Prosigue el capítulo pasado, y declárase la otra razon por que los herejes son causa de turbaciones.
The Prince as God's Minister
A prince's authority is derived from God, and his kingdom's stability depends entirely on his obedience to divine law.
The other reason for these upheavals—and the main one—is that God our Lord, as we have said, is the sovereign King over all kingdoms, and He is the one who gives them and takes them away at His will.1 When an earthly king recognizes himself as a minister of the King of heaven, looks to Him, and works hard to keep His holy law and ensure his subjects do the same, the Lord favors him, supports him, and keeps his kingdom in obedience, peace, and quiet—as we read many times in the sacred histories. It is said of King Hezekiah that he smashed the statues and idols, and that God prospered him, raised him up, and made him renowned and rich with great treasures.2 Of King Asa, who reigned quietly and there was no war in his time because God gave him peace, the Lord told him that from the time he later failed, wars would rise against him.3 Of King Jehoshaphat, who, because he had followed in the footsteps of King David and kept the law of God, the Lord exalted him and gave him boundless riches, and struck the neighboring kings with such terror and dread that none of them dared make war on him.4 Conversely, when a prince forgets God and trusts in himself, caring more about his own temporal interests than the will of God—believing that he can maintain and enlarge his kingdom through his own skill and reason of state—God Himself turns His back on him. He allows wars and enemies to rise from where no one expected, lets him be defeated by them, and allows his own vassals to withdraw their obedience so they can obey God instead.5
The Peril of Compromising Faith
Historical examples demonstrate that rulers who tolerate heresy or seek false peace at the expense of true religion invite divine judgment and civil ruin.
Valens, the Arian emperor, sent against the Goths one of his captains, a great Catholic named Trajan, and he was defeated by them. When he returned, the emperor rebuked him, mocking him as a coward, and he answered: "Emperor, I myself was not defeated; rather, you lost the victory, because you abandoned God, and you make Him favor and help the barbarians, your enemies."6 Later, when the same emperor Valens was heading to war against the Goths, a holy monk named Isaac met him and said with great boldness: "Where are you going, without God's favor and help—the very One you are making war against?" He is the one who has stirred up these barbarians against you, because you have led many to blaspheme His holy name; stop making war on God, and He will make the wars against you cease." Valentinian the Younger, deceived by his mother Justina, favored the Arians—and all he gained was that he fled Milan, because Maximus, a tyrant who had made himself emperor, was hunting him down.7 The great Theodosius wrote to Valentinian that it was no wonder he was suffering that affliction, and that though he was the true lord, he was fleeing from his own servant and tyrant, who was armed and coming after him, and finding himself in such deep trouble—because he had attacked the true religion and either favored its enemies or looked the other way.8 Emperor Zeno was rebuked and severely punished by God for issuing an edict they called a peace-making edict, by which he tried to reconcile Catholics with heretics, using an imaginary and false peace to settle and unite two things so opposed that they cannot be brought into agreement.9 Wenceslaus XII, king of Bohemia, by letting the heretics, out of this false reason of state, do as they wanted, saw his kingdom fall into such turmoil that the king had to take up arms—though too late—to defend it; and abandoned by all, he was stripped of both life and kingdom at once.10 Boleslaus, prince of Poland, allowed the people of Prussia to continue in their idolatry and abandon the Christian faith they had previously adopted. He was moved to do this by a generous gift they sent him and by their promise to remain obedient and loyal. As Polish historians note, the result of this concession and political maneuvering was that those same Prussians later took up arms against him, routed him, and shattered his army, causing the death and ruin of much of Poland's nobility. He suffered many other calamities and miseries in his kingdom as punishment for that sin. The emperor Nicephorus Constantine, because he secretly favored the Manicheans, or winked at them, by the Lord's just judgment and punishment was killed by the Bulgarians; and Gisulf, duke of the Lombards, because, to keep peace and quiet in his realm, he let the Catholic live as a Catholic and the Arian as an Arian, and granted churches to both, was killed with his army by the hand of Cayano, king and captain general of the Avars, who destroyed the duchy of Friuli; and as for Gisulf's own wife (who, hoping to marry him, handed him the city), after he had dishonored her he had her hung from a stake—because God, who wants to be served by kings loyally and purely, meant by this punishment and severe scourge that the rest should take warning.1112
The Necessity of Spiritual Purity
Scripture warns that religious compromise is the most abominable sin for a ruler, outweighing even personal moral failings in the eyes of God.
It was not without reason that the Lord said to his people through Moses: "Withdraw, withdraw from the tents and dwellings of ungodly men, and do not touch anything that belongs to them, so that you will not be punished with them." In the book of Kings, the Holy Spirit speaks of the people of Samaria, noting that they feared God while also serving idols, and then adds: "And for this reason God sent many lions upon them to tear them apart and kill them."13 For this reason, the city of Paris, capital of the kingdom of France, has as a very ancient blazon and motto these words: "One God, one king, one faith, one law"—words they have written in the city's public places, carved on the walls, painted in their windows, and even woven into their tapestries.14 The sin of princes who overlook wrongs or grow slack in religious matters—and in clearing away the stumbling blocks that cause their people to fall—is so grave that the Holy Spirit, speaking of the kings of Judah in the book of Ecclesiasticus, says these words, which are worthy of deep consideration: "All the kings, except David, Hezekiah, and Josiah, have sinned."15 Because the kings of Judah abandoned the law of the Lord and scorned the fear of God, they handed their kingdom over to others, and their glory to a foreign land"—words that cause great wonder, because David and Hezekiah also sinned, and gravely: David by murder and adultery, and Hezekiah by making a show of his treasures out of vainglory; and for their sins they were severely punished.16 Even so, Sacred Scripture says they did not sin. The Holy Spirit says this because these sins of David and Hezekiah—grave as they are—when compared to those of the other kings, who were either idolaters or17 allowed idolatry and were careless about religion, are not counted as sins at all.18 How grave and how abominable before the Lord, then, must that sin be, next to which adultery, murder, and pride are not counted as sins?
Read the original Latin
La otra razon, y la más principal, destas revoluciones es, porque Dios nuestro Señior, como dijimos, es Rey soberano y Rey de todos los reinos, y el que los da y quita 4 su voluntad. Y cuando el rey de la tierra se conoce por ministro del Rey del cielo y alza los ojos á Él, y se desvela en guardar su santa ley y en procurar que sus súbditos la guarden, el Señor le favorece y le da la mano, y conserva en obediencia y paz y quietud su reino, y asi lo leemos muchas veces en las historias sagradas. Dei rey Ecequías se dice que quebró las estatuas y los idolos, y que Dios le prosperó y le ensalzó, y le hizo esclarecido y rico de grandes tesoros. Del rey Asa, que reinó quictamente y no hubo guerra en su tiempo, porque Dios le daba la paz, y por haber despues faltado, le dijo el Señor que de allí adelante se levantarian guerras contra el. Del rey Josafá, que, por haber 'seguido las pitadas del rey David y guardado la ley de Dios, el Señor le magnitficó y le dió infinitas riquezas, y á los reyes vecinos tan grande espanto y pavor, que ninguno se atrevió á hacerle guerra. Y por el contrario, cuando el príncipe se olvida de Dios y confia de sí, y tiene más cuenta con su interese temporal que con la voluntad de Dios, creyendo que por su industria y razon de estado podrá mantener y acrecentar su reino, el mismo Dios le vuelve las espaldas, y permite que de donde jamas se pensó se levanten guerras y enemigos, y que dellos sea vencido, y sus mismos vasallos le quiten la obediencia que ántes le daban por obedecer á Dios.
Envió Valente, emperador arriano, contra los godos á un capitan suyo, gran católico, que se llamaba Trajano, y fué dellos vencido. Cuando volvió, el Emperador le reprendió, motejándole de co— barde, y él respondió: «Yo, emperador, no fui vencido yo, mas tú perdiste la vitoria, porque dejaste á Dios, y haces que El favorezca y ayude á los bárbaros, tus enemigos. Y yendo el mismo emperador Valente á la guerra contra los godos, le salió al encuentro un santo monje, que se llamaba Isacio, y con grande libertad le dijo: «¿Dónde vas, no teniendo en tu favor y ayuda á Dios, contra el cual haces guerra? Él es el que ha movido contra ti estos bárbaros, porque tú has movido á muchos que blasfemasen su santo nombre; deja, pues, de hacer guerra á Dios, y El hará que cesen las guerras contra ti».
Valentiniano el mozo, engañado de su madre Justina, favorccia á los arrianos, y lo que ganó fué, que salió huyendo de Milan, porque le perseguia Máximo, tirano, que se habia hecho emperador. Y el gran Teodosio escribió á Valentiniano que no era maravilla que él padeciese aquella aflicion, y siendo él verdadero señor, huyese de su criado y tirano, que iba tras él armado, y se viese en tan grande aprieto, porque habia impugnado la verdadera religion, y favorecido ó disimulado con los enemigos della. Cenon, emperador, fué reprendido y severamente castigado de Dios por haber hecho un edicto, que llamaron pacificatorio, por el cual pretendió concordar á los católicos con los herejes, y con una imaginaria y falsa paz concertar y unir dos cosas tan contrarias, que no pueden tener concierto. Winceslao XII, rey de Bohemia, dejando, por esta falsa razon de estado, hacer á los herejes lo que querian, se vino su reino á turbar de manera, que le fué necesario al Rey tomar las armas, aunque tarde, para defenderle, y desamparado de todos, fué privado juntamente de la vida y del reino.
Boleslao, principe de Polonia, concedió á los pueblos de Prusia que viviesen en su idolatría y dejasen la fe cristiana, que ántes habian tomado, y hizo esto movido de un rico presente que le enviaron, y de que le prometieron que le guardarian obediencia y fidelidad, y lo que sacó desta concesion y razon de estado, como notan los historiadores de Polonia, fué, que despues los mismos prusios tomaron las armas contra él, y lo desbarataron y rompieron su ejército, con muerte y estrago de mucha parte de la nobleza de Polonia, y tuvo otras muchas calamidades y miserias en su reino, en Castigo de aquel pecado. Nicéforo Constantino, emperador, porque secretamente favorecia á los manlqueos, ó disimulaba con ellos, por justo juicio y castigo del Señor, fué muerto de los búlgaros; y Gesulfo, duque de los longobardos, porque, para tener paz y quietud en su estado, dejaba vivir al católico como católico y al arriano como arriano, y concedió á los unos y á los otros iglesias, fué muerto, con su ejército, por mano de Cayano, rey y capitan general de los avaros, el cual destruyó el ducado de Frivoli, y á la propia mujer de Gesulfo (que, por la esperanza de casarse con él, le entregó la ciudad ), despues de haberla afrentado, la hizo colgar de un palo, porque Dios, que quiere ser servido de los reyes leal y puramente, con este castigo y azote riguroso quiso que escarmentasen los demas.
No sin causa dijo el Señor, por Moisén, á los de su pueblo: « Apartaos, apartaos de los tabernáculos y tiendas de los hombres impíos, y no toqueis cosa que pertenezca á ellos, para que no seais castigados con ellos.» En el libro de los Reyes dice el Espiritu Santo, hablando de los pueblos de Samaria, que temian á Dios y que juntamente servian á los ídolos, y añade luégo: « Y por esto envió Dios sobre eHos muchos leones para que los despedazasen y matasen.» Y por esto la ciudad de París, cabeza del reino de Francia, tiene por blason y titulo muy antiguo estas palabras: «Un Dios, un rey, una fe, una ley», las cuales tienen escritas en los lugares públicos do la ciudad, y esculpidas en las paredes y pintadas en sus vidrieras, y áun tejidas en sus tapicerias.
Es tan grave pecado éste de los príncipes que disimulan ó son flojos en las cosas de la religion y en quitar á sus pueblos los tropiezos que tieneu para prevaricar en ella, que dice el Espiritu Santo, en el libro del Eclesiástico, hablando do los” reyes de Judá, estas palabras, dignas de gran consideracion: «Todos los reyes, quitando á David y Ecequías y Josias, han pecado. Porque los reyes de Judá han dejado la ley del Señor y menospreciado el temor de Dios, entregaron su reino á otros, y su gloria á tierra extranjera»; las cuales palabras ponen grande admiracion; porque David y Ecequías tambien pecaron, y gravemente: David cometiendo homicidio y adulterio, y Ecequías haciendo ostentacion, por vanagloria, de sus tesoros, y por gus pecados fueron gravemente castigados. Y con todo eso, dice la Sagrada Escritura que no pecaron; pero la causa de decir esto el Espiritu Santo es, porque estos pecados de David y de Ecequías (con ser tan graves), cotejados con los de los otros reyes, que, 6 fueron idólatras ó permi. tieron la idolatría, y fueron descuidados en la religion, no son tenidos por pecados. Pues ¿cuán grave y cuán abominable será delante del Señor aquel pecado, en cuya comparacion el adulterio, el homicidio y la soberbia no se tienen por pecados?
Notes
- 1 ↩Source reads «quita 4 su voluntad»; the numeral 4 is treated as a corruption of «á» (at), yielding «quita á su voluntad».
- 2 ↩Source opens «Dei rey Ecequías»; parallel sentences use «Del rey…», so «Dei» is treated as a corruption of «Del».
- 3 ↩«faltado» rendered as «failed» (fallen short in fidelity to God), not mere absence.
- 4 ↩«pitadas» treated as «pisadas» (footsteps); «magnitficó» treated as «magnificó» (exalted).
- 5 ↩Closing «por obedecer á Dios» taken as purpose: vassals withdraw civil obedience in order to obey God, not as the former motive for obeying the prince.
- 6 ↩Source has line-broken 'co— barde'; read as 'cobarde' (coward).
- 7 ↩Source reads favorccia; translated as favorecía (favored), the only sense that fits the syntax and chapter argument.
- 8 ↩disimulado con: rendered as looked the other way (tolerated by dissimulation); could also be winked at / turned a blind eye.
- 9 ↩Cenon rendered as Zeno (Emperor Zeno); pacificatorio as peace-making edict (Henotikon-style peace decree).
- 10 ↩Winceslao XII retained as Wenceslaus XII per the source numeral; razon de estado rendered as reason of state.
- 11 ↩Source reads «manlqueos»; translated as Manicheans (Spanish maniqueos), the obvious intended reading.
- 12 ↩«disimulaba con ellos» rendered «winked at them» to keep the sense of tacit toleration, not mere pretense; «afrentado» as «dishonored» for public sexual outrage before the hanging.
- 13 ↩Source reading «eHos»/«eHos» is treated as a corrupted form of «ellos» (them); the translation follows that intended sense.
- 14 ↩«do la ciudad» is read as archaic/dialectal «de la ciudad» ('of the city').
- 15 ↩Normalized OCR/print errors: 'tieneu' → 'tienen'; 'hablando do los”' → 'hablando de los'.
- 16 ↩Normalized 'gus pecados' → 'sus pecados'.
- 17 ↩Sentence is cut mid-word at 'permi' and earlier has 'que, 6 fueron'; restored as 'que, ó fueron idólatras ó permitieron…', continued in s4.
- 18 ↩Completes s3's broken 'permi' + s4's 'tieron' as 'permitieron'.
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit