Pruébase lo mismo con ejemplos de alganos emperadores.
The Witness of Pious Emperors
Historical examples of Christian emperors demonstrate the duty to protect the Church and uphold the true faith.
All pious princes and emperors followed this teaching. Constantine the Great ordered the temples of the idols closed and decreed that the Christian religion alone should be upheld and obeyed throughout the empire, as Optatus of Milevis says; he also enacted laws against the Arians, as Sozomen writes. Constans and Constantine, sons of that same Constantine, followed the same path and imitated their father in this, as Saint Augustine and Rufinus write. The emperor Constantius, their brother, though an Arian heretic, issued a law ordering the same thing. In another law, he says he rejoiced and took glory in the faith, knowing that the commonwealth was better preserved by religion than by arms, and by the worship of God more than by the sweat and toil of princes.1 Regarding Gratian, Saint Ambrose says: "That eternal Judge, whom you confess and in whom you piously believe, well knows that my inmost heart delights in your faith, your well-being, and your glory. I pray for you not only as a bishop, but also out of the special love I have for you, because you have brought peace and quiet to the Church and closed the mouths—and may it please God that you have no less closed the hearts—of impious and wicked men. You have done this with no less authority from the faith than from your power."2 Theodosius excelled greatly in this and strove hard for it. During the reign of the emperor Theodosius, son of Arcadius, some Christians seized certain synagogues from the Jews, and the Emperor, acting on the advice of some of his private ministers, ordered them returned.3 That great Simeon Stylites learned of it—he who in that age was honored as a miracle of holiness—and he wrote the Emperor a letter rebuking him severely and telling him that if he ordered their synagogues returned to the Jews, the Lord would punish him rigorously; and the saint's words had such force that Theodosius ordered the revocation of what he had previously commanded, and stripped of their offices and dignities those who had given him such bad counsel.4 The same Theodosius, writing to the Council of Ephesus, says: "Although we take great care over all things that touch the good of the commonwealth, we take far more care over those we judge useful for preserving piety and religion; because from this spring all other goods flow to human beings."5 Emperor Marcian gave strict orders that nothing established by the Catholics should be questioned, but that it should be obeyed completely.
The Royal Duty to Protect the Faith
Kings and princes are called to defend the Church as ministers of God, recognizing that spiritual authority must guide temporal power.
Theodoric, the king of Italy, even though he was an Arian, said these words to Pope Saint John: "I am a judge."6 Latin, but I will never cease to be your disciple; for what we do will then be right when it conforms to your ordinances and rules.»7 Charlemagne, speaking with the bishops, said to them: "We have wanted to ask you to take great care and vigilance in leading God’s people through the pastures of eternal life, so that just as He has deigned to honor and so greatly exalt our kingdom, He may also see fit to preserve and defend it with His protection forever."8 And in his will, the thing he most strongly charged his sons with was that they all take great care of the Church, and protect and defend it, as he and his father Pepin and his grandfather Charles Martel had done. Saint Louis, king of France (as is written in his Life), when he was about to die, one of the things he most urgently commanded Philip, his son and successor, was that he root the heretics and schismatics out of his kingdom.9 The Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella intended to do the same in Spain when they expelled the Jews and the Moors to preserve the purity of our holy religion, without regard for their temporal interests, as has already been related.10 And like these examples, we could bring others of Christian and powerful emperors, kings, and princes, who understood that they could not properly fulfill the duty of their office except by preserving the purity of religion; because spiritual power and temporal power are sisters and like members of one body—or better said, spiritual power is like the soul, and temporal power like the body.11 Just as the soul in man is the most excellent and superior part, giving life and being to the body, so spiritual power far exceeds all power on earth. For that reason, as Saint Gregory says, the kingdom of the earth must serve the kingdom of heaven, and kings, who are God’s ministers and His lieutenants, must not allow in their kingdoms anything contrary to His holy law; especially since, as the faith is a bond and knot by which the holy Church is bound together, it is necessary that, when there is division in the faith, the ruin of the Church itself should immediately follow.✦12 And besides this, freedom to believe whatever a person wants is very harmful and damaging, because it is freedom to err, and to err in a most dangerous matter; because, since the true faith can be only one, as we said, everything that differs from it and turns aside from it is deception, blindness, and error; and the human heart without this true faith is like a ship without a rudder, which any wind snatches away and any wave carries off.✦13
The Peril of Error and the Mandate of Protection
The Church councils mandate that princes must actively suppress heresy to protect the soul of the commonwealth.
As Saint Augustine said: "What worse death is there for the soul than the freedom to err?"14 What worse death can the soul suffer than the freedom to err? For this reason, in the great Lateran Council held in the time of Innocent III—where the flower of the whole world gathered, and the Greek Church with the Latin—it is commanded most strictly, and under severe penalties, that all princes and powers uproot heretics from their lands and swear to do so.15 The Eighth Council of Toledo also orders them to make war on the heretics who infest the holy Church in their day, as has already been established. From this, it is clear that our proposal is true: this is the office and primary obligation of every Christian king. They are the guardians and defenders of the Catholic religion, serving as God's ministers to carry out whatever is necessary for its protection and defense, and to punish and restrain all who would infect or disturb it.16
Read the original Latin
Esta dotrina siguieron todos los piadosos príncipes y emperadores. Constantino Magno mandó cerrar los templos de los idolos, y que sola la religion cristiana se guardase y obedeciese en todo el imperio, como lo dice Optato Milevitano, é hizo leyes contra los arrianos, como lo escribe Sozomeno. Y Constante y Constantino, hijos del mismo Constantino, guardaron lo mismo y imitaron á su padre en esto, como lo escribe san Agustin y Rufino. Y Constancio, emperador, hermano dellos, aunque era hereje arriano, hizo una ley en que mandaba lo misino, y en otra ley dice que se gozaba y gloriaba de la fe, porque sabía que la república se conservaba mejor con la religion que con las armas, y con el culto de Dios más que con el sudor y trabajo de los príncipes. De Graciano dice san Ambrosio estas palabras: « Bien sabe aquel Juez eterno, á quien vos confesals y en quien piadosamente creeis, que mis entrañas se regalan con vuestra fe, con vuestra salud y con vuestra gloria, y que no solamente hago oracion por vos como obispo, sino tambien por el amor particular que os tengo, porque habeis dado paz y quielud á la Iglesia y cerrado las bocas, y plegue á Dios que no menor hayais cerrado los corazones de los hombres impíos y malvados; y esto habeis hecho con no ménos autoridad de la fe que de vuestra potestad. n Teodosio se esmeró mucho en esto, y procuró En tiempo del emperador Teodosio, hijo de Arcadio, algunos cristianos quitaron ciertas sinagogas á los judios, y el Emperador, por consejo de algunos ministros privados suyos, las mandó volv=r. Súpolo aquel gran Simeon Stilita, que era en aquel tiempo respetado como un milagro de santidad, y escribió al Ermperador una carta reprendiéndole gravemente, y diciéndole que si mandaba volver sus sinagogas á los judios, el Señor le castigaria rigurosamente; y tuvieron tanta fuerza las palabras del Santo, que Teodosio mandó revocar lo que ántes habia mandado, y privó de sus oficios y dignidades á los que le habian dado tan mal consejo. El mismo Teodosio, escribiendo al concilio Efesino, dice estas palabras: «Aunque tenemos gran cuidado de todas las cosas que tocan al bien de la república, pero mucho más de las que juzgamos que nos son provechosas para conservar la piadad y la religion; porque desta fuente se derivan á los hombres todos los otros bienes.»
Marciano, emperador, muy estrechamente mandó que ninguna cosa que una vez fuese establecida por los católicos se pusiese en duda, sino que se obedeciese enteramente.
Teodorico, rey de Italia, con ser arriano, dice á san Juan, papa, estas patubras: «Yo juez soy paOBRAS ESSOGIDAS DEL PADRE RIVADENTEIRA.
latino, pero nunca dejaré de sor vuestro discipulo; porque entónces será acertado lo que hicieremos, cuando será conforme á vuestras ordenaciones y reglas.» Cárlos Magno, hablando con los obispos, les dijo: «Hemos querido rogaros que con gran cuidado y vigilancia procureis llevar al pueblo de Dios por los pastos de la vida cterna, para que asi como se ha dignado honrar y engrandecer tanto nuestro reino, así tenga por bien de conservarle y defenderle con su proteccion para siempre.» Y en su testamento, la cosa que más encomendó á sus hijos fué, que todos tuviesen gran cuidado de la Iglesia, y la amparasen y defendiesen, como él y su padre Pipino y su agúelo Cárlos Martelo lo habian hecho, San Luis, rey de Francia (como se escribe en sn Vida), estando para morir, una de las cosas que más encarecidamente mandó á Felipe, su lrijo y sucesor, fué que arrancase los herejes y cismáticos de su reino. Esto mismo pretendieron hacer en España los Reyes Católicos don Fernando y doñu Isabel cuando echaron della las judios y los moros, por conservar la pureza de nuestra santa religion, sin tener respeto á sus intereses temporales, como queda referido. Y como estos ejemplos, podriamos traer otros de emperadores y reyes y principes cristianos y poderosus, los cuales entendieron que no podian cumplir bien con la obligacion de su oficio sino conservando la pureza de ia religion; porque la potestad espiritual y la potestad te:mporal son hermanas y como miembros de un cuerpo, ó por mejor decir, la potestad espiritual como el alma, y la temporal como cl cuerpo. Y así como el ánima en el hombre es la parte más excelente y superior y la que da vida y sér al cuerpo, asi la potestad espiritual excede en gran número á toda la potestad de la tierra. Por eso, como dice san Gregrorio, el reino de la ticrra debe servir al reino del ciclo, y los reyes, que son ministros de Dios y lugartenientes suyos, no deben consentir en sus reinos cosa que sea contraria á su santa ley; especialmente que, como la fe es un vínculo y nudo con que está atada la santa Ivlesia, es necesario que, habiendo division en la fe, luégo se siga la ruina de la misma Iglesia. Y demas desto, la libertad de creer lo que el hombre quiere cs muy perJudicial y dafiosa, porque es libertad para errar, y errar en una cosa peligrosisima; porque, como la le verdadera no puede ser sino una, como dijimos, todo lo que discrepa y se desvia della es engaño, ceguedudl y error; y el corazon del hombre sin esta verdadera fe es como una nave sin gobernalle, que cualquier viento la arrebata y cualquiera ola se la lleva.
Y así dijo san Agustin: Que est pojor morsa anima quam libertos erroria? ¿Qué peor muerte puede tener el ánima que la libertad de errar? Por esta causa en el grán concilio Lateranense, que se celebró en tiempo do Inocencio IIT, en el cual se juntó la flor de todo el mundo, y la iglesia griega con la latina, se manda severiísimamente y so graves penas, á todos los principes y potestades, que desarraiguen á los herejes de sus tierras, y que juren de hacerlo así. Y el concilio tuledano octavo les ordena que hagan guerra á los herejes que en su tiempo infestan la santa Iglesia, como queda declarado. Por donde se ve que es verdad lo que propusimos, que éste es el oficio y la principal obligacion de todos los reyes cristianos, y que ellos son guardas y defensores de la religion católica, y ministros do Dios para ejecutar todo lo que para su amparo y defensa fuere necesario, y para castigar y reprimir á todos los que la quisieren inficionar y turbar.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Rom.13.4 — For he is God's servant for your good. But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is God's servant, an avenger for wrath against the one who practices evil.
- ↩Eph.4.14 — so that we are no longer children, tossed by waves and carried about by every wind of teaching in the trickery of men, in craftiness with a view to the error
Notes
- 1 ↩Source reading «lo misino» treated as OCR error for «lo mismo» («the same thing»).
- 2 ↩Clear OCR corruptions emended in translation: «confesals»→confesáis, «quielud»→quietud; closing quotation mark is missing in the source.
- 3 ↩Source is badly corrupted: opens with «n Teodosio... y procuró» (object missing), then runs into a new sentence; «volv=r» read as «volver». Opening «n» treated as «Y».
- 4 ↩Source «Ermperador» treated as OCR error for «Emperador».
- 5 ↩Source «piadad» read as «piedad» (piety).
- 6 ↩Source has corrupt OCR: «patubras» read as «palabras»; the uppercase run «paOBRAS ESSOGIDAS DEL PADRE RIVADENTEIRA» is treated as an intruded page/running title («Obras escogidas del padre Rivadeneira»), not as part of Theodoric's speech. After that intrusion the quotation is truncated mid-clause; neighboring section 1.18.4 continues «latino, pero nunca dejaré de ser vuestro discípulo…».
- 7 ↩Source reading continues Theodoric’s interrupted speech from the previous section; corrected obvious OCR ‘sor’ → ‘ser’. Opening fragment ‘latino’ likely completes a prior clause (e.g. secular/Latin jurisdiction) and remains uncertain without a clean join.
- 8 ↩Normalized ‘vida cterna’ as ‘vida eterna’ (eternal life).
- 9 ↩Corrected OCR/print noise: ‘sn Vida’ → ‘su Vida’; ‘lrijo’ → ‘hijo’. The sentence joins Charlemagne’s testament and St. Louis’s deathbed charge without a strong break in the source.
- 10 ↩Corrected ‘doñu Isabel’ → ‘doña Isabel’; ‘judios’ → ‘judíos’.
- 11 ↩Corrected ‘poderosus’ → ‘poderosos’; ‘ia religion’ → ‘la religión’; ‘te:mporal’ → ‘temporal’; ‘cl cuerpo’ → ‘el cuerpo’.
- 12 ↩Corrected ‘san Gregrorio’ → ‘san Gregorio’; ‘ticrra’ → ‘tierra’; ‘ciclo’ → ‘cielo’; ‘Ivlesia’ → ‘Iglesia’; ‘luégo’ → ‘luego’.
- 13 ↩Corrected OCR/print noise: ‘cs’ → ‘es’; ‘dafiosa’ → ‘dañosa’; ‘le verdadera’ → ‘fe verdadera’; ‘ceguedudl’ → ‘ceguedad’.
- 14 ↩The printed Latin is corrupt OCR: «Que est pojor morsa anima quam libertos erroria?» Rendered from the intended Augustinian sense (cf. s2's Spanish paraphrase): Quae est pejor mors animae quam libertas errandi?
- 15 ↩Normalized OCR: «do Inocencio IIT» → de Inocencio III (Innocent III); «so graves penas» → so / bajo graves penas (under severe penalties); «severiísimamente» kept as most strictly / most severely.
- 16 ↩Normalized «ministros do Dios» → ministros de Dios.
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit