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Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince)/Book 1 · Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano — Libro Primero: De la religión que debe tener el príncipe
Chapter 24PrincipeCristiano.1.24

Pruébase esto mismo por auloridades y ejemp!os de santos.

The Duty of Separation from Heresy

The saints and early Church canons consistently urge the faithful to maintain a strict distance from heretics to preserve the purity of the faith.

It is not easy to put into words how strongly the saints urge the abhorrence that a true Catholic must have for the heretic, the care and dread with which one must keep away from him, and what they themselves did to teach us this by their example. The holy martyrs Alexander and Gaius were condemned to death together with certain Marcionite heretics, and as a special favor they asked the executioners not to kill them with those heretics, so that their blood would not mingle with the blood of men who stood apart from the sincerity of the faith. The forty-fifth apostolic canon commands that a bishop, priest, or deacon who prays with a heretic is to be excommunicated; and if he allows the heretic to do anything as a cleric, he is to be stripped of office and deposed.1 And Saint Clement of Rome, raised at the breast of the prince of the apostles, Saint Peter, urges the faithful to flee all communication and dealings with heretics. Saint Cyprian, writing to Pope Cornelius, tells him that the brothers should avoid the company and dealings of those whose words spread like a cancer, and that they should stay as far from them as those men stay from the Church. And in his book De unitate Ecclesiae, he says: "Separate yourselves, I beg you, from such men, and close your ears to the words of death that they vomit from their mouths."2 Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari in Sardinia, wrote a book on this subject to the Arian emperor Constantius, proving that Catholics must not join or associate with heretics. He writes: "How can we, who are servants of God, join with you, who are servants of the devil?"3 God commands that we remain as far from you as light is from darkness, and life from death, and the sweet from the bitter, and the holy angels, who are always praising and magnifying the clemency of God, from the other evil and apostate angels, who burn and will burn forever in hell."4 Saint Hilary, writing against the Arians who wanted him to associate with the heretical bishop Auxentius, says: "To me, Auxentius will never be anything but a living demon; I will never regard him as anything else, because he is an Arian."5 Saint Augustine says: "Every Catholic hates and flees those with whom the Church does not communicate." We don't want to have any part with those who form their own party and aren't united with the body of the whole Church."6 This is such a profound truth that faithful and genuine Christians try to separate themselves from heretics even in the very name of Christians. This is why, long ago, when heresies began to grow in the Church, those who were truly Christians took the name of Catholics to distinguish themselves from the heretics, since the heretics also called themselves Christians.7 heretics; and since some heretics pretended to be Catholics to better deceive people, they invented the name Orthodox so they could be identified by it.8

The Grave Danger of False Doctrine

Patristic authorities emphasize that heresy is a profound spiritual corruption, often more dangerous than paganism because it involves the rejection of known truth.

Saint Cyprian says that a heretic pretends to be a Christian just as the devil pretends to be Christ; but just as the devil isn't Christ, even though he deceives by using Christ's name, neither is the heretic a Christian. Saint John Chrysostom, writing against Arian heretics, says: "He is an Arian; therefore he is a devil." He argues that a heretic is worse than a pagan, because the pagan blasphemes God out of ignorance, while the heretic knowingly persecutes the truth.9 Saint Ambrose says that heretics are more abominable than the very Jews who crucified the flesh of Jesus Christ, our Redeemer. Tertullian says there is a great difference between pagans and heretics: pagans, while not believing, believe, whereas heretics, while believing, do not believe. In other words, even if Gentiles don't believe what our holy faith teaches, they still believe some things that the light of nature shows them. Heretics, however, claim to believe and pretend to be faithful Christians, yet they don't believe what holy Church, our mother, teaches us. Saint Augustine confirms this in The City of God, writing that a heretic is worse than a pagan because it is worse to abandon and attack a faith one once held than never to have held it at all.1011 For this reason, Saint Thomas concludes that the unbelief of a Christian who becomes a heretic is worse than that of a Jew or a Gentile.

Examples of Holy Vigilance

Historical accounts of saints and entire cities demonstrate the practical application of avoiding communion with those who oppose the Church.

Saint Ignatius, a disciple of Saint John the Evangelist, highly praises the people of Ephesus because they had refused to let certain heretics who were on the road pass through their city. When Saint Paphnutius saw Bishop Maximus sitting among some heretics, simply and without realizing what he was doing, he went over, took him by the hand, and said, "I won't allow a bishop as venerable as you to sit in the chair of pestilence and, even if only in words, to deal and associate with those abominable heretics."1213 Saint Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, condemned Arius and wrote a letter warning all the faithful to guard themselves against him as they would a plague. In it, he says, "It is only right that we who are Christians should flee from all who speak ill of Christ, as from enemies of God and destroyers of souls, and that, keeping the precept of the apostle Saint John, we should not greet them, so that we may not share in their sins."14 Saint Athanasius, that most steadfast and unconquerable captain of the Catholic Church, suffered countless and most severe persecutions and storms from the Arians because he had never been willing to deal with them. And he himself writes that the people of Alexandria preferred to remain sick and in danger, and even to die without absolution, rather than receive it from Arian priests; and that when some were flogged for this, they said: "You may flog us all you like; God will be the judge."15 He further says that Saint Anthony the Abbot, at the hour of his death, used to tell his disciples, "Flee the poison of schismatics and heretics, and imitate me in the hatred I have always held for those who are enemies of Jesus Christ."16 And Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, suffered many persecutions and calamities alongside Saint Athanasius himself at the hands of the17 Arians, because he had refused to have communion with them or to be present at the dedication of a sumptuous temple that the emperor Constantine had built in Jerusalem, so as not to have any occasion to deal with them, as Sozomen writes.18 An entire city in Africa emptied itself rather than have a heretic as its bishop. The people of Samosata never once wanted communion with Eunomius, who had entered their city under the name of bishop after the holy and true bishop Eusebius had been banished from it, because Eunomius was an Arian heretic; and the hatred everyone took toward him was so universal and so constant that there was no man or woman, young or old, poor or rich, farmer or townsman, gentleman or official, who would speak to him or enter the church where he was.19

The Integrity of the Christian Prince

The prince must guard his associations with the same rigor as the saints, recognizing that harboring error is equivalent to approving it.

Saint Eusebius, bishop of Vercelli, was banished and persecuted by the Arian heretic emperor Constantine. He resolved to die rather than eat from the hand of a heretic bishop, who intended by that gesture to claim that the holy and Catholic bishop had agreed with him in the faith, thereby deceiving others with that lie.20 Saint Gregory Nazianzen praises his mother, Nonna, because they could never get her to look toward the house of the idolaters, pass near it, or shake hands or press her face to that of any pagan woman, no matter how honored or closely related she might be.21 In Oration XXVI, he says that we should abhor heretics as a destruction of the Church and a poison to the truth, not by hating the people themselves, but by pitying their error.22 Severus Sulpicius writes that when Saint Martin went to Trier to meet the tyrant Maximus—hoping to please him and save certain captains of the emperor Gratian from death, and to spare the people of Spain from a great calamity—he spent a single day with some bishops who followed the party of Ithacius, an excommunicated bishop. Even though his cause was pious, it weighed heavily on him afterward, and he wept. An angel appeared to him and told him that he was right to weep and grieve over what he had done, but that he shouldn't lose heart or give way to despair. Saint Jerome says, "In our monastery, we take great care to practice hospitality, and we receive all guests who come to our house with great joy. We do this because we fear that Mary and Joseph might find no place to stay, and that by rejecting the Lord, he might say to us: I was a guest, and you did not take me in."23 Only heretics do we not receive—and them alone you receive." The Abbot of Saint Eligius, in France, at a time when the Albigensian heretics were troubling the land and seeking to infect it, so as not to associate with them took the Most Holy Body of our Redeemer. They can have no place in the most important business of all, which is that of religion; because, as Pope Celestine admirably says, writing to the heretic Nestorius: "Why are those who are already condemned still with you?24 "It is suspicious to see opposites joined in close fellowship. You would have already cast them out (he is speaking of the Pelagian heretics) if they displeased you and you hated them, as the whole Church hates them."25 Pope Gelasius, in a letter to the heretical emperor Anastasius, says: "It is impossible to admit and give entrance to someone held captive by wickedness without at the same time approving that wickedness and counting it as good."26 He notes that by your own laws, those who know of crimes but don't report them, and those who harbor thieves and highway robbers, are punished with the same penalties as the offenders themselves. Anyone who receives the guilty and keeps familiar company with them—even if they don't commit the crime themselves—is not held free of guilt.27 Saint Gregory Nazianzen holds this same opinion in the oration or letter he writes to Nectarius.28

Read the original Latin

No se puede fácilmente explicar lo que encarecen los santos el aborrecimiento que el verdadero católico debe tener al hereje, y el cuidado y espanto con que se debe apartar dél, y lo que ellos mismos hicieron para enseñarnos esto con su ejemplo, Los santos mártires Alejandro y Cayo fueron condenados á muerte con ciertos herejes marcionistas, y pidieron por señalado beneficio 4 los verdugos que no los matasen con aquellos herejes, para que su Sangre no se mezclase con la sangre de hombres que estaban apartados de la sinceridad de la fe, El cuarenta y cinco cánon de los apóstoles manda que el obispo, presbitero 6 diácono que oráre con el hereje sea excomulgado, y si le permitiere hacer alguna cosa como á clérigo, que sea privado y depuesto. Y san Clemente Romano, criado á los pechos del principe de los apóstoles san Pedro, exhorta á los fieles á huir la comunicacion y trato con los herejes.

San Cipriano, escribiendo á Cornelio, papa, le dice que los hermanos huigan la comunicacion y trato de aquellos cuyas palabras cunden como cáncer, y que estén tan apartados dellos, como ellos lo están de la Iglesia. Y en el libro De unitate Ecclesie dice: «Apartaos, yo os ruego, de semejantes hombres, y cerrad vuestros oidos á las palabras de muerte que vomitan por sus bocas.» Lucífero, obispo do Cáller, en Cerdeña, escribió á Constancio, emperador arriano, un libro sobre esta materia, y prueba que los católicos no se deben juntar y comunicar con los herejes, y dice estas palabras: u¿Cómo podemos nosotros, que somos siervos de Dios, juntarnos con vosotros, que sois siervos del demonio? Mandando Dios que estemos tan apartados de vosotros como lo está la luz de las tinieblas, y la vida de la muerte, y lo dulce de lo amargo, y los santos ángeles, que están siempre alabando y magnificando la clemencia de Dios, de los otros malos ángeles y apóstatas, que arden y arderán eternamente en el infierno.» Y san Hilario, escribiendo contra los arriíanos, que querian que comunicase con Auxencio, obispo, hereje arriano, dice: «Para mí nunca Auxencio será otro que un vivo demonio, nunca yo le tendré en otra figura, porque es arriano.» San Agustín dice: «Cualquiera católico aborrece y huye de aquellos con quien la Iglesia no comunica. No queremos tener parte con los que hacen parte por si, y no están unidos con el cuerpo de toda la Iglesia.» Y es ésta tan grande verdad, que los fieles y finos cristianos, áun en el nombre de cristianos procuran apartarse de los herejes; y de aquí vino que antiguamente, cuando comenzaron á crecer las herejías en la Iglesia, como los herejes se llamasen tambien cristianos, los que lo eran á derechas tomaron nombre do católicos, para distinguirse de los l.

erejes; y viendo que algunos herejes, para engañar mejor, se fingian y llamaban católicos, inventaron el nombre de ortodoxos, para ser conocidos por él.

San Cipriano dice que el hereje de la misma manera finge ser cristiano, que el demonio ser Cristo; pero que así como el demonio no es Cristo, aunque engaña con el nombre de Cristo, así tampoco el hereje es cristiano. Y san Juan Crisóstomo, escribiendo contra los herejes arrianos, dice: «Arriano es, luego diablo es»; y prueba que es peor el hereje que el pagano, porque el pagano por inorancia blasfema á Dios, y el hereje á sabiendas persigue la verdad. San Ambrosio dice que los herejes son más abominables que los mismos judíos, que crucificaron la carne de Jesucristo, nuestro redentor. Y Tertuliano dice que hay gran diferencia entre los paganos y herejes, porque los paganos, no creyendo, creen, y los herejes, creyendo, no creen; quiere decir que, puesto caso que los gentiles no crean lo que enseña nuestra santa fe, pero que creen algunas cosas que la lumbre de la naturaleza les muestra; pero los herejes, diciendo que creen y fingiendo que son fieles cristianos, no creen lo que la santa Iglesia, nuestra madre, nos enseña; y lo mismo confirma san Agustin en el libro de la Ciudad de Dios, y escribe que es peor el hereje que el pagano, porque peor es des-— amparar é impugnar la fe'que el hombre ha tenido, que nunca haberla tenido. Y por esto santo Tomas determina que es peor la infidelidad del cristiano que se hizo hereje que la del judío ó gentil.

San Ignacio, discípulo de san Juan Evangelista, alaba en gran manera á los de Efeso porque no habian querido dar paso por su ciudad á ciertos herejes que iban camino. El santo Pafuncio, viendo que Máximo, obispo, simplemente y sin mirarlo que hacia, estaba entre algunos herejes, se fué á él y le tomó por la mano y dijo: «No conseutiré yo que un obispo tan venerable como vos se siente en la cátedra de la pestilencia, y aunque no sea más que de palabra, trate y comuuique con los abominables herejes.» San Alejandro, obispo de Alejandría, condenó á Arrio, y escribió una epistola, avisando á todos los fieles que se guardasen del como de pestilencia; en la cual dice estas palabras: «Porque muy justo es que nosotros, que somos cristianos, huyamos de todos los que hablan mal de Cristo, como de enemigos de Dios y destruidores de las almas, y que guardando el precepto del apóstol san Juan, no los saludemos, para que no seamos participes de sus pecados.» San Atanasio, fortisimo é invencible capitan de la Iglesia católica, padeció innumerables y gravísimas persecuciones y tempestades de los arrianos, por no haber querido jamas tratar con ellos. Y él mismo escribe que el pueblo de Alejandría queria ántes estar malo y con peligro, y morir sin absolucion, que reccbir la de los sacerdotes arrianos, y que siendo algunos azotados por ello, decian: «Bien nos podeis azotar á vuestro placer, que Dios será el juez. Y más dice: que san Antonio Abad, á la hora de su muerte, decia á sus discípulos: «Huid la ponzoña de los scismáticos y herejes, y imitadme en el ódio que siempre Le tenido á los que son enemigos de Jesucristo.» Y Marcelo, obispo de Ancira, pasó muchas persecuciones y calamidades, con el mismo san Atanasio, de los PRATADO DEL PRÍNCIPE CRISTIANO.

arrianos, por no haber querido comunicar con ellos, ni hallarse en la dedicacion de un templo suntuoso que había edificado en Jerusalen el emperador Constantino, por no tener ocasion de tratar con ellos, como lo escribe Sozomeno.

Una ciudad entera de África se despobló por no tener por obispo á un hereje. El pueblo samosateno nunca jamas quiso comunicar con Eunomio, que con nombre de obispo habia entrado en su ciudad, despues de haber desterrado della al santo y verdadero obispo Eusebio, porque Eunomio era hereje arriano; y fué tan universal y tan constante el aborrecimiento que todos le cobraron, que no hubo hombre ni mujer, mozo ni viejo, pobre ni rico, labrador ni ciudadano, caballero ni oficial, que le quisiese hablar, ni entrar en la iglesia donde él estaba.

San Eusebio, obispo de Verceli, fué desterrado y perseguido de Constantino,emperador, hereje arriano, y se determinó ántes morir que comer por mano de un obispo hereje, que pretendió por este camino publicar que el santo y católico obispo se habia conformado con él en la fe, para engañar con esta mentira á otros. Y san Gregorio Nacianceno alaba á su madre Nona, porque nunca pudieron acabar con ella que mirase la casa de los idólatras ni pasase cerca della, ni diese la mano ni juntase su rostro con el de alguna mujer gentil, por más honrada y parienta suya que fuese. Y en la oracion Xxvi1I dice que debemos aborrecer é los herejes como á una destruicion de la Iglesia y veneno de la verdad, no teniendo ódio á las personas, sino lástima á su error.

De san Martin escribe Severo Sulpicio que yendo á Tréveris, donde estaba Máximo, tirano, por complacerle y librar de la muerte á ciertos capitanes de Graciano, emperador, y á los pueblos de España de una gran calamidad que se les aparejaba, comunicó un solo dia con algunos obispos que seguian la parte de Itacio, obispo excomulgado, y que aunque fué tan piadosa la causa, despues le pesó mucho y lloró, y le apareció un ángel que le dijo, que hacia bien en llorar y lastimarse de lo que habia hecho; pero que no desconfiase ni desmayase. San Jerónimo dice: «Nosotros, en nuestro monasterio, tenemos gran cuidado de ejercitar la hospitalidad, y recebimos con grande alegría á todos logs huéspedes que vienen á nuestra casa, porque tememos que María y Josef no hallen lugar donde albergar, y que desechado el Señor, no nos diga: Huésped fui, y no me acogistes. Á solos los herejes no recebimos,á los cuales solos vosotros recebis.» £l Abad de san Eligio, en Francia, en tiempo que los herejes albigenses la inquietaban, y pretendian inficionar, por no comunicar con ellos tomó el Santísimo Cuerpo de nuestro Redenpueden tener en el negocio más impourtanto de todos, que es el de la religion; porque, como admirablemente dice Celestino, papa, escribiendo á Nestorio, hereje: «¿Para qué están contigo los que ya están condenados? Sospechosa cosa es ver cosas contrarias juntas con mucha hermandad; ya los hubicras echado de ti (habla de los herejes pelaglanos) si te desagrudasen y los aborrecieses, como toda la Iglesia los aborrece.» Gelasiv, papa, en una epístola que escribe á Anastasio, emperador hereje, le dice: «No es posible que admitiendo y dando entrada al que está preso de la maldad, no se apruebe juntamente y se tenga por buena su maldad. Por vuestras leyes, dice, los que saben los delitos y no los descubren, y los receptores de los ladrones y salteadores de camiuos, son castigados con las mismas penas que los mismos delincuentes, y no se tiene por libre de culpa el que, puesto caso que no la comete, recibe á los culpados y tiene familiaridad con ellos. n Y deste mismo parecer es san Gregorio Naciauceno, en aquella oracion ó epistola que escribe á Nectario.

Notes

  1. 1Source has "beneficio 4 los verdugos" and "presbitero 6 diácono"; read as footnote/OCR debris for "beneficio a los verdugos" and "presbítero o diácono".
  2. 2Source title De unitate Ecclesie normalized to standard Latin De unitate Ecclesiae.
  3. 3OCR/print forms 'obispo do Cáller' and opening quote marker 'u¿Cómo' read as 'obispo de Cáller' (Cagliari) and '«¿Cómo'.
  4. 4Spanish absolute 'Mandando Dios que...' continues Lucifer of Cagliari's quoted argument from the previous sentence; rendered as a full English clause that preserves the comparative chain of separations.
  5. 5Source 'arriíanos' treated as 'arrianos' (Arians).
  6. 6'hacen parte por si' rendered as 'form a party of their own' (schismatic faction), not mere private participation.
  7. 7Sentence ends truncated in the source as 'de los l.'; completed as 'de los herejes' from the immediately following section, which begins 'erejes;...'.
  8. 8Section opens mid-word: «erejes» continues «herejes» from PrincipeCristiano.1.24.2.s8 («…para distinguirse de los herejes»). Subject of inventaron is the true/right-believing Christians of the prior sentence, not the heretics.
  9. 9Source spelling inorancia treated as ignorancia (ignorance).
  10. 10Normalized OCR artifacts des-— amparar → desamparar (abandon/forsake) and fe'que → fe que; é between amparar and impugnar treated as y/and.
  11. 11Paradox no creyendo, creen / creyendo, no creen is paraphrased in the following clause by the source itself (quiere decir); the translation preserves both the paradoxical maxim and the author's gloss.
  12. 12Normalized OCR forms: «conseutiré»→consentiré; «comuuique»→comunique; «mirarlo que hacia»→mirar lo que hacía.
  13. 13«cátedra de la pestilencia» echoes the Vulgate of Psalm 1:1 (cathedra pestilentiae); kept as "chair of pestilence" rather than flattened to a generic "wicked company."
  14. 14«del» read as «de él» (against Arius), not a common-noun "of the."
  15. 15Normalized «reccbir»→recibir. Closing quotation mark is missing in the source; the spoken line is treated as ending at «Dios será el juez».
  16. 16Normalized «scismáticos»→cismáticos; «Le tenido»→he tenido (OCR L for h).
  17. 17Source ends «de los PRATADO DEL PRÍNCIPE CRISTIANO.» — a running page title (Tratado del Príncipe Cristiano) has intruded. The following section begins «arrianos...», so the intended continuation is «de los arrianos...». Translation strips the header and leaves the sentence open at the section boundary.
  18. 18This section continues mid-clause from 1.24.5.s7 (Marcelo, bishop of Ancyra, suffered with Athanasius 'from the…'). The prior sentence is also corrupted by a page-header intrusion ('PRATADO DEL PRÍNCIPE CRISTIANO'); the subject of 'por no haber querido' is Marcellus, carried over from that clause.
  19. 19Spanish 'comunicar' here means ecclesiastical communion/fellowship (as in the neighboring Arians examples), not ordinary conversation; rendered as 'communion'.
  20. 20The Spanish names the emperor 'Constantino'; historically the Arian persecutor of Eusebius of Vercelli is usually Constantius II. Rendered as Constantine to follow the source wording.
  21. 21'juntase su rostro con el de' is a greeting/kiss of peace gesture; rendered as pressing face to face rather than a generic kiss, to keep the concrete social refusal.
  22. 22Source has garbled oration number 'Xxvi1I' (likely OCR for XXVI or XXVII). Rendered as Oration XXVI; verify against Gregory Nazianzen's orations.
  23. 23Source 'logs huéspedes' read as 'los huéspedes' (OCR error).
  24. 24Source shows a clear OCR mash/lacuna at 'Redenpueden' and 'impourtanto'. Read as 'Redentor. No pueden' and 'importante'. The abbot anecdote appears truncated after 'took the Most Holy Body of our Redeemer' (what he then did is missing). 'No pueden tener en el negocio...' is rendered with an implied subject from chapter context (heretics / the condemned), but the exact subject and any lost object remain uncertain.
  25. 25Corrected OCR forms: 'hubicras'→'hubieras', 'desagrudasen'→'desagradasen', 'pelaglanos'→'pelagianos'.
  26. 26Source 'Gelasiv' read as 'Gelasio' (Gelasius).
  27. 27Source 'camiuos' read as 'caminos'.
  28. 28Ignored stray leading 'n' from prior-sentence OCR bleed; 'Naciauceno' read as 'Nacianceno' (Nazianzen).

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