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Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince)/Book 1 · Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano — Libro Primero: De la religión que debe tener el príncipe
Chapter 17PrincipeCristiano.1.17

Que el príncipe católico debe cuidar de la religion que profesan sus súbditos.

The False Reason of State

The author critiques the modern political doctrine that separates the prince's duty from the religious life of his subjects.

By everything we have said up to this point, it is proven that the first and chief care of Christian princes must be religion, and that the false reason of state of the politicians—which teaches them to make use of it only when it suits them for preserving their state, and no further—is impious, diabolical, and contrary to natural and divine law, to the practice of every people, however barbarous they may be, to the judgment of all wise philosophers, and to the practice of prudent and praiseworthy princes; and it destroys the very states they mean to preserve by this reason of state.1 But the impiety of these ministers of Satan doesn't stop there. They go further, teaching that temporal kings and princes shouldn't concern themselves with the faith and beliefs of their people, but only with keeping them in justice and peace. They argue for governing the commonwealth so that each person may follow whatever religion he wishes, provided he obeys civil laws and doesn't disturb the peace—much like the pagans, who allowed various philosophical sects even when they opposed one another, and approved of every religion, no matter how senseless, as Saint Augustine and Pope Saint Leo note regarding the Romans.2 Even Themistius, a pagan philosopher, as Socrates writes in his history, tried to persuade the Emperor Valens—who was an Arian heretic—that the multitude and variety of sects and religions greatly pleased God. He argued that through them, God was served and honored in many ways, and that the great difficulty of knowing Him was better recognized.3 This is the freedom of conscience that the politicians of our times teach; this is what the Lutheran heretics of Germany have embraced; this is what some rebels against God and against their natural lord have sought in the states of Flanders. They believe that faith should be free and that it's a gift of God; that experience shows it can't be preserved by force; and that just as Jews are allowed to live among Christians in many Christian lands and provinces, so too heretics may be allowed among Catholics, provided they live in peace and quiet. This is the goal toward which the prince should direct his government, since it's temporal and political, without, as I said, taking further account of religion. For this reason, they praise that saying of the Donatists: Quid Imperatori cum Ecclesia?4 What does the Emperor have to do with the Church? —a saying that Saint Augustine rebukes. For this reason I want to treat this point here more particularly, and to show that the Christian prince must not allow heretics and men of various and opposing sects in his states if he wants to fulfill well the office and duty of a Catholic prince; that it is impossible for the Catholic and the heretic to form a sound alliance in one and the same republic; and that from this mixture there will not fail to come great disturbances and revolts, which are the ruin and destruction of kingdoms and states.5 Even though it's already clear from what we've discussed so far that the king's foremost office is to look after the Catholic religion and keep it pure, it's still good that we explain this further, because it matters so much. And because, first of all, we must examine what our holy religion teaches us on this point—which, as we said, is our light—let's see what Sacred Scripture and the holy doctors of the Church tell us, who interpreted it with the Spirit and wisdom of heaven.

The Witness of Scripture and Tradition

Biblical examples and the teachings of Saint Augustine confirm that a prince must actively protect the purity of the faith.

We read in Holy Scripture that the kings of Israel were crowned holding the book of God's law in their hands, so that they would understand that their first and chief care had to be keeping it, and not allowing freedom of religion, or letting each person live by his own will in matters of religion. Instead, God commanded that anyone who disobeyed the priest should be put to death, and that false prophets should be rooted out of the land. We read that all the devout kings and friends of God took great care to clear from their kingdoms anything that might hinder religion and the worship of the true God, just as Hezekiah, Jehoshaphat, and Josiah did; for this, they were praised and prospered by God himself. In the Book of Revelation, Saint John rebukes the angel—or bishop—of Pergamum because he had people among him who followed the teachings and errors of the Nicolaitans, and he rebukes the bishop of Thyatira because he allowed Jezebel to deceive the servants of God.67 St. Augustine, speaking against the heretics, says this: «As long as you refuse to obey the Church that the fishermen preached and the apostles planted, with good reason all the kings judge that it falls to them to take care that no heretic make war on her or rebel against her.»8 And in another place: "Some are astonished that Christian princes take up arms against the heretics, who are the destroyers and ravagers of the Catholic Church." So let those who marvel at this understand that if they did not do so, they would not give a good account to God of the dominion He gave them. Let your charity take note of what I say: it is the proper office of Christian kings to ensure that the holy Church, whose sons they are, enjoys complete peace and quiet during their reign."9 And the same St. Augustine says: "What person of sense would advise or tell kings: 'Don't bother to know who is a friend or an enemy of the Church of your Lord in your kingdom; because it isn't your office, nor is it your place to provide for or punish that, or to know who is devout and who is sacrilegious?'"10 To anyone who said this, we could ask whether one might tell kings not to care who in their kingdom is chaste or an adulterer; because if adulterers are punished by law, why shouldn't the sacrilegious be punished as well?"11 And in the same place, St. Augustine says that all the kings who lived in the time of the prophets and failed to forbid or root out what had been introduced among their people against the law of God were rebuked, while those who did the opposite were highly praised.

The King's Twofold Service

The prince serves God both through his personal virtue and by his public duty to enforce religious law and protect the Church.

Explaining King David’s words to kings—"Serve the Lord with fear"—he notes that a king has two roles: one as a private individual, in which he serves the Lord by living a good life; and another as king, in which he serves Him by forbidding and severely punishing everything contrary to His religion and His law, just as all good kings have done.12 Writing to Boniface, he explains that doing good while failing to forbid evil when you have the power to do so is like consenting to and approving the evil that is committed. Pope Celestine, writing to the emperor Theodosius the Younger, among other admirable arguments, says these words to him: «You must take greater care for the faith, and set more store by it than by the kingdom, and Your Clemency ought to be more careful to preserve the peace of the churches than the security of all your domains; because, since the prince's first care is to preserve what most pleases God, everything else is added to him with blessing.13 Abraham, through such excellent faith, filled the world with the radiance and glory of his prosperity.14 Moses, the liberator of the people, armed himself15 .16 with zeal against those who had turned away from the worship of God.17 The Lord protected David because he kept His commandments, and He put all his enemies under him. Let Your Majesty arm yourself with these examples, and through your faith, obedience, and virtue, maintain the worship due to the Lord and the universal peace of the Church; because whatever you do and labor for the quiet of the Church and for the reverence of our holy religion will all be for the welfare of your empire." And the same pope, writing to Cyril of Alexandria about the errors of Nestorius, says to him: «One may without difficulty hope for the peace of the Catholic faith, since we see that Christian princes work so hard for it. A king's care, when he gives himself to God's service, has no small power—especially in divine causes—for God rules the hearts of those who reign faithfully."18 Pope Nicholas I, in his response to certain questions from the Bulgarians, says that the prin-19

Read the original Latin

Por todo lo que hasta aquí habemos dicho queda probado que el primero y más principal cuidado de los principes cristianos debe ser el de la religion, y que la falsa razon de estado de los politicos, que enseña á servirse della cuando les estuviere bien para la conservacion de su estado, y no más, es impia, diabólica y contraria á la ley natural y divina, y al uso de todas las gentes, por más bárbaras que sean, y al juicio de todos los sabios filóso— fos, y al uso de los prudentes y loables principes, y destruidora de los mismos estados que por esta razon de estado quieren conservar. Pero no pára aquí la impiedad destos ministros de Satanas, mas pasa adelante, y enseñan que los reyes y principes temporales no deben atender á la fe y creencia que gus pueblos tienen, sino á conservarlos en justicia y paz, y gobernar la república de tal manera, que cada uno siga la religion que quisiere, con tal que sea obediente á las leyes civiles y no turbe la paz de la misma república, como lo hacian los gentiles, que admitian las sectas de los filósofos, aunque fuesen contrarias entre sí, y aprobaban todas las religiones, por más desatinadas que fuesen, como de los romanos lo dicen san Agustin y san Leon, papa. Y áun Temistio, filósofo gentil, como escribe en su historia Súcrates, quiso persuadir al emperador Valente, que era hereje arriano, que agradaba mucho á Dios la muchedumbre y variedad de las sectas y religiones, porque por ellas era servido y reverenciado en muchas maneras, y mejor se conocia la dificultad grande que hay en conocerle.

Ésta es la libertad de conciencia que enseñan los politicos de nuestros tiempos; ésta la que han abrazado los herejes luteranos de Alemania: ésta la que han pretendido algunos rebeldes á Dios y á su señor natural de los estados de Flándes. «Pareciéndoles que la fe debe ser libre y que es don de Dios, y que la experiencia enseña que por fuerza no se puede conservar, y que como en muchas tierras y provincias de cristianos se permite que vivan judíos entre cristianos, tambien se pueden permitir hereies entre católicos, con tal que vivan cn paz y quietud, que es el blanco á que el principe debe enderezar su gobierno, pues es temporal y político, sin tener, como dije, más cuenta con la religion; y por esto alaban aquel dicho de los donatistas: Quid Imperatori cum Ecclesia? ¿Qué tiene que ver el Emperador con la Iglesia? que reprende san Agustin». Pues por esto quiero yo elil, tratar aqui este punto más en particular, y mostrar que no debe el principe cristiano permitir herejes y hombres de várias y contrarias sectas en sus estados, si quiere cumplir bien con el oficio y obligacion de católico principe; y que es imposible que hagan buena liga el católico y el hereje en una misma república, y que no sucedan por esta mezcla grandes alteraciones y revueltas, que son la ruina y destruicion de los reinos y estados. Y puesto caso que, por lo que habemos tratado hasta aquí, consta que el oficio más principal del Rey es mirar por la religion católica y conservarla en su pureza, todavía es bien que lo declaremos más, por ser cosa que tanto importa. Y porque ante todas cosas habemos de examinar lo que acerca deste punto nos enseña nuestra santa religion, que, como dijimos, es nuestra luz, veamos lo que nos dicen las sagradas letras y los santos doctores de la Iglesia, que con el espiritu y sabiduría del cielo las interpretaron.

Leemos en la divina Escritura que los reyes de Israel eran coronados teniendo en las manos el libro de la ley de Dios, para que entendiesen que su primero y más principal cuidado habia de ser la guarda della, y no permitir la libertad de religion, ni que cada uno acerca della viviese á su voluntad. Antes mandaba Dios que el que no fuese obediente al sacerdote muriese por ello, y que los falsos profetas fuesen desarraigados de la tierra. Leemos que todos los reyes piadosos y amigos de Dios tuvieron siempre gran cuidado de apartar de su reino todo lo que podia ser estorbo para la religion y para el culto del verdadero Dios, como lo hicieron Ecequías, Josafat y Josías, y por ello fueron alabados y prosperados del mismo Dios.

En el Apocalipsi reprende san Juan al ángel 6 obispo de Pergamo, porque tenía consigo algunos que seguian la dotrina y errores de los nieolaitas, y al obispo de Tiatira, porque permitia que Jezabel engañase á los siervos de Dios.

San Agustin, hablando contra los herejes, dice asi: «Miéntras vosotros no quisiéredes obedecer á la Iglesia que predicaron los pescadores y plantaron los apóstoles, con mucha razon todos los reyes juzgan que á ellos les incumbe tener cuidado que ningun hereje ie haga guerra ni se rebele contra ella.» Y en otro lugar: «Algunos se maravillan que los principes cristianos tomen las armas contra los herejes, destruidores y disipadores de la Iglesia católica. Entiendan, pues, los que así se maravillan, que si no lo hiciesen, no darian buena cuenta á Dios del señorío que les dió. Advierta vuestra caridad lo que digo, que es propio oficio de los reyes cristianos procurar que la santa Iglesia, cuyos hijos son, tenga en su tiempo entera paz y quietud.» Y el mismo san Agustin dice estas palabras: «¿Qué hombre de seso habrá que aconseJe ó diga á los reyes: No tengais cuenta en vuestro reino de saber quién es amigo ó enemigo de la Iglesia de vuestro Señor; porque no es vuestro oficio, ni á vos pertenece proveer ó castigar eso, ni saber quién es piadoso ó quién es sacrilego? A quien esto dijese, podriamos nosotros preguntar si se puede decir á los reyes que no tengan cueuta de saber quién en su reino es honesto ú adúltero; porque, si por las leyes se castigan los adúlteros, ¿por qué no se castigarán los sacrilegos?» Y en el mismo lugar dice el mismo san Agustin que todos los reyes que vivieron en tiempo de los profetas, y no vedaron y desarraigaron del pueblo lo que se habia introducido en él contra la ley de Dios, fueron reprendidos, y muy alabados los que habian hecho lo contrario.

Y declarando aquellas palabras que dice el rey David, hablando con los reyes: «Servid al Sefior con temor», dice que el rey tiene dos personas, la una de hombre particular y que como tal sirve al Señor, viviendo bien, y otra de rey y que como tal le sirve, prohibiendo y castigando severamente todo lo que es contrario á su réligion y á gu ley, como lo hicieron todos los buenos reyes. Y escribiendo á Bonifacio, le dice que hacer bien, y pudiendo no prohibir el mal, es como dar consentimiento y aprobar el mal que se hace.

Celestino, papa, escribiendo al emperador Teodosio el menor, entre otras admirables razones, le dice estas palabras: «Mayor cuidado habeis de tener de la fe, y más caso habeis de hacer della que del reino, y más debe ser solícita vuestra clemencia en conservar la paz de las iglesias qu: la seguridad de todos vuestros estados; porque, siendo el primer cuidado del principe conservar lo que más agrada á Dios, todo lo demas se le añade con felicidad. Abrahan, por la fe tan excelente, hinch1ó el mundo del resplandor y gloria de su prosperidad. Moisén, libertador del pueblo, se ar. *. - celo contra los que se habian apartado del culto ue Dios. A David guardó el Señor porque guardaba sus mandamientos, y le sujetó todos sus enemigos. Con estos ejemplos se arme vuestra majestad, y con su fe, obediencia y virtud guarde el culto que se debe al Señor, y la paz universal de la Iglesia; porque lo que hiciere y trabajáre por la quietud de la Iglesia y por la reverencia de nuestra santa religion, todo será para la salud de su imperio.» Y escribiendo el mismo papa á Cirilo Alejandrino acerca de los errores de Nestorio, le dice: «Sin dificultad se puede esperar la tranquilidad de la fe católica, pues vemos que los cristianos principes trabajan tanto por ella.

No tiene poca fuerza, especialmente en las causas divinas, el cuidado del rey que se emplea cen el servicio de Dios, el cual rige los corazones de los que fielmente reinan.»

Nicolas 1, sumo pontifice, respondiendo á ciertas preguntas de los búlgaros, dice que el prin-

Scripture echoes

  1. Deut.17.18-Deut.17.19And when he sits on the throne of his kingdom, he shall write for himself on a scroll a copy of this law, from the one kept before the Levitical priests. Deut.17.19 — And it shall be with him, and he shall read in it all the days of his life, so that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes by doing them.
  2. Deut.17.12The man who acts presumptuously, refusing to listen to the priest who stands there to minister before the LORD your God, or to the judge—that man shall die. You shall purge the evil from Israel.
  3. Rev.2.12-Rev.2.15And to the angel of the church in Pergamum write: These things says the one who has the sharp two-edged sword. Rev.2.13 — I know where you dwell, where Satan's throne is. You hold fast to my name, and you did not deny my faith, even in the days of Antipas, my witness, my faithful one, who was killed among you, where Satan dwells. Rev.2.14 — But I have a few things against you: you have some there who hold to the teaching of Balaam, who taught Balak to put a stumbling block before the sons of Israel, so that they might eat food sacrificed to idols and practice sexual immorality. Rev.2.15 — So you also have those who hold to the teaching of the Nicolaitans.
  4. Rev.2.18-Rev.2.20And to the angel of the church in Thyatira write: These things says the Son of God, who has eyes like a flame of fire, and his feet are like burnished bronze. Rev.2.19 — I know your works, and your love, and your faith, and your service, and your endurance, and your works—your last works exceeding the first. Rev.2.20 — But I have this against you: you tolerate that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophet, and she teaches and leads my servants astray, to practice sexual immorality and to eat food sacrificed to idols.
  5. Ps.2.11Serve the LORD with fear, and rejoice with trembling.
  6. Prov.21.1The king's heart is like channels of water in the hand of the LORD; he turns it wherever he wills.

Notes

  1. 1Source hyphenation «filóso— fos» is read as «filósofos» (philosophers).
  2. 2Source «gus pueblos» is read as «sus pueblos» (their peoples); likely OCR/print error.
  3. 3«Súcrates» is Socrates Scholasticus (the church historian), not the Athenian philosopher; «Temistio» is Themistius; «Valente» is the emperor Valens.
  4. 4Normalized obvious print/OCR slips: 'hereies'→heretics; 'cn paz'→en paz (in peace).
  5. 5Source has the corrupt token 'elil' before 'tratar aqui'; most plausible intended sense is simply 'I want to treat this point here more particularly' (eliding the garbled word as print noise).
  6. 6Source reads «ángel 6 obispo»; treated as OCR for «ángel ó obispo» («angel or bishop»), the usual identification of the Revelation «angel» of the church with its bishop.
  7. 7Source «nieolaitas» corrected to «nicolaitas» (Nicolaitans); «dotrina» as «doctrina»/teaching.
  8. 8Source reading «ningun hereje ie haga guerra» is treated as «ningún hereje le haga guerra» (OCR/print error: ie → le).
  9. 9«vuestra caridad» is an honorific address (your charity/charity of yours), not abstract love alone; rendered as the traditional polite form of address.
  10. 10Source surface «aconseJe» normalized as «aconseje» (advise).
  11. 11Source reading «cueuta» is treated as «cuenta» (OCR/print error).
  12. 12Normalized print errors: Sefior→Señor; réligion→religión; gu ley→su ley.
  13. 13Source reading «iglesias qu: la seguridad» is treated as «iglesias que la seguridad» (than the security), restoring the comparative parallel with «más... que».
  14. 14Source «hinch1ó» is read as «hinchió» (filled).
  15. 15Source ends mid-word at «se ar.»; most plausible completion is «se armó», continued by s5's «celo...» (armed himself with zeal).
  16. 16Source text is only «*.», likely an OCR artifact, footnote marker, or print damage with no recoverable Spanish clause.
  17. 17Source «culto ue Dios» is read as «culto de Dios»; leading dash and fragment form continue the truncated Moses clause in s3.
  18. 18Source reads «se emplea cen el servicio»; translated as the obvious OCR/print error for «se emplea en el servicio» ("applies himself to / gives himself to the service").
  19. 19Source sentence ends mid-word at 'prin-'; almost certainly the start of 'príncipe' (prince), cut by a section or page break. The continuation is not present in this section payload, so the English is left truncated to match the witness rather than completed by conjecture.

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