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Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince)/Book 1 · Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano — Libro Primero: De la religión que debe tener el príncipe
Chapter 23PrincipeCristiano.1.23

Que es imposible que hagan buena liga herejes con católicos en una república.

The Incompatibility of Truth and Error

The Church, as the pure bride of Christ, cannot be joined to the impurity of heresy, just as light cannot mix with darkness.

Our holy religion is like a most beautiful queen of great majesty, come from heaven, who admits no ugliness, no diversity of opinions, and nothing that is not heavenly and divine (as we declared and proved above).1 And so, just as among the members there is only one head, and among the planets only one sun, and in the body only one soul, and in the kingdom only one king, and in a well-ordered army only one captain general, and in the whole world only one God, so it is impossible that in the spiritual world of the Church there should be more than one faith and one religion, by which she is embraced with Christ, as Rebecca with Isaac, and as Rachel with her Jacob, and as a most excellent queen with her king.2 Who could possibly unite this queen and purest virgin with a whore as filthy, impure, and abominable as heresy? .3 Who would offer both sacred and profane fire in the same censer?4 Who would place the ark of God and the idol of Dagon in the same temple, or Christ alongside the Antichrist?5 If Christ is God, let's not follow Baal; and if Baal is god, why follow Christ?6 As Tertullian says, the banners of Christ cannot be well joined with those of Satan, nor the rays of light with the darkness, nor can one soul be bound to two masters. And as Saint Cyprian says, what does the bitter have to do with the sweet, darkness with light, war with peace, rain with fair weather, barrenness with fruitfulness, drought with springs, and the storm with a calm sea? Anyone who wants to be righteous like Abel must separate from Cain, even though he is his brother; anyone who wants to be saved must leave Sodom with Lot, and like Isaac, not play or joke with Ishmael; like Jacob, they must flee from Esau, and like the people of Israel, they must leave Egypt to be free from Pharaoh's harsh slavery and the mistreatment of the Egyptians who oppressed them. Because of people like these, we can understand the blessing Moses gave to the tribe of Levi, written in Deuteronomy: 'He who said to his father and mother, I do not know you, and to his brothers, Who are you?'7 And they did not acknowledge their own children—these are the ones who kept your words and your commandment. What Saint Ambrose writes to the emperor Valentinian is a great truth: spiritual kinship is stronger than bodily kinship. It is greater to be joined in mind than to be united in body.8 The union of souls is greater than the joining of bodies.

The Necessity of Separation

Scriptural and historical examples demonstrate that God demands the separation of the faithful from those who oppose His truth.

Once the people had left Egypt, God commanded them not to deal with or associate with the Canaanites, the Jebusites, and the Amorites, and not to join with them, marry them, or have anything to do with the unbelievers; rather, He commands that they make war on them, destroy their cities, and put the false prophets to death, to teach us the hatred and loathing we ought to have for all who are enemies of God and opposed to our purest religion; because God and Satan, Christ and Belial, as we said, cannot be joined together, nor the believer with the unbeliever, nor can one drink the cup of Christ and the cup of demons—and as Christ Himself said: «Whoever is not for me is against me, and whoever does not gather with me scatters.»9 For this reason, Jehu said to King Jehoshaphat: «Do you help the wicked, and keep friendship with those who are enemies of God?10 For this sin, you deserved the wrath of the Lord.» And so they deserved it, and Amaziah and Asa were punished for these sacrilegious friendships; because, as Saint Cyril, patriarch of Jerusalem, says, friendship with the serpent is enmity with God. This reminds me of what Nicephorus Callistus recounts in his History of the Relics of Saint Glyceria, martyr.11 This author says that the body of this saint used to flow continually with a precious ointment, and that when the bishop had bought a silver vessel being sold publicly—which, without his knowing it, had served the devil for enchantments and spells—he placed it under the saint's body, removing another vessel of metal because it seemed to him more fitting for collecting the ointment that distilled from her; but as soon as he put it there, the ointment stopped flowing, because the Lord would not allow the sacred oil to mix with something profane; and so, after many prayers and tears, He revealed this to the bishop, who then at once removed the vessel he had put there and put back the one he had taken away, and with that it began to flow again as it had before.12 Writing on Plato, Marsilio Ficino noted with gravity that it is a form of impiety to maintain close company or dealings with those who, due to their wickedness, are excommunicated and cut off from the divine offices; because, being infected themselves, they cannot help but infect those who come near them. Saint Cyprian noted with divine insight that God, to show His wrath against those who had turned away from His temple to follow the false worship King Jeroboam taught them, ordered the prophet He sent to rebuke the king for his idolatry and threaten him with punishment not to eat or drink with them; because the prophet failed to keep that command, he was torn to pieces on the road by a lion.13 Saint Ambrose, writing to Saint Vigilius, bishop of Trent and glorious martyr, to teach him how to perfectly fulfill the office of a holy prelate, tells him that above all he should ensure the Church does not become a common body and that Christians do not mix with the Gentiles.14 Saint Gregory Nazianzen rebukes Nectarius, his successor as archbishop of Constantinople, for allowing certain heretics there. The pretext Saint John Chrysostom's enemies used to drive him from his church and banish him was their claim that he was remiss in condemning and forbidding Origen's books.15

The Danger of Contagion

Heresy is a spiritual plague that inevitably infects those who maintain close contact with it.

As the Holy Spirit says, who can carry a serpent in his bosom without being bitten, or touch pitch without getting dirty, or eat and sleep in the same bed with someone who has the plague without catching the disease?16 Is there by chance as great and as natural an enmity between the wolf and the lamb as17 as there must be between the Catholic and the heretic?18 as Peter the Venerable says: "With what face, with what conscience can I approach the Lord's altar—with what brow can I speak with the loving Mother of the Savior—after flattering and caressing His enemies?" The Jews initially had a friendship with the Assyrians, but little by little they began to adopt their customs and imitate their beliefs. In the end, as a punishment from God, they were destroyed by those same people; the sacred prophets, fearing this judgment, had foretold it to them.19 In Alexandria, Arius used his associations and hypocrisy to deceive seven hundred women who had taken a vow of chastity, infecting them with his poison. As Saint Epiphanius writes, they were banished from the city along with Arius himself so that they would not infect others. All the sacred councils teach us that we shouldn't pray with heretics, eat with them, intermarry with them, or have anything to do with them. Pope Saint Fabian said: "All who are outside the Church must be kept apart from us, as we can neither eat nor associate with them."

The Duty of the Christian Prince

Imperial laws and royal oaths confirm that a Christian ruler must exclude heretics from public life to preserve the integrity of the commonwealth.

Civil laws don't allow a heretic to serve as a witness, make a will, inherit, or hold any public office, as seen in the codes of Theodosius and Justinian. Emperor Constantine states in a law: "The privileges we have granted for the sake of religion should benefit Catholics alone; as for heretics and schismatics, we not only want them excluded from those privileges, but we want them burdened with various duties and services."20 In a letter addressed to those same heretics, he says: "O enemies of the truth and of life, authors and counselors of death!"21 Everything of yours is contrary to the truth, full of base and ugly crimes, and packed with dreams by which you fabricate the lie, make war on the innocent, and take the light away from the faithful; for under a cloak of false piety you infect everything, and with cruel and deadly wounds you strike healthy consciences, and, so to speak, you snatch the sun from the eyes of men."2223 He continues with many other remarks, ultimately ordering that they not be allowed to assemble for either public or private affairs. Theodosius the Great ordered that all subjects of the empire follow the religion taught by Saint Peter, the prince of the apostles, and by Pope Damasus in Rome and Peter, bishop of Alexandria; he further ordered that those who refused should be punished.24 Justinian ordered that after three months, there should be no heretics or pagans in his empire, but only Catholic Christians.25 Honorius and Arcadius enacted a law against Manichean and Donatist heretics, stating: "We don't want these people to have any share in common laws and customs, and we want their heresy treated as a public crime; because what is done against religion becomes an injury to everyone, and they are to be stripped of their goods and of any grant or inheritance that may come to them under any title." If anyone is convicted of heresy, we order that they may not give, buy, sell, or make contracts, and that this disability extends even to death. Because if it's lawful to prosecute the memory of the dead in cases of high treason, a heretic ought by rights to face this same judgment. Therefore, any writing—whether a will, a codicil, a letter, or any other way of declaring last wishes—is null and void if they are proven to have been a heretic when they died, and their children may not inherit from them unless they turn away from their father's wickedness."26 In law sixty-four, Theodosius and Valentinian order that they be driven out of the cities so that those cities aren't contaminated by the presence of such wicked people or infected with their contagion; and in law sixty-five, they say that no place at all should be left for them where even the elements themselves might be injured.27 In another law, he orders that they not enter cities or deal with honorable and upright people, and that the door be shut against them so they cannot come in or speak with those princes.28 The emperors Honorius and Theodosius, in law forty-two, say that they don't want anyone who isn't Catholic in their palace or service, because they don't want anyone who is cut off from them in faith and religion to be joined to them in any way.29 The Councils of Toledo make it clear that the kings of Spain, before taking their place on the royal throne, swore not to allow anyone in their kingdom who wasn't Catholic, and that they were bound to pursue the heretics who disturbed the peace of the holy Church, as we mentioned earlier. If that's the case, how can those who are excluded and condemned by every divine and human law live in a commonwealth in peace and quiet with Catholics?30

Read the original Latin

Nuestra santa religion es como una reina hermosísima y de grande majestad, venida del cielo, que no admite fealdad, ni diversidad de opiniones, ni cosa que' no sea celestial y divina (como lo declaramos y probamos arriba). Y asi eomo entre los miembros no hay más de una cabeza, y entre los planetas más de un sol, y en el cuerpo más de un ánima, y en el reino más de un rey, y en el ejército bien ordenado más de un capitan general, y en todo el mundo más de un Dios, así es imposlble que en el mundo espiritual de la Iglesia haya más de una fe y de una religion, por la cual ella está abrazada con Cristo, como Rebeca con lIsaac, y como Rachel con su Jacob, y como reina excelentísima con su rey. ¿Quién puede con esta reina y virgen purisima juntar una ramera tan sucia, impura y abominable como es la herejía? . ¿Quién ofrecer en el mismo incensario fuego sagrado y profano? ¿Quién poner en el mismo templo el arca de Dios y el idolo de Dagon, y á Cristo con el Antecristo? Si Cristo es dios, no sigamos ú Bual, y si Baal es dios, ¿para qué seguimos á Cristo”. No se pueden bien juntar, como dice Tertuliano, las banderas de Cristo con las de Satanas, ni los rayos de la luz con las tinieblas, ni una ánima deberse á dos señores.

Y como dice san Cipriano, ¿qué tiene que ver lo amargo con lo dulce, las tinieblas con la luz, la guerra con la paz, la lluvia con la serenidad, la esterilidad con la fecundidad, la sequedad con las fuentes, y la tempestad con la bonanza? El que quiere ser justo como Abel, debe apartarse de Cain, aunque sea su hermano; y el que quiere ser salvo, salir de Sodoma con Loth, y como Isaac, no jugar ni burlar con Ismael, y como Jacob, huir de Esaú, y como el pueblo de Israel, salir de Egipto, para ser libre de la dura servidumbre de Faraon y de la compañía y maltralamiento de los egipcios, que le oprimian; porque de estos tales se puede entender la bendicion que dió Moisén á la tribu de Levi, y se escribe en el Deuteronomio por estas palabras: «El que dijo á su padre y á su madre, no 08 conozco, y á sus hermanos, ¿quién sois? y no conocieron á sus propios hijos, estos tales guardaron vuestras palabras y vuestro mandamiento.» Y es gran verdad lo que escribe san Ambrosio al emperador Valentiniano, que es de más fuerza el parentesco espiritual que el corporal. Y plus est mente connecti, quám corpore copulari. Mayor es la union de las ánimas que el ayuntamiento de los cuerpos.

Luégo que el pueblo salió de Egipto le mandó Dios que no tratasen ni comunicasen con los canancos, jebuseos y amorreos, y que no se juntasen con ellos, ni se casasen ni tuviesen que ver con los infieles; ántes manda que les hagan guerra y destruyan sus ciudades, y maten á los falsos profetas, para enseñarnos el ódio y aborrecimiento que debemos tener á todos los que son enemigos de Dios y contrarios á nuestra purisima religion; porque Dios y Satanas, Cristo y Belial, como dijimos, no so pueden juntar, ni el fiel con el infiel, ni beber el cáliz de Cristo y el cáliz de los demonios, y como el mismo Cristo dijo: «El que no está por mí, está contra mi, y el que no coge conmigo, derrama. n Y por esto Jehú dijo al rey Josafát: «¿Al impío ayudas, y tienes amistad con los que son enemigos de Dios? Por este pecado merecias la ira del Señor.» Y asi lo merecieron, y fueron castigados por estas amistades sacrilegas, Amasías y Asa; porque, como dice san Cirilo, patriarca de Jerusalen, la amistad con la serpiente es enemistad con Dios.

Á este propósito se me ofrece lo que cuenta Niceforo Calixto, en su ¿Listoria de las reliquias de santa Gliceria, mártir. Dice este autor que el cuerpo desta santa solia manar continuamente un ungiiento precioso, y que habiendo el Obispo comprado un vaso de plata que se vendia públicamente, el cual, sin saberlo él, habia servido al demonio para encantamentos y hechizos, le puso debajo del cuerpo de la Santa, quitando otro de metal, por parecerle más decente para recoger el ungiiento que dél destilaba; mas en poniendole, dejó de destilar, porque no quiso el Señor que el olio sagrado se juntase con cosa profana; y así se lo reveló, despues de muchas oraciones y lágrimas, al Obispo, el cual quitú luégo el vaso que habia puesto, y puso el que habia quitado, y con esto volvió á manar como de ántes manaba. Gravemente dijo Marsilio Ficino, escribiendo sobre Platon, que es parte de impiedad tener familiaridad y comunicacion con los que por sus maldades están excomulgados y apartados de los divinos oficios; porque, estando ellos inficionados, no pueden dejar de inficionar á los que llegan é ellos.

Divinamente notó san Cipriano que para mostrar Dios la saña que tenía contra los que se habian apartado de su templo, y seguido el falso culto que el rey Jeroboan les habia enseñado, enviando un profeta que reprendiese al mismo Rey de su idolatría y le amenazase con el castigo que sobre él habia de venir, le mandó que no comiese ni bebieso con ellos, y que, por no haberlo guardado, fué despedazado en el camino, de un leon. Y san Ambro$10, escribiendo á san Vigil, obispo de Trento y mártir glorioso, enseñándole lo que debia hacer para cumplir perfetamente el oficio de santo perlado, le dice que procure ante todas cosas que la Iglesia no sea cuerpo comun y que se mezclen los cristianos con los gentiles. Y san Gregorio Nacianceno reprende á Nectario, sucesor suyo en el arzobispado de Constantinopla, porque permitia en ella algunos herejes. Y la color que los enemigos de san Juan Crisóstomo tomaron para echarle de su iglesia y desterrarle, fué porque decian que era remiso en condenar y prohibir los libros de Orígenes.

¿Quién puede traer en el seno, como dice el Espiritu Santo, la serpiente sin ser mordido della, ó tocar la pez y no ensuciarse, ó comer y dormir en una cama con el que está apestado, sin que por ello so le pegue el mal? ¿Hay por ventura tanta y tan natural enemistad entro el lobo y el cordero, cuanta PRATADO DEL PRÍNCIPE CRISTIANO.

la debe haber entre el católico y el hereje? como dice Pedro Venerable: «¿Con qué cara, con qué conciencia puedo yo llegarme al altar del Señor, con qué frente hablar con la piadosa Madre del Salvador, habiendo halagado y hecho caricias á sus enemigos?» Los judios tuvieron al principio amistad con los asirios, y poco á poco vinieron átomar sus costumbres y 4 imitarlos en la dotrina, y al fin, por castigo de Dios, fueron dellos mismos destruidos; y los sagrados profetas, temiendo este castigo, se lo profetizaban. Arrio en Alejandría, con su comunicacion é hipocresia, engañó á setecientas doncellas que habian hecho voto de castidad, y las inficionó con su veneno; y para que ellas no inficionasen á otras, fueron desterradas, con el mismo Arrio, de la ciudad, como lo escribe san Epifanio. Todos los sagrados concilios nos predican que no recemos con los herejes, que no comamos ni nos emparentemos ni tengamos que ver con ellos; y asi dijo san Fabian, papa: «Apartados deben ser de nosotros todos los que están fuera de la Iglesia, con los cuales no podemos comer ni comunicar.»

Las leyes civiles no permiten que el hereje pueda ser testigo, ni hacer testamento, ni heredar, ni tener cargo ni oficio público, como se ve en el códice de Teodosio y en el de Justiniano. Constantino, emperador, dice en una ley: « Los pri- vilegios que habemos concedido por causa de la religion, á solos los católicos deben aprovechar; pero los herejes y cismáticos, no sólo queremos que no gocen dellos, pero que sean apremiados con diversas cargas y servicios.» Y cn una carta, hablando con los mismos herejes, les dice: «¡Oh enemigos de la verdad y de la vida, autores y consejeros de la muerte! todas vuestras cosas son contrarias á la verdad, y llenas de torpes y feos maleficios, y atestadas de sueños, con los cuales fabricais la mentira, y haceis guerra á los inocentes, y quitais la luz á los fieles; porque con una capa de falsa piedad inficionais todas las cosas, y con llagas crueles y mortules heris las conciencias sanas, y por decirlo asi, quitais el sol de los ojos de los hombres.» Y va diciendo otras muchas cosas, y al fin manda que ni en público ni en cosas particulares no se puedan juntar. Teodosio el mayor mandó que todos los súbditos del imperio siguicsen la religion que el principe de los apóstoles san Pedro habia enseñado, y Dámaso, papa, en Roma, y Pedro, obispo de Alejandría, enseñaban; y que los que no lo quisiesen hacer fuesen castigados. Y Justiniano mandó que, pasados tres meses, no hubiese en su impcrio hereje ni pagano, sino solos los cristianos católicos.

Honorio y Arcadio hicieron una ley contra los herejes maniqueos y donatistas, en que dicen: «Este linaje de hombres no queremos que tenga que ver con las leyes y costumbres comunes, y queremos que su herejía se tenga por público delito; porque lo que se hace contra la religion cede en injuría de todos, y que sean privados de sus bienes y de cualquiera liberalidad y sucesion que les venga por cualquier título. Y si alguno fuere convencido de herejia, mandamos que no pueda donar, ni comprar, ni vender, ni contratar, y que se extienda esto hasta la muerte; porque si en el crÍmen de lesa majestad es licito acusar la memoria del difunto, con razon el hereje debe pasar por este juicio; por tanto, por cualquiera escritura, ahora sea testamento, ahora codicilo, ahora carta, ahora por cualquiera otra manera que declaráre su última voluntad, el que fuere convencido haber sido hereje cuando murió, sea nula é inválida la escritura, y los hijos que no le puedan heredar si no se apartaren de la maldad de su padre.» Y en la ley sesenta y cuatro, Teodosio y Valentiniano mandan que sean echados de las ciudades, para que no sean contaminadas por la presencia de tan mala gente é inficionadas con su contagion; y en la ley sesenta y cinco dicen queno los deben dejar lugar alguno, en el cual á los mismos elementos se hace injuria. Y en otra ley manda que no entren en las ciudades ni traten con la gente honrada y honesta, y que se les cierre la puerta, para que no puedan entrar, ni hablar con los dichos príncipes. Y los emperadores Honorio y Teodosio en la ley cuarenta y dos dicen que no quieren tener en su palacio y servicio á ninguno que no sea católico; porque no quieren que por a:guna manera les sea conjunto el que está apartado del en la fe y religion.

De los concilios toledanos consta que los reyes de España, ántes de asentarse en su silla real, juraban de no permitir en su reino á ninguno que no fuese católico, y que estaban obligados á perseguir á los herejes que turbaban la paz de la santa Tglesia, como lo dijimos arriba; pues siendo esto así, ¿cómo podrán vivir en una república, en paz y quietud con los católicos, los que por todas las leyes divinas y humanas están excluidos y condenados?

Scripture echoes

  1. 2Cor.6.14Do not be unequally yoked with unbelievers. For what partnership has righteousness with lawlessness? Or what fellowship has light with darkness?
  2. Deut.33.9who said of his father and his mother, 'I have not seen him,' and his brothers he did not acknowledge, and his sons he did not know; for they kept your word, and your covenant they guarded.
  3. Deut.33.9who said of his father and his mother, 'I have not seen him,' and his brothers he did not acknowledge, and his sons he did not know; for they kept your word, and your covenant they guarded.
  4. 2Chr.19.2And Jehu the son of Hanani the seer went out to meet him, and he said to King Jehoshaphat, Should you help the wicked and love those who hate the LORD? Because of this, wrath is upon you from before the LORD.
  5. Ps.26.6I wash my hands in innocence, and I go around your altar, O LORD.

Notes

  1. 1Source reading 'que'' treated as 'que' (that).
  2. 2Corrected OCR corruptions: 'eomo'→'como', 'imposlble'→'imposible', 'lIsaac'→'Isaac'; sense otherwise clear.
  3. 3Source sentence is only a bare period ('.'); likely a segmentation artifact with no recoverable clause.
  4. 4Spanish uses bare infinitive after 'Quién' ('Quién ofrecer'); rendered as parallel rhetorical 'Who would offer…', matching s3's 'Quién puede…' series.
  5. 5Bare infinitive after 'Quién' ('Quién poner') rendered as 'Who would set…' for parallel force with the surrounding questions.
  6. 6Source 'ú Bual' read as 'a Baal' (OCR damage); Baal spelling normalized from 'Bual'/'Baal' doublet in the same sentence.
  7. 7Normalized reading treats «no 08 conozco» as corrupt for «no conozco» (I do not know you), and «maltralamiento» as «maltratamiento» (maltreatment).
  8. 8Spanish text embeds the Latin tag «plus est mente connecti, quám corpore copulari» (attributed in context to Ambrose); rendered into English rather than left in Latin.
  9. 9Source reading «no so pueden juntar» treated as «no se pueden juntar»; «canancos» as Canaanites (cananeos).
  10. 10Leading orphan «n» treated as residual OCR/print noise from the previous span, not as text.
  11. 11Source reading «¿Listoria» is treated as a print/OCR corruption of «Historia» (History).
  12. 12Source forms «ungiiento», «encantamentos», and «quitú» are read as «ungüento», «encantamientos», and «quitó».
  13. 13Source 'bebieso' is treated as 'bebiese' ('drink').
  14. 14Source 'san Ambro$10' is treated as 'san Ambrosio' (Saint Ambrose); 'perlado' as 'prelado' (prelate).
  15. 15'color' here means pretext or color of a charge, not chromatic color.
  16. 16Source reads «so le pegue»; translated as the expected «se le pegue» (“without its catching / sticking to him”).
  17. 17Source «entro» corrected to «entre» (“between”). Trailing uppercase «PRATADO DEL PRÍNCIPE CRISTIANO» is treated as page-header/title intrusion (Tratado del Príncipe Cristiano), not body text. The comparative clause is incomplete in this section and continues in the next section («la debe haber entre el católico y el hereje?»).
  18. 18This sentence completes the incomplete comparative question in the preceding section (wolf and lamb / enmity). The prior sentence is cut by a page-header intrusion in the source witness.
  19. 19Normalized reading treats the intrusive "4" in "y 4 imitarlos" as a page number or OCR artifact; translated as "and imitate them" (y a imitarlos).
  20. 20Source hyphenation 'pri- vilegios' read as 'privilegios' (privileges).
  21. 21Source reading 'cn' corrected to 'en' ('in a letter').
  22. 22Source 'mortules' read as 'mortales' (deadly/mortal).
  23. 23'maleficios' rendered as 'crimes' (base, shameful wrongs); it can also mean sorceries or evil doings, depending on context.
  24. 24Source 'siguicsen' read as 'siguiesen' (should follow).
  25. 25Source 'impcrio' read as 'imperio' (empire).
  26. 26Normalized Spanish has «crÍmen» (capital Í); read as «crimen» ('crime').
  27. 27Normalized Spanish has fused «queno»; read as «que no» ('that... not').
  28. 28Spanish «los dichos príncipes» is retained as 'those princes'; in this legal register it may mean the rulers or the principal persons just named, rather than only crowned monarchs.
  29. 29Normalized Spanish has «por a:guna manera» and «apartado del»; read as «por alguna manera» ('in any way') and «apartado de él» ('cut off from him/them').
  30. 30Source prints «santa Tglesia»; translated as the obvious intended reading «santa Iglesia» (holy Church).

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