Podria decir alenno que va que el Prinespe debe procurar que tinlox sis súbditos vivan debajo de una misma fe y relicion, y que no hava diferentes sectas cn sus estados, mas que lo debe procurar con medios suaves y con su vida y ejemplo, y no con
The Duty to Purge Heresy
The author cites patristic authorities to argue that heresy must be treated as a lethal contagion that requires firm discipline.
In Holy Scripture, God commands that anyone who refuses to obey the priest must die, and He calls heretics wolves, thieves, and a cancer. From this, the saints conclude that they should be killed like wolves so the sheep don't perish, hanged like thieves so they don't rob souls, and cut away like a cancer so they don't spread or infect the healthy parts of the commonwealth.1 The glorious and wise doctor of the Church, Saint Jerome, explaining Saint Paul’s words—'A little leaven leavens the whole lump'—writes: 'As soon as the spark appears, it must be put out, the leaven separated from the dough, the rotten flesh cut away, and the mangy sheep banished from the flock, so that the whole house isn't burned down by the fire, the dough isn't corrupted by the leaven, the body isn't destroyed by the contagion, and the flock isn't lost to the mange.'2 Arius was a spark, and because he wasn't put out as soon as he was discovered, he raised a flame and a blaze so great that it burned the whole world.'3 That is from Saint Jerome. Saint Augustine says: «Who doubts that it is better for men to be moved to serve God more by being taught with sound doctrine than by fear of punishment and pressed by pain?4 But just because those methods are better, the others shouldn't be abandoned.5 Being first forced, as it were, by fear and by pain has helped many later to listen gladly to the teaching, or to put into practice what they had heard before.» These are the words of Saint Augustine, who retracts his earlier view that heretics shouldn't be constrained by force. He clearly teaches that they should be punished and that the Church will never have peace until they are rooted out, just as the house of David had no peace until Absalom died. He proves this with many passages of Sacred Scripture and many reasons, which anyone who wishes may see in Epistle XLVII, written to Vincentius, in Epistle L to Boniface, and in Epistle CXXIX to Olympius.6
Historical Precedents of Rigor
Historical and ecclesiastical examples demonstrate how the severity of princes has historically aided the Church in maintaining purity.
Eusebius of Caesarea writes in the Life of Constantine that Constantine's severity helped many by bringing them back to the holy Church.7 And Pope Saint Leo says: "The Holy Fathers, in whose time this abominable heresy arose, had good reason to labor throughout the world so that its godless fury would be driven out of the Church. The princes of the world so hated this sacrilegious madness that they ordered in their laws that the sword be used against its author and many of his disciples." And this rigor helped the Church's gentleness a great deal: for although she is content with ecclesiastical judgment and shuns bloody punishments, she is still aided and strengthened by the severe laws of Christian princes, because some take the spiritual remedy out of fear of temporal punishment." Saint Gregory praises Gennadius, the patrician and exarch of Africa, because he pursued heretics with arms with great zeal, and he encourages him to keep doing so.8 Canon law orders that bishops who are negligent in cleansing their dioceses and rooting out the weeds of heresy be stripped of their sees. Jurists also say that magistrates who can punish heretics but fail to do so should be regarded as abettors of heretics, as excommunicated, and as suspected of heresy. The Church deprives princes of their states and kingdoms if they tolerate heretics within them. As the eastern bishops wrote in a letter to Agapetus: "When heretics are not forbidden, or are allowed to gather, it is the same as holding their errors to be truer than the truths of the holy Church."9 This is the judgment of Saint Gregory Nazianzen.10
The Prince as Defender of the Faith
Christian emperors have historically linked the prosperity of their realms to the active defense of the faith through law.
The Christian emperors ordered this very thing through the laws they established against heretics, and they sealed it with their deeds—punishing them, banishing them, and finally taking their lives—as Constantine, Theodosius, Valentinian, Arcadius, Honorius, Justinian, and the other wise and devout emperors did, as has already been told, holding it certain that by this punishment the Lord would favor their empire and prosper it with lasting happiness. And so Theodosius the Younger says it in a law he made against Nestorius, in these words: «Because by doing this our most holy religion will be kept pure and whole in the minds of men, and the happiness of our kingdom, established on religion, will flourish more each day.»11 Conversely, emperors Theodosius and Valentinian stated in a law: "It is not safe for us to ignore such a detestable injury against God, or to leave unpunished a wickedness that stains not only the bodies of those who are deceived, but their souls as well, beyond remedy." This is done with great justice and reason; for as Saint Augustine says: "It is right that the kings of the earth serve Christ by making laws for Christ and in favor of his holy law."✦ He adds: "The terror and dread of temporal power, when it stands against the truth, is a glorious trial for the brave and just, and a dangerous temptation for the weak; but when it proclaims the truth to those who have wandered off the path, it is a helpful warning for the sensible, and for the foolish, a useless affliction."
The Justice of Punishment
The author argues that heresy is a crime more severe than counterfeiting or murder, justifying the use of temporal punishment.
If a counterfeiter is burned, why shouldn't someone who invents and preaches false doctrine be burned as well?12 If someone who forges the king's letters deserves the death penalty, what does someone who corrupts Sacred Scripture and the Lord's divine writings deserve? By justice the woman who did not keep faith with her husband dies—and will the one who did not keep faith with his God not die? Someone who kills another and takes their physical life dies for it—and doesn't the heretic who kills souls deserve to be punished for that? Galen says that criminals should be put to death for three reasons: first, so they don't harm the good by taking their lives, property, and honor; second, so that by punishing a few, many may take warning, and those who were harmful in life may be useful in death; third, because death itself is fitting for those who die, so they don't grow further in their wickedness. These three reasons, and many others, apply to heretics, who are the most criminal and worst of all. It is therefore very just that the Christian prince execute severe justice against heretics, as has always been done in the Church once she had the power to do so, and that he understand that, as a rule, all the soft and gentle means used with them serve as poison, hardening them and making them more obstinate. As Saint Gregory Nazianzen says, speaking of himself, in these words: "Gray hairs learn too, and as far as I can see, my old age is not such that it deserves the name of prudence and to be believed.13 Though I knew well the impiety of the heretics who follow Apollinaris, and judged that their madness ought not to be put up with, I still thought that I could tame them with my gentleness. But experience has taught me that I imprudently made them worse than they were before, and with this mildness used at the wrong time, I've done harm to the Church; because wicked men aren't softened by mildness, nor do they let themselves be won over by kindness.14 That much comes from Nazianzen. And he urges Olympius to punish the heretics.
Prudence in the Application of Law
While the prince must act against heresy, he must also exercise prudence regarding the state of his kingdom and the nature of free will.
Saint Cyprian says that when he, out of his great leniency, admitted some to penance, they misused it and made themselves worse.15 It is right for a prince to first try, through his own example and other gentle means, to drive any infection of bad doctrine from his kingdom, and to distinguish those who are deceived through simplicity from those who deceive through malice. But if those means aren't enough, he should use harsh and rigorous penalties. To do so without uproar or harm to Catholics, he must carefully consider the state of his kingdom and whether the heretics in it are many or few. When the whole kingdom, or the greater part of it, is heretical, and the weeds cannot be pulled up without pulling up the wheat—risking grave danger of revolts and wars—Christian prudence teaches him to look the other way so as not to do more harm than good. This follows the teaching of Saint Augustine, who says: Non propter malos boni deserendi, sed propter bonos mali tolerandi sunt—that the good must not be abandoned because of the wicked, but the wicked must be tolerated for the sake of the good.✦16 And so Emperor Justin, at the petition and entreaties of the holy pope and martyr John I and the other ambassadors who accompanied him, sent by the Arian King Theodoric, did not take the churches from the Arians in Constantinople. He did this to avoid giving Theodoric an excuse to destroy the Catholic churches in Italy, as Paul the Deacon writes.17 Although that same Saint John the pope, already imprisoned and worn down by King Theodoric, says in a letter written from prison to the bishops of Italy that he had consecrated all the Arian churches he could while in Constantinople, and urges them to do the same in their dioceses regardless of Theodoric’s threats to destroy the land with fire and sword—when such danger and just fear exist, the prince should proceed little by little, working to enlighten the ignorant, bring back those who have gone astray, and win their goodwill. But when the kingdom is Catholic and only a few heretics disturb it, his office is to work by every means so that the cancer of heresy is cut out. And although it is true that faith is a gift of God, it doesn't cease to be an act of our free will, and the one who breaks it deserves punishment; for chastity and the other virtues are also gifts of God, yet the adulterer, the murderer, and the thief are still punished.✦18 Our Lord God is accustomed to preserving His gifts in various ways, and among them is punishment, by which we see that many are held back from their wicked deeds and many heretics are converted, as Saint Augustine writes and as we said above. And if some, being obstinate, refuse to convert and do not fear the penalties, they should not for that reason be left alone, any more than medicine is abandoned because some will not be cured, as the same doctor says.19 If faith is free, it must be free for the one who never bound himself to it, not for the one who received it in baptism and promised to keep it. Such a person, as we said, can and must be compelled to fulfill what he promised. For, as that same Saint Augustine says, God gave man free will, but in such a way that if he did evil, he would suffer evil. He adds: "Why should the Church not compel the lost children to return to her, since the lost children have used force on others so that they might be lost?"20 And elsewhere, speaking to Petilian the heretic, he says: "If some laws have been made against you, you are not forced by them to do good, but only held back so that you do not do evil; for no one can do good except by his own will and by loving the good he does, and that lies in his free will."21
Refuting Errors on Toleration
The author refutes arguments for freedom of conscience, asserting that religious uniformity is essential for the stability of the state.
Bodin's attempt to use Theodosius to argue that a Christian prince should let everyone follow whatever sect they choose, and instead win them over by example, is false. Socrates writes that as soon as Theodosius was baptized, he worked to pacify the Church—which had been disturbed by Arian heresies—by removing Bishop Demophilus and others who refused to return to the Catholic faith. Because of this good work, God favored him and brought Athanaric, the captain of the Goths, into submission under him.22 Sozomen also notes that he published an edict ordering all his subjects to embrace the religion preached by Saint Peter and taught by Saint Damasus and Peter of Alexandria. Theodoret writes that Theodosius forbade heretics from gathering and enacted many strict laws against them. Saint Augustine praises Theodosius because, early in his reign, he began to aid the holy Church, which had been afflicted by the favor Emperor Valens showed the Arians; he passed laws against them and restrained them, as we mentioned earlier.23 Nor is there any point in citing the example of Theodoric, Arian king of the Ostrogoths, because in his time the Catholics were very numerous, and he did not keep his hands so clean of their blood that he did not put to death, for the sake of religion, the most holy Pope John I and the most wise Severinus Boethius and Symmachus and other knights and leading men; and for the cruelty he used against them he was punished by God, and his soul was condemned to eternal torments, and there was a revelation of it, as Saint Gregory writes.24 Andreas Erstenberger, a German, wrote a learned and devout book in which he proves at length that freedom of conscience is the destruction of all religion and piety, and is contrary to nature and to every divine and human law, to the peace of the commonwealth and the preservation of states, and to the certainty of the faith and of the Church; and that nothing can be more pestilential than for the prince to let each person believe whatever he wants and not to care for the religion and belief of his subjects, as Father Antonio Possevino of our Company says. This is so great a truth that even Theodore Beza—though he had been an infernal fury and a worthy disciple of his master Calvin—convinced of it, wrote in a letter that to allow freedom of conscience and to let each person go to ruin at will is a devilish doctrine.25 I have only touched on this briefly, referring the reader who wants to see the subject treated more fully to what Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, likewise of our Company, Father Fray Alonso de Castro, and other authors have written on it.26 This is the strict obligation of the Christian prince if he is to do his duty toward God, His law, and His faith, and toward the preeminent office the Lord gave him—and even in order to keep his states in peace and quiet. That peace tends to fail with the division of sects and opinions, and great uprisings and disturbances break out; these are what destroy and bring every state and dominion to an end, as will be seen in the following chapter.27
Read the original Latin
En las divinas letras manda Dios que muera el que no quisiere obedecer al sacerdote, y llama á los herejes lobos y ladrones y cáncer; de lo cual sacan los santos que se han de matar como lobos, para que no perezcan las ovejas, y ahrorcarse como ladrones, para que no roben las almas, y cortarse como cáncer, para que no cundan ni inticionen las partes sanas de la república. Y así, el glorioso y sapientisimo doctor de la Iglesia san Jerónimo, declarando aquellas palabras de san Pablo: Un poco de levadura lleuda toda la masa, dice así: «Ln apareciendo la centella se ha de apagar, y la levadura apartarse de la masa, las curnes podridas cortarse, y la oveja roñosa desterrarse del rebaño, para que toda la casa no se abrase con el fueygo, y la masa no se corrompa con la levadura, y el cuerpo no perezca con la contagion, y Lo lo el rcbaño no se pierda con la roña. Arrio fué una centella, y porque no se apagó luégo que se desenbrió, levantó una llama y un incendio tan grande, que abrasó todo el mundo.» Esto es de san Jerónimo, San Aenstin dice: «¿Quién duda sino que es mejor que los hombres se muevan á servir á Dios más nor ser enseñados con la buena dotrina que por tcmor de la pena y apremiados del dolor? Pero no porque aquéllos son los mejores, estotros se deben dejar. Á muchos aprovechó el haber sido primero como forzados con el temor y con el dolor, para oir despues de buena gana la dotrina, ó para poner por obra lo que ántes habian oido.» Todas éstas son palabras de san Agustin, el cual se retracta, por haber sentido en algun tiempo que los herejes no debian ser apremiados con fuerza, y claramente enseña que deben ser castigados, y que nunca la Iglesia tendrá paz hasta que ellos sean desarraigados, así como la casa de David no la tuvo hasta que murió Absalon. Y prueba esto con muchos lugares de la Sagrada Escritura y con muchas razones, las cuales podrá ver el que quisiere en la epistola xIvIt, que escribió á Vicencio, y en la L, á Bonifacio, y en la CXxIX, á Olimpio.
Euscbio Cesariense escribe, en la Vida de Constantino, que á muchos aprovechó su severidad para reducirlos á la santa Iglesia. Y san Leon, papa, dice: «Con gran razon los Santos Padres, en cuyo tiempo se levantó esta abominable herejía, trabajaron por todo el mundo que su impío furor fuese desterrado de la Iglesia, y los principes del mundo de tal manera aborrecieron esta sacrilega locura, que mandaron en sus leyes usar de la espada contra su autor y contra muchos de sus discípulos. Y este rigor aprovechó mucho á la blandura de la Iglesia, la cual, aunque se contenta del juicio eclesiástico y huye los castigos sangrientos, todavía con las severas leyes de los principes cristianos se ayuda y esfuerza, porque algunos toman el remedio espiritual por temor del castigo temporal.» Y san Gregorio alaba á Genadio, patricio y exarco de Africa, porque con gran celo perseguia con las armas á los herejes, y le oxhorta que así lo haga. Y en el Derecho canónico se manda que sean privados de sus sillas los obispos que fueren descuidados en limpiar sus diócesis y arrancar dellas las zizañas de las herejias; y los jurisconsultos dicen que los magistrados que pueden castigar á los herejes y no los castigan, deben ser tenidos por fautores de herejes y por excomulgados y por sospechosos de herejía. Y la Iglesia priva de sus estados y reinos á los príncipes que en ellos consienten á los herejes; porque, como se dice en una epistola que los obispos orientales escribieron á Agapito: «Cuando los herejes no se vedan ó se permiten juntar, lo mismo es quetener por más verdaderos los errores dellos que las verdades de la sauta Iglesia.» Y es sentencia de san Gregorio Naclanceno.
Esto mismo mandaron los emperadores cristianos con las leyes que establecieron contra los herejes, y lo firmaron con las obras, penándolos, desterrándolos, y finalmente quitándoles las vidas, como lo hizo Constantino, Teodosio, Valentiniano, Arcadio, Honorio, Justiniano y los otros sabios y piadosos emperadores, como queda referido, teniendo por cierto que por este castigo el Señor favoreceria su imperio y le prosperaria con perpétua felicidad. Y asi lo dice Teodosio el menor en una ley que htzo contra Nestorio, por estas palabras: «Porque haciendo esto nuestra santisima religion, se conservará en los ántmos de los hombres pura y entera, y la felieidad de nuestro reino, establecida con la reKgion, cada dia florecerá más. Y por el contrario, los emperadores Teodosio y Valentiniano dicen en una ley: «No es cosa segura para nosotros no hacer caso de una injuria tan detestable contra Dios, y dejar sin castigo una maldad, con la cual, no solamente los cuerpos de los que son engañados, sino tambien las ánimas, son amancilladas sin remedio.» Y esto con mucha justicia y razon; porque, como dice san Agustin: «Justo es que los reyes de la tierra sirvan á Cristo, haciendo leyes por Cristo y en favor de su santa ley.» Y añade: «El terror y espanto de la potestad temporal, cuando es contra la verdad, para los justos valerosos es una gloriosa prueba, y para los flacos es una tentacion peligrosa; pero cuando predica la verdad á los que van fuera de camino, es una provechosa amonestacion para los cuerdos, y para los locos una inútil aflicion.»
Si el que hace moneda falsa es quemado, ¿por qué no lo será el que hace y predica dotrina falsa? Si el que falsea las letras del Rey merece pena de muerte, ¿qué merecerá el que corrompe la Sagrada Escritura y las divinas letras del Señor? Muere por justicia la mujer que no guardó la fe á su marido, y ¿no morirá el que no guardó la fe á su Dios? Y el que mata á otro y le quita la vida corporal muere por ello, y el hereje que mata las almas ¿no merece por ello ser castigado? Galeno dice que por tres cosas se debe á los facinorosos quitar la vida: la primera, porque no hagan daño á los buenos, quitándoles las vidas, las haciendas y las honras; la segunda, para que con el castigo de unos pocos escarmienten muchos, y ya que con su vida fueron perniciosos, sean con su muerte provechosos; la tercera, porque á los mismos que mueren les conviene el morir para que no crezcan en su maldad. Y estas tres razones y otras muchas militan en los herejes, que son los más facinorosos y peores de todos, Así que, muy justo es que el principe cristiano haga severa justicia contra los herejes, como siempre, despues que tuvo fuerzas la Iglesia, en ella se ha usado, y que entienda que comunmente todos los medios suaves y blandos que con ellos se usan les sirven de ponzoña para endurecerse y hacerse más obstinados. Como dice san Gregorio Nacianceno, hablando de sí mesmo, por estas palabras: «Las canas tambien aprenden, y á lo que veo, mi vejez no es tal, que merezca el nombre de prudencia y ser creida. Con tener yo muy conocida la impiedad de los herejes que siguen á Apolinar, y juzgar que no se debia sufrir su locura, todavía pensaba que con mi blandura los podria amansar.
Mas la experiencta me ha enseñado que yo, imprudentemente, los he hecho peores de lo que eran ántes, y con esta blandura que he usado fuera de tiempo, he hecho daño á la Iglesia; porque los hombres malvados no se ablandan con la blandura, ni se dejan vencer con la humanidad.» Hasta aquí es de Nacianceno. Y exhorta á Olimpio que castigue los herejes. San Cipriano dice que habiendo él, por su mucha facilidad, admitido á penitencia algunos, ellos habian usado mal della y héchose peores.
Bien es que procure el Príncipe, primero con sus ejemplos y con los otros medios suaves, desterrar de su reino cualquiera infeccion de mala dotrina, y que haga diferencia de los que por su simplicidad son engañados, y de los que por su malicia son engañadores; pero si no bastaren, use de penas ásperas y rigurosas, y para hacerlo sin ruido y sin daño de los católicos, debe atentamente considerar cómo está su reino, y si son muchos ó pocos los herejes que hay en él; porque cuando todo el reino 6 la mayor parte es de herejes, y no se puede arrancar la zizaña sin arrancar el trigo, sin grave peligro de revoluciones y guerras, la prudencia cristiana enseña á disimular por no hacer más dafio que provecho, segun la dotrina de san Agustin, el cual dice: Non propter malos boni deserend:, sed propter bonos mali tolerandi sunt; que no se han de desamparar los buenos por los malos, sino por los buenos tolerarse los malos. Y así, el emperador Justino, á peticion y ruegos del santo papa y mártir Juan el Primero, y de los otros embajadores que fueron con el enviados del rey Teodorico, que era arriano, por no darle ocasion de destruir las iglesias de los católicos en Italia, no quitó en Constantinopla á los arrianos las que tenian, como lo escribe Paulo, diicono. Aunque el mismo san Juan, papa, estando ya preso y fatigado del rey Teodorico, en una carta que escribió desde la cárcel á los obispos de Italia, les dice que él, cuando estuvo en Constantinopla, habia consagrado todas las iglesias de los arrianos que habia podido, y los exhorta á hacerlo en sus obispados, y no dejar de hacerlo, por más que T'eodorico amenazase de destruir á sangre y á fuego toda la tierra; pues cuando hay este peligro y justo temor, váyase el Principe poco á poco, procurando alumbrar á los inorantes y reducir á los descaminados y ganarles la voluntad; pcro siendo el reino católico y pocos los herejes que le turban, su oficio es procurar por todas vias que el cáncer Y aunque es verdad que la fe es don de Dios, no por eso deja de ser acto de nuestro libre albedrío, y merecedor de castigo el que la quebranta; porque tambien la castidad y las otras virtudes son dones de Dios, y no por eso se deja de castigar el adúltero y el homicida y ladron. Y Dios nuestro Señor suele conservar con varios modos sus dones, y entre ellos es uno el castigo, con el cual vemos que muchos se detienen en sus maldades, y muchos de los herejes se convierten, como lo escribe san Agustin y lo dijimos arriba. Y si algunos, por ser obstinados, se dejan de convertir y no temen las penas, no por eso se deben dejar, como no se deja la medicina porque algunos no se deban curar, como dice el mismo doctor. Y si la fe es libre, lo ha de ser para el que nunca se obligó á ella, y no para el que en el bautismo la recibió y prometió guardarla, porque este tal, como dijimos, puede y debe ser compelido á cumplir lo que prometió; porque, como dice el mesmo san Agustin, Dios dió al hombre el libre albedrío, pero de tal manera, quo s1 hiciese mal, padeciese mal, y añiade: «¿Por qué no forzará la Iglesia á los hijos perdidos para quo vuelvan á ella, pues los hijos perdidos han hecho fuerza á los otros para que se perdiesen? y Y en otro lugar dice, hablando con Petiliano, hereje: «Si algunas leyes se han hecho contra vosotros, no s018 forzados por cllas á hacer bien, sino detenidos para que no hagais mal; porque ninguno puede hacer bien sino por su voluntad y amando el bjen quo hace, y esto está en su libre voluntad.»
Lo que de Teodosio trac Bodino para persuadir que el principe cristiano debe dejar vivir á cada uno en la secta que quisiere, y atraerle á la suya con su ejemplo, es falso; porque de él escribe Sócrates que lnégo que fu* bautizado, para pacificar la Iglesia, que estaba turbada con las herejías de Arrio, echó de clla á Demfilo, obispo, y otros que no se quisieron reducir á la fe católica, y que por esta buena obra Dios le favoreció, y se lo sulctó Atanarico, capitan de los godos. Y Sozomeno dice que publicó un edicto, en que mandaba que todos sus súbditos abrazasen la religion que habia predicado san Pedro y enseñaba san Dámaso y Pedro Alejandrino. Y Teodoredo escribe que Teodosio vedó que los herejes no se juntasen entre si, y hizo muchas y severas leyes contra ellos; y san Agustin alaba á Teodosio, porque luégo en el principio de su imperio comenzó á socorrer á la santa Iglesia, que estaba afligida por el favor que Valente, emperador, habia dado á los arrianos, y hizo leyes contra ellos y los reprimió, como lo dijimos arriba. Ni hay para qué alegar el ejemplo de Teodorico, rey de los ostrogodos, arriano, porque en su tiempo eran muy muchos los católicos, y no tuvo tan limpias las manos de la sangre dellos, que no hiciese morir por causa de la religion al santísimo papa Juan 1 y al sapientisimo Sevcrino Boccio y á Simaco y á otros cahballeros y gente principal, y por la crueldad que usó con ellos fué castigado de Dios, y su ánima fué condenada á cternos tormentos, y hubo revelacion dello, como escribe san Gregorio.
Andrés Erstembergeth, aleman, escribió un libro erudito y pto, en que prueba copiosamente que la libertad de conciencia es la destruicion de toda la religion y piedad, y contraria á la naturaleza y á todas las leyes divinas y humanas, y á la puz de la república y conservacion de los estados, y á la certidumbre de la fe y de la Iglesia, y que no puede haber cosa más pestilencial que dejar el príncipe que cada uno crea lo que quisiere, y no cuidar de la religion y creencia de sus súbditos, como lo dice el padre Antonio Posevino, de nuestra compañia; lo cual es tan grande verdad, que hasta Teodoro Beza, con haber sido una furia infernal, y digno discipulo de su maestro Calvino, convencido della, escribió en una epístola que permitir la libertad de conciencia, y dejar que cada uno se pierda á su voluntad, es una dotrina endiablada. Esto he tocado brevemente, remitiendo al lector que quisiere ver esta materia tratada más copiosamente, á lo que della han escrito el cardenal Roberto Belarmino, asimismo do nuestra compañía, y el padre fray Alonso de Castro y otros autores. Esta es la obligacion precisa del príncipe cristiano para cumplir con Dios y con su ley y con su fe, y con el cargo precminente que le dió el Señor, y áun para conservar sus estados en paz y quietud; la cual sucle faltar con la division do sectas y opiniones, y levantarse grandes allborotos y alteraciones, que son las que destruyen y acaban todos los estados y señiorios, como cn el capitulo siguiente se verá.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Ps.2.10-Ps.2.12 — And now, O kings, be wise; be warned, O judges of the earth. Ps.2.11 — Serve the LORD with fear, and rejoice with trembling. Ps.2.12 — Kiss the son, lest he be angry, and you perish in the way, for his wrath is kindled quickly. Blessed are all who take refuge in him.
- ↩Matt.13.24-Matt.13.30 — He put before them another parable, saying, "The kingdom of heaven is like a man who sowed good seed in his field." Matt.13.25 — but while his men were sleeping, his enemy came and sowed weeds among the wheat and went away Matt.13.26 — But when the wheat sprouted and produced grain, then the weeds also appeared. Matt.13.27 — But the servants of the householder came and said to him, 'Sir, did you not sow good seed in your field? Where then does it have weeds?' Matt.13.28 — But he said to them, 'An enemy has done this.' The servants said to him, 'Do you want us, then, to go and gather them up?' Matt.13.29 — But he said, 'No, lest while gathering the weeds you uproot the wheat along with them.' Matt.13.30 — Let both grow together until the harvest; and at the time of the harvest I will say to the reapers, 'First gather the weeds and bind them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn.'
- ↩2Tim.2.17 — and their word will spread like gangrene; among them are Hymenaeus and Philetus,
Notes
- 1 ↩Normalized OCR forms ahrorcarse→ahorcarse and inticionen→inficionen in the source reading.
- 2 ↩Corrected OCR noise: lleuda→leuda; Ln→En/Al; curnes→carnes; fueygo→fuego; Lo lo el rcbaño→y el rebaño; contagion→contagión. Closing quote continues into the next sentence.
- 3 ↩Normalized desenbrió→descubrió; closing guillemet completes the Jerome quotation begun in s2.
- 4 ↩Normalized San Aenstin→San Agustín; más nor→más por; dotrina→doctrina; tcmor→temor. Quotation continues through s6.
- 5 ↩aquéllos = instruction by sound doctrine; estotros = fear of penalty and constraint by pain, from the preceding sentence.
- 6 ↩Source OCR 'epistola xIvIt' and 'CXxIX' read as Roman XLVII and CXXIX; letter numbers may follow an older enumeration than modern Augustine letter numbers.
- 7 ↩Source 'Euscbio' corrected to Eusebius (Eusebio Cesariense).
- 8 ↩Source 'oxhorta' read as 'exhorta' (exhorts).
- 9 ↩Source 'quetener' read as 'que tener'; 'sauta' read as 'santa'.
- 10 ↩Source 'Naclanceno' read as Nazianzen (Nacianceno).
- 11 ↩Normalized OCR corruptions: htzo→hizo; ántmos→ánimos; felieidad→felicidad; reKgion→religión; santisima→santísima. Quote may lack a closing mark in the source witness.
- 12 ↩Source orthography 'dotrina' read as 'doctrina' (doctrine).
- 13 ↩The quoted speech is incomplete in this printed section; it continues in the following section.
- 14 ↩Source reading 'experiencta' treated as 'experiencia' (experience).
- 15 ↩'facilidad' rendered as 'leniency' (ready/easy admission to penance), not mere 'ease'.
- 16 ↩Normalized OCR/print errors in the Spanish: 'reino 6 la mayor parte' → 'reino o la mayor parte'; 'dafio' → 'daño'; Augustine's Latin 'deserend:' → 'deserendi'.
- 17 ↩Normalized 'Paulo, diicono' to Paul the Deacon (Paulus Diaconus), the expected historical source name.
- 18 ↩Source appears lacunose after 'que el cáncer' before 'Y aunque es verdad que la fe...'. Rendered the probable Counter-Reformation sense (cut out / check the cancer of heresy) and treated the free-will argument as the next, attached thought. Also normalized 'inorantes'→ignorantes, 'pcro'→pero, 'T'eodorico'→Teodorico.
- 19 ↩Source 'no se deban curar' is likely a print/OCR slip for 'no se dejan curar' or 'no se pueden curar'; rendered as 'will not be cured' to match Augustine's medical analogy.
- 20 ↩Normalized 'quo s1 hiciese mal' → 'que si hiciese mal' and 'añiade' → 'añade' in the Spanish quotation of Augustine.
- 21 ↩Normalized OCR garbling in the quotation: leading 'y Y' → 'Y'; 's018' → 'sois'; 'cllas' → 'ellas'; 'bjen' → 'bien'; 'quo' → 'que'.
- 22 ↩Source shows OCR/corruption: 'trac'→trae, 'lnégo'→luego, 'fu*'→fue, 'clla'→ella, 'Demfilo'→Demophilus, 'sulctó'→sujetó, 'Atanarico'→Athanaric. Translated the most plausible intended reading.
- 23 ↩Spanish 'vedó que los herejes no se juntasen' is a classical double negative of prohibition; rendered as forbidding assembly, not as permitting it.
- 24 ↩Source OCR forms restored in translation: 'Sevcrino Boccio'→Severinus Boethius, 'cahballeros'→caballeros/knights, 'cternos'→eternos; 'papa Juan 1' read as Pope John I.
- 25 ↩Source OCR reads «Andrés Erstembergeth» and «pto» / «puz» / «Posevino» / «dotrina»; rendered as Andreas Erstenberger, «pious/devout» (pío), «peace» (paz), Possevino, and «doctrine».
- 26 ↩Source reads «asimismo do nuestra compañía»; «do» corrected to «de».
- 27 ↩Source OCR: «precminente», «sucle», «division do sectas», «allborotos», «señiorios», «cn el capitulo»; corrected to preeminent, suele, de, alborotos, señoríos, en el capítulo.
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit