin
Tambien enseña á los grandes príncipes esta misma religion que si alguna vez, como hombres, cayeren en algun grave delito, se reconozcan y humillen, y se sujeten á los cánones eclesiásticos y á la censura y correccion de la Iglesia, y que entiendan que no pierden autoridad ni un punto de su grandeza por abajarse é igualarso en la penitencia con los otros hombres, aunque sean sus súbditos, si con ellos son iguales en la culpa. Toda la grandeza y potencia de la tierra es asco y basura delante de Dios, y el que reconoce á Dios en su ministro, fácilmente se le rendirá y acetará su correccion; que cuanto más se humilláre por Dios, tanto será de Divs más ensalzado. Que por esto bailó y saltó el santo rey David delante del arca, y dijo á Michol, su mujer, que por ello le reprendia: «Yo bailaré y saltaré delante del Señor, que me escogió por rey, y seré áun más vil de lo que he sido, y humilde en mis ojos; porque asi pareceró más glorioso en los ojos del Señor y de todo el mundo.» Y reconoció su culpa cuando fué reprendido de Natan, y se humilló y hizo penitencia; y asi dice san Ambrosio: «Pecó David, como suelen pecar los reyes, mas hizo penitencia, lloró y gimió, lo cual no suelen hacer los reyes.» Desto tenemos algunos ejemplos en las historias eclesiásticas.
Eusebio Cesariense escribe en la suya que Filipe, emperador, fué cristiano y vivió en tiempo de san Fabian, papa y mártir, y que queriendo un dia entrar en la iglesia, le mandó el Papa que no entrase hasta que hubiese hecho pública penitencia por ciertos pecados graves que habia cometido; y que el Emperador, con grande humildad, le obedeció y cumplió su penitencia pública; la cual, como dice Tertuliano, era confesar su pecado allí, delante de todo el pueblo, estar apartado de los demas fieles y en el lugar propio de los penitentes, vestirse de saco y de ceniza todo el tiempo que le era mandado, y con el hábito y traje mostrar llanto y tristeza, echarse á los pics de los sacerdotes, pidiendo misericordia, y rogar á los otros cristianos que estaban presentes que se la alcanzasen del Señor. Y áun de Teodoreto se saca que solia el penitente venir á la Iglesia aprisionado y atado, como malhechor que se presenta al juez; pero el que quisiere ver más en particular las cosas que hacian los públicos penitentes, léalas en el padre Roberto Belarmino, que las trata con la erudicion y diligencia que suele.
Bien sabida es la historia de Teodosio, emperador, príncipe no ménos glorioso en la devacion y obediencia de la Iglesia que en el valor y vitorias que alcanzó de sus cnemigos; el cual, habiendo hecho matar con enojo á muchos del pueblo de Tesalónica, y queriendo entrar en la iglesia de Milan, el constantisimo y santisimo perlado Ambrosio le salió al encuentro, y con palabras gravísimas y de grande majestad le mandó que no entrase hasta que reconociese su pecado é hiciese pública penitencia dél, y el Emperador le obedeció y no osó entrar en la Iglesia, ántes se volFinalmente, pasados los ocho meses del llanto," vino el Emperador á la puerta de la iglesia, no para entrar por fuerza en clla, sino para pedir perdon y misericordia á san Ambrosio; el Santo le reprendió como á tirano y quebrantador de las leyes eclesiásticas, y el Emperador con maravillosa humildad le respondió: «Yo no quiero quebrantar las leyes que tiene establecidas la Iglesia, ni entrar por fuerza en ella; pero ruégoos que me desatels y absolvais de sus censuras, y que os acordeis de la clemencia del Señor, y no me cerreis la puerta que El abrió á tedos los que se arrepienten de sus pecados.» Aquí dijo san Ambrosio: «Pues ¿qué penitencia mostrais vos de un delito tun atroz? ¿Qué medicina habeis aplicado á la llaga tan grande y tan dificultosa de sanar? —Eso toca á vos, dijo el Emperador, el darme los remedios, y a mí el acetarlos.» Y habiendo obedecitdo á todo lo que lo mandó el valeroso obispo, y siendo absuelto por él, entró el fidelisimo y gloriosísimo Emperador en la Telesia, y postrado y rendido en el suelo, y mesándose los cabellos € hiriéndose en el rostro, y regando la tierra con rios de lágrimas, comenzó á pedir perdon de sus pecados y á decir aquellas palabras del real profeta David: «Mi ánima está abrazada con la tierra; vivificadme, Señor, como lo habeis prometido.» ¡Oh principe verdaderamente glorioso, y muy esclarecido emperador, que tan bien supiste conocer y estimar la grandeza de Dios y la obediencia que se debe á sus ministros, y cuán justo es que se les hurnille la cuinbre y majestad de toda la soberanía y monarquía de la tierra! Por cierto que el que consideráre este hecho con la debida ponderacion, y le posáre con justo peso, juzgurá que sin alguna duda fué mucho más ilustre vitoria para Teodosio el haber vencido así mismo con este devoto rendimiento y piadosa sujecion, que haber alcanzado tantas y tan excelentes vitorias, y haber triunfado tantas veces de sus enemi08; porque muthos emperadores triunfaron do los suyos, como Teodosio, y muy pocos se humillaron á la Iglesia y triunfaron de si mismos, como Teodosio. Y como muy bien dice el gloriosisimo padre sun Agustin: «Quiso Dios que Teodosio, emperador, hiciese penitencia pública delante del pueblo, para que todos tomásemos ejemplo de hacerla cuando fuese menester, y ni el pobre, ni el rico, el oficial, ni el caballero y señor no tengan vergúenza ni se afrenten de hacer lo que hizo el Emperador.»
Pero dejemos ya este ejemplo, en el cual, por ser tan señalado, nus habemos detenido, y pasemos á los demas.
Notes
- 1 ↩Source surface 'igualarso' treated as corrupt for 'igualarse' ('to make themselves equal').
- 2 ↩Source 'Divs' treated as corrupt for 'Dios' (God). 'acetará' read as 'aceptará' (will accept).
- 3 ↩Source 'pareceró' treated as corrupt for 'parecerá' ('I will appear').
- 4 ↩Source reads «pics»; translated as «feet» (pies), the only sense that fits the penitential gesture of casting oneself at the priests' feet.
- 5 ↩Source has a corrupt join near “ántes se volFinalmente, pasados los ocho meses del llanto,”; rendered as “but rather turned away. Finally, after the eight months of mourning…,” the historically coherent reading of Ambrose’s exclusion and Theodosius’s later return.
- 6 ↩Source reads «nus habemos detenido»; translated as the intended «nos habemos detenido» (we have lingered).
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit