Que las herejías son causa de revoluciones y perdimientos de estadus.
The Foundation of Civil Obedience
True obedience to a prince is rooted in a person's prior obedience to God.
Saint Gregory’s saying is true and deeply serious: the preservation of the civil commonwealth depends on the peace of the Church; there are two reasons for this, among others. The first is that, since God's law teaches us to obey our kings and princes in things that are not contrary to that same law of God, whoever is obedient to God must necessarily be obedient to his legitimate prince as well, because God so orders it, and the obedience he gives his king is part of the obedience he owes God.✦ The Muscovites do and suffer the most terrible things for their prince, enduring treatment worse than that of captives and slaves, because they are convinced that this is the will of God. It is written of the Saracens that, because they were firmly convinced that nothing could be more pleasing to God than to obey their prince absolutely in whatever he ordered, they would throw themselves with great ease and joy from a high tower and be smashed to pieces if their prince commanded it; such was the power of that false belief over them. But when a man runs wild through heresy and loses the holy yoke and subjection he owes to God, it is no wonder that, like a runaway horse without a bridle, he loses his obedience to his king as well.1 Constantius Chlorus, father of the great Constantine, was a very brave and prudent prince; and once, wanting to test some of his Christian soldiers, he told them that those who were willing to sacrifice to his gods should remain as his soldiers and friends, and those who would not should leave his service and thank him that he was not ordering them put to death. Some offered sacrifices while others refused; Constantius dismissed those who had sacrificed and kept those who remained steadfast in their faith, saying that the latter would be true and loyal friends—because anyone who is a traitor to his God will also be a traitor to his prince.2 Theodoric acted similarly, even though he was an Arian heretic: when he saw that a servant he favored had changed his religion to flatter and please him—switching from Catholic to Arian—he stabbed him to death, saying it was impossible for a man who had broken faith with God to remain loyal to a human being. It is clear from this that these princes, because they were wise and prudent men—even though one was a pagan and the other a heretic—understood that anyone disloyal to God will also be disloyal to his legitimate lord.3 And the most valiant martyr Saint Hormisdas said to the king of Persia, who was urging him to renounce Jesus Christ, that what the king commanded was neither just nor useful even for the king himself; because whoever denied Jesus Christ, who is Lord and Governor of the world, would all the more easily deny him and withdraw obedience from him, who was a mortal man like everyone else.4
Heresy as the Root of Sedition
Religious division inevitably leads to political discord and the ruin of the commonwealth.
From disloyalty, then, and from disobedience spring rebellions against princes, the uprisings and divisions of kingdoms, and the burning and ruin of commonwealths—and it cannot be otherwise; for, just as discord in matters of the faith breeds discord in the minds and wills of those who profess it, from that discord and opposition unrest and civil wars cannot help but spring up, as bad children from a bad mother and bad effects from a bad cause.5 When a kingdom is divided and a commonwealth splits into factions and parties, it must necessarily perish. Christ our Redeemer spoke an infallible truth: a kingdom divided against itself will be laid waste.6 For this reason the emperor Theodosius the Younger, while he was in the city of Constantinople, and a good part of his empire was split into sects by the heresy of Nestorius, wrote a letter to that great and admirable man Simon Stylites, who in those days flourished with a rare example of holiness, in which he most earnestly begs him to ask God for the peace and unity of the holy Church; and he adds these words: "Because this division and discord so afflict us that we believe and hold for certain that they have been the wellspring and the first and chief root of all our calamities."7
The Destructive Nature of Modern Sects
The author argues that contemporary heresies, particularly Calvinism, are uniquely violent and destructive to the social order.
There's no need to prove this truth with the authority of the saints or with arguments; you only need to read ancient history. It's full of the upheavals and revolutions caused in various kingdoms and provinces by mixing and confusing different religions, the deaths and ruins that followed, and the actions of pagans and Jews against Christians, or Arians and Donatists in the East and Africa against Catholics. Just open your eyes and consider, on one hand, the peace and quiet that kingdoms and republics enjoy when they've kept a firm hand in punishing heretics, and on the other, the harm that princes' soft handling of religion has caused, and the kingdoms and provinces lost and ruined by this mixture and confusion of religions.8 I don't want to speak of the calamities of Upper and Lower Germany, or recount the misery of Bohemia, Poland, Transylvania, Hungary, England, Scotland, and the other northern provinces infected with this pestilence. Let's look only at the kingdom of France, which, after being most Christian, powerful, and obedient to its king while it remained whole and pure in the Catholic faith, is now destroyed by a fire so pitiful that we see and weep over it—all because our sins opened the door to heresy, and through government policy and false reasons of state, heretics were allowed to preach and practice their false religion. Nor is there any reason for anyone to say that in some provinces and cities Jews live among Christians and the Church tolerates them, or that in Germany Lutherans, Anabaptists, and other heretics of opposing sects live quietly together. If the Church tolerates Jews in some places, it is because they never received the faith and were never Christians, and because the religion they follow was instituted by God for a limited time, with ceremonies that were figures and shadows of the mysteries of our evangelical law.✦9 The Duke of Saxony drives the Calvinists out of his territory; the Palatine drives out the Lutherans; in Geneva they admit no Catholic; in England they persecute anyone who is one, with the torments and deaths we know of.10 Besides this, they seem to have peace now because there is no outside enemy making war on them. But when there was one, and the occasion arose, and it became necessary to take up arms, the weakness and division caused by the diversity of religion would show all the more clearly.11 Though heresies have always been destructive and turbulent in every age, they have never been as they are in our time. The Calvinist sects, which are already numerous, are so disruptive to peace and quiet that, like a furious, violent whirlwind or an infernal fire, they tear up, burn, and consume everything wherever they enter—as is set out more fully in the book titled Incendium Calvinisticum, printed in 1584.12 They not only ruin kingdoms and lay them waste with their perverse and seditious doctrine, but they try to take the lives of the kings and princes who oppose them, teaching that this is what should be done and that failing to do so is against the Gospel of Jesus Christ.13
The Peril of Princes
A catalog of historical assassinations and threats against rulers demonstrates the urgent need for princes to defend the faith.
A heretic tried to assassinate Mary, the most serene queen of England, using a pistol in a treacherous plot, and he was punished for it.14 The other Mary, queen of Scotland and the queen's niece, was first treated outrageously by her illegitimate brother, James, and was later sacrificed and executed in England, to the horror and pity of the entire world.15 A heretic, a low and coarse man, threatened Madame Margaret, duchess of Parma and governess of the states of Flanders, warning that if she didn't grant the demands of his sect, it would be to her harm and at the peril of her life. Later, her son, Alexander Farnese, duke of Parma, found himself in the same danger, as did Don John of Austria, son of the emperor Charles V, before him—both of whom served as governors of those same states.16 They have also sought to kill Ernest, archbishop of Cologne, and prince Don Ferdinand, his brother—both brothers of William, duke of Bavaria—in order to strip the Archbishop of possession of the archbishopric of Cologne. What should I say about those most Christian brothers, the kings of France, Francis and Charles IX? How many times did they take up arms against them? How many times did they try to kill them?17 And what of the brave and Catholic prince Francis, Duke of Guise, who was run through and killed by the treachery of Poltrot—a heretic and disciple of Theodore Beza—at the instigation of his infernal master, all to strip the kingdom and the Church of France of the pillar that sustained them?18 Ultimately, this is the doctrine these infernal teachers preach from their pulpits, lecture chairs, illicit assemblies, and printed books: that one should take the life of any prince who resists them. They urge any wicked and reckless person to lay hands on those who ought to be revered and obeyed, as they stand in the place of God. The Lord allows this so that Christian princes and kings might wake up, see their danger more clearly, and, moved by that danger, punish with greater care and severity not only the declared enemies of God, but also the enemies of their states, their crowns, and their lives.19 And this is the first reason why the preservation of the commonwealth depends on the peace of the Church.20
Read the original Latin
Muy verdadera y gravisima es aquella sentencia de san Gregorio, que la conservacion de la república civil pende de la paz de la Iglesia; para lo cual, entre otras, hay dos razones. La primera, porque, como la ley de Dios nos enseña que obedezcamos á nuestros reyes y principes en las cosas que no fueren contrarias á la misma ley de Dios, el que fuere obediente á Dios, necesariamente lo ha de ser á su legitimo principe, porque Dios asi lo ordena, y la obediencia que da á su rey es parte de la obediencia que debe á Dios.
Los moscovitas hacen y padecen por su principe cosas terribilisimas y pasan por un tratamiento peor que de cautivos y esclavos, porque están persuadidos que ésta es la voluntad de Dios. De los saracenos se escribe que, por habérseles asentado que no podian hacer cosa más agradable á Dios que obedecer á su principe absolutamente en cuanto les mandase, se echaban con grande facilidad y alegria de una torre alta abajo, y se hacian mil pedazos, cuando su príncipe se lo mandaba: tanto podia con ellos aquella falsa persuasion; pero cuando el hombre se desenfrena por la herejín, y pierde el santo yugo y sujecion que debe á Dios, no es mucho que como caballo desbocado y sin freno juntamente pierda la obediencia á su rey. Constancio Cloro, padre del gran Constantino, fué muy valeroso y prudente principe; y queriendo una vez probar algunos soldados cristianos suyos les dijo que los que quisiesen sacrificar á sus dioses se quedasen por soldados y amigos suyos, y los que no, se fuesen de su servicio, y le hiciesen gracias porque no los mandaba matar.
Hubo algunos dellos que sacrificaron, y otros que no quisieron sacrificar; y Constancio despidió á los que habian sacrificado, y se quedó con los que habian sido constantes en su fe, diciendo que aquéllos serian amigos verdaderos y leales; porque el que es traidor á su dios, tambien lo seráá su principe. Y no es desemejante á esto lo que hiz0 Teodorico, con ser hereje arriano; el cual, viendo que cierto criado suyo, á quien él favorecia, por lisonjearlo y darle gusto, habia trocado la reliejoñ, y de católico se habia hecho arriano, le dió de puñaladas, diciendo que era imposible que guardasxe lealtad al hombre el que la habia quebrantado a lios; por lo cual se ve que áun estos principes, por ser varones sabios y prudentes, aunque el uno era gentil y el otro hereje, entendieron que el que es desleal á Dios, tambien lo será á su leeitinio señor. Y el fortisimo mártir san MHormisda dijo al Rey de Persia, que le exhortaba que renegase de Jesucristo, que no era justo lo que mandaba, ni útil para cl mismo rey; porque el que negase á Jesucristo, que era señor y gobernador del mundo, con más facilidad le negaria y quitaria la obediencia á él, que cra hombre mortal como los demas.
De la deslealtad, pues, y desobediencia nacen las rebeliones contra los principes, los alborotos y divisiones de los reinos, y el incendio y asolamiento de las repúblicas, y no puedo ser mónos; porque, como la discordia en las cosas de la fe engendra discordia en los ¿inimos y voluntades de los que la profesan, desta discordia y contrariedad no pueden dejar de brotar alteraciones y guerras civiles, como malos hijos de mala madre y malos efetos de mala causa. Y estando el reino dividido, y la república puesta en bandos y parcialidades, nece; sariamente ha de perecer; pues es verdad infalible lo que dijo Cristo, nuestro redentor, que el reino dividido y discorde necesariamente ha de ser asolado. Por esto el emperador Teodosio el menor, estando en la ciudad de Constantinopla, y bucna parte de su imperio partido en sectas por la herejía de Nestorio, escribió una epístola á aquel grande y admirable varon Simon Stilita, que en aquel tiempo floreció con rarisimo ejemplo de santidad, en la cual le rucga muy encarecidamente que pida á Dios la paz y union de la santa Iglesia; y añade estas palabras: «Porque esta division y discordia nos aflige de manera, que creemos y tenemos por cierto que ella ha sido la fuente manantial y la primera y más principal raíz de todas nuestras calamidades.
Pero que no es menester probar esta verdad con autoridades de santos ó razones, sino leer las historias antiguas, que están llenas de los alborotos y revoluciones que se han cansado en diferentes reinos y provincias por la mezcla y confusion de várias religiones, y las muertes y ruinas que dellos se han seguido, y lo que han hecho los gentiles y los judíos contra los cristianos, los arrianos y los donatistas en Oriente, y en Africa contra los católicos; y abrir los ojos para considerar, por una parte, la paz y quietud de que al presente gozan los reinos y las repúblicas que han tenido la mano fuerte para castigar á los herejes; y por otra, los daños que la disimulacion de los principes en negocio de religion ha causado en el mundo, y los reinos y provincias que están perdidas y arruinadas por esta mezcla y confusiun de religiunes. No quiero hablar de las calamidades de Alemania la alta y baja, ni contar aquí la miseria de Bohemia, Polonia, Transilvania, Hungría, Inglaterra, =cocia, y de las demas provincias septentrionales inficionadas desta pestilencia; volvamos los ojos s0lamente al reino de Francia, que, con haber sido eristianisimo, poderosisimo y obedientisimo á su rey todo el tiempo que se conservó entero y puro en la fe católica, despues que por nuestros pecados se abrió en ¿l puerta á la herejía, y por la via de gobierno y desta falsa razon de estado re permltió á los herejes predicar y hacer los ejercicios de su falsa religion, está destruido con tan lastimoso incendio, como vemos y lloramos, Ni hay para qué nadie diga que en algunas provincias y ciudades hay judíos mezclados entre cristianos, y que la santa Iglesia los tolera, y que en Alemania viven quieta y pacilicamente entre si luteranos y anabatistas y otros herejes de contrarias y diversas sectas; porque, si la Iglesia en algunas partes tolera á los judíos, es porque nunca recibieron la fe ni fueron cristianos, y porque la religion que ellos siguen, Dios la instituyó para cierto tiempo limitado, y sus ceremonias fueron figuras y sombras de los misterios de nuestra ley evangélica. Y en los libros del Viejo Testamento El Duque de Sajonia echa del suyo á los calvinistas; el Palatino á los luteranos; en Géneva no admiten á ningun católico; en Inglaterra persiguen á cualquiera que lo es, con los tormentos y muertes que sabemos. Y demas desto, ahora parece que tienen paz, porque no hay enemigo de fuera que les haga guerra; pero cuando le hubiese, y se les ofrcciese la ocasion, y fuese necesario tomar las armas, entónces se echaria mejor de ver la flaqueza y division que la diversidad de religion en ellos habia causado. Y dado que en todos los siglos pasados siempre las herejías han sido perniciosas y turbulentas, pero nunca tanto como las de nuestro tiempo, porque las sectas de los calvinistas, que ya son muchas, son tan revolvedoras y perturbadoras de toda paz y quictud, que á manera de un furioso é impetuoso torbellino ó de un fuego infernal, do quiera que entran tudo lo arrancan, abrasan y consumen, como más coplvsa y particularmente se declara en el libro intitulado Incendium Culvinisticum, impreso el año de mil y quinientos y ochenta y cuatro. Y mo solamente arruinan los reinos y los talan con su perversa y sediciosa dotrina, pero procuran quitar las vidas á los reyes y principes que se les oponen, y enseñan que así se debe hacer, y que el no hacerlo es contra el Evangelio de Jesucristo.
Á la screnísima reina de Inglaterra María quiso un hereje matar á traicion con u:1 pistoleto, y fué castigado por ello. La otra Maria, reina de Escocia, su sobrina, fué primero indiguisimamente tratada de Jacobo, su hermano bastardo, y despues sacrificada y muerta en Inglaterra, por mano de un verdugo, con espanto y lástima de todo el mundo. Á madama Margarita, duquesa de Parma, gobernadora de los estados de Flándes, amenazó un hereje, hombre bajo y soez, que si no concedia lo que los de su secta le pedian, sería con su daño y peligro de su vida. En el mesmo peligro se vió despues Alejandro Farnesio, duque de Parma, su hijo, y ántes dél el señor don Juan de Austria, hijo del emperador Cárlos V, siendo el uno y cl otro gobernador de los mismos estados. Á Ernesto, arzobispo de Colonia, y al principe don Fernando, su hermano, y ambos hermanos de Guillelmo, duque de Baviera, tambien han procurado matar, para quitar al Arzobispo la posesion del arzobispado de Colonia.
¿Qué diré de los cristianísimos hermanos, reyes de Francia, Francisco y Cárlos IX? ¿Cuántas veces tomaron las armas contra ellos? ¿Cuántas los quisieron matar? ¿Qué del valeroso y católico príncipo Francisco, duque de Guisa, traspasado y muerto á traicion por Poltroto, hereje, discipulo de Teodoro Beza, por instigacion de su infernal maestro, para quitar del reino é iglesia de Francia el pilar que la sostenia? Finalmente, ésta es la doctrina que enseñan estos infernales maestros en los púlpitos, en las cátedras, en sus conciliábulos, en sus libros impresos, para quitar la vida á los principes que los resisten, y animan á cualquiera malvado y atrevido á poner las manos en los que deben ser reverenciados y obedecidos por estar en lugar de Dios, y el Señor lo permite, para que los mismos principes y reyes cristianos se despierten y vean mejor su peligro, y movidos dél, castiguen con mayor cuidado y severidad, no solamente á los que son enemigos declarados de Dios, sino tambien de sus estados, de sus coronas y vidas. Y ésta es la primera razon por que la conservacion de la república depende de la paz de la Iglesia.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Rom.13.1-Rom.13.2;1Pet.2.13-1Pet.2.14;Acts.5.29 — Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except by God, and the authorities that exist have been appointed by God. Rom.13.2 — Therefore the one who resists the authority has opposed the ordinance of God, and those who have opposed will receive judgment on themselves. 1Pet.2.13 — Be subject to every human institution for the Lord's sake, whether to the king as supreme, 1Pet.2.14 — or to governors, as sent by him for the punishment of evildoers and for the praise of those who do good. Acts.5.29 — But Peter and the apostles answered, "We must obey God rather than men."
- ↩Col.2.17;Heb.10.1 — These are a shadow of the things to come, but the body belongs to Christ. Heb.10.1 — For the law, having a shadow of the good things to come — not the very image of the realities — can never, by the same sacrifices which they offer continually year after year, perfect those who draw near.
Notes
- 1 ↩Source surface "herejín" is treated as "herejía" (heresy), the only plausible reading in context.
- 2 ↩Normalized OCR reading 'seráá' as 'será a' ('will be to').
- 3 ↩Normalized OCR corruptions: 'hiz0'→'hizo'; 'reliejoñ'→'religión'; 'guardasxe'→'guardase'; 'a lios'→'a Dios'; 'leeitinio'→'legítimo'.
- 4 ↩Normalized OCR readings: 'san MHormisda'→'San Hormisda' (Saint Hormisdas); 'cl mismo'→'el mismo'; 'cra'→'era'.
- 5 ↩Normalized OCR errors: «mónos» → «menos» (no puede ser menos); «¿inimos» → «ánimos»; «efetos» → «efectos».
- 6 ↩Normalized line-break/OCR split «nece; sariamente» → «necesariamente».
- 7 ↩Normalized OCR errors: «bucna» → «buena»; «rucga» → «ruega»; «rarisimo» → «rarísimo». Closing quote is missing in the source; the quoted words are treated as ending at the sentence close.
- 8 ↩Reading «se han causado» for source «se han cansado»; «confusión de religiones» for «confusiun de religiunes».
- 9 ↩Reading «Escocia» for «=cocia»; «solamente» for «s0lamente»; «cristianísimo… poderosísimo… obedientísimo» for garbled superlatives; «se permitió» for «re permltió»; «en él» for «en ¿l»; «pacíficamente» for «pacilicamente».
- 10 ↩Opening phrase «Y en los libros del Viejo Testamento» looks displaced from the previous sentence's close about Old Testament figures; main clause is the series of contemporary confessional expulsions and persecutions.
- 11 ↩Reading «ofreciese» for «ofrcciese».
- 12 ↩Reading «quietud» for «quictud»; «todo» for «tudo»; «copiosa» for «coplvsa»; «Calvinisticum» for «Culvinisticum».
- 13 ↩Reading «no solamente» for «mo solamente»; «doctrina» for «dotrina». Spanish «no solamente… pero» taken as «not only… but».
- 14 ↩Source shows OCR corruption: 'screnísima' read as serenísima; 'u:1 pistoleto' read as 'un pistoleto' (a small firearm/pistol).
- 15 ↩Source 'indiguisimamente' read as indignísimamente ('most outrageously' / 'most shamefully').
- 16 ↩Source 'cl otro' read as 'el otro'.
- 17 ↩Cuántas continues the sense of cuántas veces from the previous sentence; rendered as 'how many times' rather than a bare 'how many.'
- 18 ↩Source 'príncipo' read as 'príncipe' (prince). 'Poltroto' rendered as the historical form Poltrot (Jean de Poltrot). 'é iglesia' read as 'y iglesia' (and the Church).
- 19 ↩'estar en lugar de Dios' rendered as 'stand in the place of God' (vicarious public authority of the prince), not as divinization of the ruler.
- 20 ↩'república' rendered as 'commonwealth' in the early-modern sense of the body politic, not a modern elective republic.
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit