Que los príncipes que se gobiernan por la ley de Dios más que por la falsa razon de estado son favorecidos de Dios.
The Divine Favor of Faithful Princes
God consistently rewards rulers who prioritize religious obedience over the false calculations of worldly reason of state.
On the contrary, we see that princes who keep their aim fixed on God, and who measure their deliberations and undertakings more by their holy religion and by obedience than by other interests and private ends, are favored and prospered by God Himself, and He grants them happy success, just as He did for the holy kings and faithful servants mentioned in Sacred Scripture.1 To David, to Hezekiah, to Jehoshaphat, to Asa, to Josiah, and to those who after the Gospel believed in Him and took as the rule of their government and of the preservation of their states the law of the Lord and the keeping and defense of His holy religion.2 What emperor in the world was more religious than Constantine, or more glorious in his wars and victories? Which was greater: the piety of the emperor Theodosius or his good fortune?3 And what should I say of his sons, Arcadius and Honorius?4 How many times were they favored by the Lord for holding more to religion than to false reasons of state! When Alaric, king of the Goths, attacked Rome and had Attalus named emperor, there was a great danger that the pagans of Rome (who were many) and the Donatists of Africa (who were no fewer) would follow Attalus's call. To keep them content, Honorius, the true emperor, passed a law for reasons of state granting them liberty of conscience—and soon Rome was lost. Recognizing his mistake, Honorius revoked it; God then took his side and destroyed Alaric himself and the other tyrants who had risen against him. This was so that it might be understood that the empire rises and falls with religion, as Paulus Orosius writes and as Cesare Baronius noted in his Annals.5 Theodosius the Younger, grandson of the great Theodosius, was no less favored by the Lord, along with his sister, the most chaste maiden Pulcheria. For many years, they governed the empire of the East with such extraordinary good fortune that it seemed they were racing each other: they to render service to God, and God to do them good. Many times, when enemies were numerous and pressed them on so many sides that neither the counsel nor the strength of the empire seemed able to resist, the Lord—to whom all empires belong—miraculously routed and confounded those enemies because they trusted in Him.✦6
Examples of Royal Piety
Historical figures like Charlemagne and Rudolph of Habsburg demonstrate how humility and devotion to the Church lead to dynastic and political success.
Jovian and Valentinian were soldiers under Julian the Apostate. Although state interests dictated that they follow their master’s will to advance their careers, they refused. Instead, as faithful and courageous Christians, they resisted him, valuing their faith more than the emperor’s favor. For this, he banished and punished them. Yet the Lord—who, as Theodoret says, is a just judge and a generous rewarder of those who truly serve Him—raised them to the heights of the Roman Empire, as they succeeded the wicked Emperor Julian, the very man who had exiled them.78 What shall I say of the emperor Charlemagne, so devout toward God, so humble toward the Apostolic See, so magnificent toward the churches and their ministers, and for that very reason so magnanimous and victorious in war, and most fortunate in the course of his life and in the administration of the empire? What of Hugh Capet, who, through the devotion and reverence he showed to the relics of Saints Walaric and Richarius, earned his elevation to the throne?9 And what of Robert, King of France, the son of that same Capet? Through his piety and almsgiving, he established the French crown in his house some six hundred years ago. Even the walls of enemy cities, which resisted arms and siege engines, yielded and fell to his prayers.10 What of Rudolph, Count of Habsburg, who by his admirable devotion and piety deserved to be the founder of the House of Austria? That house is now so widespread that its greatness embraces the world, serving as a fruitful mother to so many illustrious princes, kings, and emperors.11 For once when this count had gone hunting and become separated from his servants, he met in the open country a lone cleric going on foot, carrying the Most Holy Sacrament of the altar to a poor sick man who lived out in those fields. The good Count at once dismounted from his horse, had the cleric mount it, covered him with his rain cloak (because it was raining), and, without his cloak and on foot, went with him, accompanying the Lord until they reached where the sick man was. And so greatly did this humble and devout piety please the King of kings and Lord of all empires that He made him father of so many and so glorious princes as there have been in the House of Austria from that day to this, as we have said.1213
The Spanish and Portuguese Legacy
The Iberian monarchs, including Don Ramiro and the kings of Portugal, found divine protection by defending the faith against all odds.
Every reason of state, taken by itself and without regard for religion, should have persuaded our king Don Ramiro that, with the Moors as strong as they were and he so weak, he ought not to break the agreements King Mauregato had made with them, and that he should give them the hundred maidens Mauregato had promised them; but he refused, because he judged it utterly unworthy of a Christian king to hand over the innocent ewes to the hellish wolf, and he trusted that the Lord, whose cause it was, would defend it—as He did through the apostle Saint James, patron of Spain, granting the Christians victory by a clear miracle in that memorable battle of Clavijo.1415 How blessed were the kingdoms of Spain in the times when pious kings, zealous for the worship of God, reigned there—King Don Fernando the Great, King Don Alonso the Great, the Chaste, the other Alonsos, and King Don Fernando, whom they call the Saint for the excellence of his virtues? During his reign, which lasted thirty-five years, there was neither famine, plague, nor war among them, except against the Moors, in which he always emerged victorious.16 We can well put on this same account many of the kings of Portugal, and especially the first of them all, who was King Don Alonso Enríquez: most devout toward the Church, most just in peace, strongest in war, and always a zealous guardian of the Lord's glory, placed in His hands and secure under His shadow and protection.✦
Fidelity Over Ambition
Don Fernando's refusal to usurp the throne of Castile illustrates how prioritizing fidelity to God and rightful order leads to greater honor.
King Henry III of Castile died, leaving his son, King John II, still in the cradle.17 They feared the arms of the Moors and some movements by the king of Portugal, and to resist the one and settle the other there was need of a king who, with his prudence and courage, would know how and be able to do it. Many lords fixed their eyes on the Infante Don Fernando, brother of the dead king and uncle and guardian of the living son; the grandees gathered, and when the Constable Don Ruy López de Dávalos asked for whom they would raise the cry of king of Castile, although by reason of state the Infante Don Fernando could have taken advantage of the occasion and the will of the grandees, and of the kingdom's need, and of the example of what had been done before in it, he would not have it any way but that the crown be given to the one to whom by right it belonged, and he answered the Constable: "For whom but for King Don John, my lord and nephew?"1819 He chose fidelity over the kingdom they were offering him. Because of that fidelity, the Lord honored him so highly that He later gave him the crown of the kingdoms of Aragon and Sicily, and to his children and grandchildren the crowns of Naples and Navarre, as well as the very crown of Castile that he had refused for himself—and, worth more than all these estates, the reputation and fame of a truly excellent prince.20
The Catholic Sovereigns and the New World
Ferdinand and Isabella’s commitment to religious purity resulted in the expansion of their realms and the discovery of the New World.
What can I say of King Ferdinand, his grandson, and Queen Isabella, daughter of his nephew King John—truly Catholic sovereigns of distinguished memory—when they ordered the Moors and the Jews to leave the kingdoms of Spain? They cared more about preserving and enlarging the purity of our holy religion in those realms than about false reasons of state or royal revenues, which were bound to shrink once those people left. But this service that these glorious sovereigns so piously and so disinterestedly rendered to God, God Himself repaid them handsomely, cleansing these kingdoms of every foulness and filth of false sects, preserving them to this day in the integrity and purity of the Catholic faith and in justice and peace, giving them other kingdoms, and discovering through their hand a new world, with such great treasures and riches that it is one of the greatest miracles the world has ever seen.21 The Catholic King Ferdinand himself acknowledged and confessed that all his prosperity and victories stemmed from the zeal God gave him to preserve and enlarge His holy religion—by driving the unbelievers out of Spain and establishing the holy Office of the Inquisition—as Jerónimo Zurita notes in his history of that same Catholic King Ferdinand. And the same author writes that in the lifetime of King Henry the Fourth, when no one dreamed that the Infanta Isabella would ever reign, Friar Tomás de Torquemada, a Dominican friar and her confessor, bound her under oath in the name of our Lord that when God raised her to royal dignity, she would stand up for His glory and order proceedings against the crime of heresy and apostasy in such a way that that crime would be treated as the most important of all public affairs.22
The Emperor's Humble Victory
Emperor Charles V attributed his military victories to God, acknowledging that it was the Lord who conquered through him.
Emperor Charles V, a most worthy grandson of such grandparents and a glorious, valiant prince, faced great difficulties when he set out to make war on the princes and cities of the empire that had rebelled against him. On one hand, he was shown the strength of his enemies, who were powerful, armed, and ready, while his own army was scattered across several distant provinces. On the other hand, he had to confront the injury done to our religion, which those same enemies had abandoned and were actively persecuting, showing contempt for both God and the imperial majesty.23 In the end, although a serious person has told me that his private council included those who used many weighty arguments of state to persuade him to abandon such a difficult and dangerous enterprise, the zeal for the Catholic religion weighed more in the Christian emperor's heart than the empty, superficial fears they presented to discourage him.24 Because he acted for God's sake and trusted in Him, God granted him a very happy outcome and such a signal victory over the heretics—his enemies—that it ranks among the finest he ever won, despite the many other illustrious victories he achieved.25 The emperor himself acknowledged that this victory, like the others, came from the Lord. After the Duke of Saxony was defeated, he humbly and devoutly echoed the words of Julius Caesar: Veni, vidi—but instead of Caesar's 'vici,' he said 'Deus vicit': I came, I saw, and God conquered.2627 For that reason, Pope Paul III wrote to congratulate him on such an outstanding victory, referring to him in his apostolic letters as emperor maximus and most mighty.28
A Final Witness to Divine Honor
The life of Stephen Báthory serves as a modern confirmation that God glorifies those who honor Him.
And to close this chapter with a well-known and quite recent example: that of Stephen Báthory, who rose from a poor gentleman to become voivode of Transylvania and lord of that state, in which he was hard pressed by the heretics there—and there are many of them—to favor them and grant them liberty; and by reason of state alone, and by the politicians' counsel, he would have had to do so, to keep them well disposed and himself more secure; but since he was a Catholic prince, he paid more heed to religion, and for this fidelity God chose him, over many other very great princes, as king of Poland, and gave him many most illustrious victories and made him glorious throughout the earth; because his chief care was to heal the wounds of the heretics and to encourage the Catholics, and to preserve and spread the true and apostolic doctrine, and with it the love and holy fear of the Lord—who very well fulfills what he said to the prophet Samuel: "I will glorify the one who honors me, but those who despise me will be dishonored and made base."✦29 History is full of examples like these, and we could provide many more if those we have already related weren't enough.30
Read the original Latin
Por el contrario, vemos que los principes quo tienen puesta la mira en Dios, y con su santa religion y obediencia nivelan sus deliberaciones y empresas más que con otros intereses y fines particulares, el mismo Dios los favorece y prospera, y da felices sucesos, como los dió á los reyes santos y fieles siervos suyos, que se cuentan en la Sagrada Escritura. A David,á Ecequías, Josafat, Asá, Josías y á los que despues del Evangelio creyeron en El y tomaron por regla de su gobierno y de la conservacion de sus estados la ley del Señor y la guarda y defensa de su santa religion. ¿Qué emperador hubo en el mundo más religioso que el emperador Constantino, ni más glorioso en sus guerras y vitorias? ¿Cuál fué mayor, la piedad del emperador Teodosio ó su felicidad? Pues ¿qué diré do sus hijos Arcadio y Honorio? ¿Cuántas veces fueron favorecidos del Señor por haber tenido más Alarico, rey de los godos, vino sobre Roma, y hizo nombrar á Attalo por emperador, y habiendo gran peligro que los gentiles de Roma (que eran muchos) y los donatistas de África (que no eran ménos) siguiesen la voz de Attalo, Honorio, que era el verdadero emperador, por tenerlos contentos, hizo una ley por razon de estado, dándoles libertad de conciencia, y luégo se perdió Roma; y reconociendo su engaño Honorio, la revocó, y luégo Dios tomó la mano por él y deshizo al mismo Alarico y álos otros tiranos que se habian levantado contra él, para que se entendiese que con la religion cae y se levanta el imperio, como lo escribe Paulo Orosio, y lo notó en sus Anales César Baronio. No fué ménos favorecido del Señor Teodosio el menor, nieto del gran Teodosio, y su hermana la castísima doncella Pulqueria, que largos años gobernaron el imperio de Oriente con tan extremada felicidad, que parecia que andaban á porfía, ellos á hacer servicios á Dios, y Dios á hacerles beneficios. Y muchas veces, cuando los enemigos eran muchos y los apretaban por tantas partes, que ni el consejo ni las fuerzas del imperio parece que podian resistirles, el Señor (cuyos son todos los imperios) milagrosamente los desbarataba y confundia, porque confiaban en El.
Joviniano y Valentiniano fueron soldados de Juliano Apóstata, y debiendo, por razon do estado, seguir la voluntad de su amo para subir y valer, no quisicron; ántes, como fieles y valcrosos cristianos, le resistieron y tuvieron en más la fe que profesaban que la gracia del Emperador, el cual por ello los desterró y castigó; pero el Señior, que, como dice Teodoreto, es justo juez y liberalísimo remunerador de los que de véras le sirven, los levantó á la grandeza del imperio romano, sucediendo uno tras otro al malvado emperador Juliano, de quien habian sido desterrados. ¿Qué diré del emperador Cárlos Magno, tan devoto para con Dios, tan humilde para con la Sede Apostólica, tan magnífico para con las iglesias y sus ministros, y por esto tan magnánimo y vitorioso en las guerras, y felicísimo en el discurso de su vida y en la administracion del imperio? ¿Qué de Hugo Capeto, que por la devocion y reverencia con que habia honrado los cuerpos de los santos Vuelerico y Richerio, mercció ser sublimado en el reino? ¿Qué de Roberto, rey de Francia, hijo del mismo Capeto, que con su piedad y limosnas estableció en su casa, ya há sciscientos años, la corona de Francia, y los muros de las ciudades de los enemigos que resistian á las armas y máquinas, cedian y caian á sus oraciones? ¿Qué de Rodolfo, conde do Habspurg, que por su admirable devocion y piedad mereció ser orígen y fundador de la casa de Austria, la cual está tan extendida, que con su grandeza abraza el mundo y es madre fecundísima de tantos y tan ilustres príncipes, reyes y emperadores? Porque habiendo este conde una vez ido á caza y apartádoso de sus criados, topó en el campo un clérigo solo que iba á pic, y llevaba el Santísimo Sacramento del altar á un pobre enfermo que vivia por aquellos campos; el buen Conde luégo se apeó de su caballo y hizo subir en él al clérigo, y le cubrió con su capa aguadera (porque llovia), y en cuerpo y á pié se fué con ¿l acompañando al Señor hasta llegar adonde estaba el enfermo; y fué tanto lo que agradó al Rey do los reyes y Señor de todos los imperios esta su humilde y devota piedad, que le hizo padre de tantos y tan gloriosos príncipes como despues acá ha habido en la casa de Austria, como dijimos.
Toda razon de estado, considerada por sí, sin respeto á la religion, debia persuadir á nuestro rey don Ramiro que, teniendo los moros tantas fuerzas como tenian, y él tan pocas, no rompiese los conciertos que habia hecho con ellos el rey Mauregato, y que le diese las cien doncellas que él les habia prometido; pero no quiso, porque juzgó que era cosa indignísima de rey cristiano entregar al lobo infernal las innocentes corderas, y confió que el Sefor, cuya era aquella causa, la defendería, como lo hizo por medio del apóstol Santiago, patron de España, dando con evidente milagro la vitoria á los cristianos en aquella memorable batalla del ClaviJo. ¿Cuán bienaventurados fueron los reinos de España en los tiempos que reinaron en ella los reyes piadosos y celosos del culto de Dios, del rey don Fernando el Magno, del rey don Alonso tambien el Magno, del Casto, de los otros Alonsos, del rey don Fernando, que por la excelencia de sus virtudes llaman el Santo? En cuyo reinado, que fué treinta y cinco años, no hubo en ellos hambre ni pestilencia ni guerra sino contra los moros, en la cual siempre salió vencedor. Bien podemos poner en esta cuenta á muchos de los reyes de Portugal, y particularmente al primero de todos, que fué el rey don Alonso Enriquez, en la iglesia devotisimo, en la paz justísimo, en la guerra fortísimo, y siempre celador de la gloria del Señor, y puesto en sus manos, y seguro debajo de su sombra y proteccion.
Murió el rey de Castilla don Enrique el Tercero, dejando á su hijo el rey don Juan el Segundo cn la cuna. Temíanse las armas de los moros y algunos movimientos del Rey de Portugal, y para resistir á las unas y componer las otras habia necesidad de rey, que con su prudencia y valor lo supiese y pudiese hacer. Pusieron muchos señores los ojos en el infante don Hernando, hermano del rey muerto y tio y tutor del hijo vivo; juntáronse los grandes, y preguntando el condestable don Rui Lopez de valos por quién alzarian la voz de rey de Castilla, aunque por razon de estado pudiera el infante don Hernando aprovecharse de la ocasion y voluntad delos grandes, y de la necesidad del reino, y del ejemplo de lo que otras veces se habia hecho en él, no quiso sino que se diese la corona á quien do derecho le venía, y respondió al Condestable: « ¿Por quién, sino por el rey don Juan, mi señor y sobrino?» anteponiendo la fidelidad al reino que le ofrecian. Mas el Señor por ella le honró de tal manera, que despues le dió la corona de los reinos de Aragon y Sicilia, y á sus hijos y nietos las de los reinos de Nápoles y de Navarra, y la misma de los reinos de Castilla, que él para sí no habia querido, y lo que vale más que todos los estados, el sér y la fama y nombre de excelentísimo principe.
Pues ¿qué diré de los reyes don Fernando, su nieto, y de doña Isabel, hija de su sobrino el rey don Juan, reyes verdaderamente católicos y de esclarecida memoria, cuando mandaron salir los moros y los judíos de los reinos de España, los cuales tuvieron más cuenta con conservar y amplificar en ellos la pureza de nuestra santa religion, que no con la falsa razon de estado ni con las rentas reales, que saliendo ellos, necesariamente se habian de menoscabar y disminuir? Pero este servicio qua estos gloriosos reyes con tanta piedad y tan desinteresadamente hicieron á Dios, el mismo Dios aventajadamente se le pagó, limpiando estos reinos de toda fealdad é inmundicia de falsas sectas, y conservándolos hasta aliora en la entereza y purldad de la fe católica, y en justicia y paz, y dándoles otros reinos, y descubriendo por su mano un nuevo mundo, con tantos y tan grandes tesoros y riquezas, que es uno de los mayores milagros que ha habido en él. Y el mismo Rey Católico don Fernando reconoció y confesó que todas sus prosperidades y vitorias habian nacido del celo que Dios le habia dado de conservar y amplificar su santa religion, con echar á los infieles de España, é instituir en ella el santo oficio de la Inquisicion, como en la historia del mismo Rey Católico don Fernando lo dice Jerónimo Zurita. Y el mismo autor escribe que en vida del rey Enrique el Cuarto, cuando no se soñaba que la infanta doña Isabel hubiese de reinar, fray Tomas de Torquemada, fraile de Santo Domingo, su confesor, la conjuró en nombre de nuestro Señor que cuando Dios la ensalzase en la dignidad real, volveria por su gloria y mandaria proceder contra el delito de la herejía y apostasía, de tal manera, que aquél se tuviese por el más principal de todos los negocios.
Pp, R, El emperador don Cárlos V, nieto dignísimo de tales agúelos, y gloriosisimo y valerosísimo príncipe, tratando de hacer guerra á los principes y ciudades del imperio, que se le habian rebelado, tuvo grandes dificultades en aqueMa jornada; porque por una parte se le representaban las fuerzas de los enemigos, que eran poderosos y estaban armados y apercebidos, teniendo su majestad muy repartido su ejército y dividido en várias y muy distantes provincias, y por otra se le ponia delante la injuria de nuestra religion, la cual sus mismos enemigos habian dejado y perseguian, con desacato de Dios y de la majestad imperial. Pero en fin, aunque en su secreto consejo, á lo que persona grave me ha dicho, no faltó quien, por razon de estado, con muchas y muy graves razones le quiso persuadir que dejase aquella dificultosa y peligrosa empresa, pudo más en el pecho del qristiano emperador el celo de la religion católica, para emprenderla, que los vanos y aparentes temores que le ponian, para dejarla. Y como el se movió por Dios y confió en El, así Dios le dió felicísimo suceso, y tan señalada vitoria de todos los herejes, gus enemigos, que se puede tener por una de las más excelentes que jamas él alcanzó, con haber alcanzado tantas y tan esclarecidas. Y el mismo emperador la reconoció del Señor, como las demas, cuando, vencido el Duque de Sajonia, con humilde reconocimiento y piadoso agradecimiento dijo aquellas palabras de Julio Cesar: Ven¿, vidi, y no, como él, vici, mas Deus vicit; vine, v¿ y Dios venció. Y por eso el papa Paulo III deste nombre, escribiéndule y dando el parabien de tan insigne vitoria, le llamó cn sus letras apostólicas emperador máximo y fortisimo.
Y por concluir este capítulo con un ejemplo bien fresco y sabido, de Estéban Battoro, que de un pobre caballero vino á ser vaivoda de Transilvania y sefior de aquel estado, en el cual fué muy combatido de los herejes que hay en cl, que son niuchos, para que los favoreciese y dicsé libertad; y él, por razon sola de estado y de los políticos, lo hubiera de hacer, para tenerlos gratos y estar más seguro; pero, como era príncipe católico, tuvo más cuenta con la religion, y por esta fidelidad, Dios le escogió, en competencia de otros muchos y muy grandes principes, por rey de Polonia, y le dió muchas y muy ilustres vitorias y le hizo ¿glorioso en toda la tierra; porque su más principal cuidado era sanar las llagas de los herejes y animar á los católicos, y conservar y propagar la verliudera y apostólica dotrina, y con ella el amor y temor santo del Señor; el cual cumple muy bien lo que dijo al profeta Samuel: «Yo glorificaré al que me honráre, mas los que me menospreciaren serán deshonrados y viles.» Destos ejemplos están llenas las historias, y podriamos aqui tracr muchos m8, si los que habemos referido no fuesen suficientes
Scripture echoes
- ↩Ps.22.28;Dan.2.21;Rev.11.15 — All the ends of the earth will remember and turn back to the LORD, and all the families of the nations will bow down before you. Dan.2.21 — And it is He who changes the times and the seasons; He removes kings and sets up kings; He gives wisdom to the wise and knowledge to those who have understanding. Rev.11.15 — And the seventh angel sounded his trumpet, and there were loud voices in heaven, saying, 'The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ, and he will reign forever and ever.'
- ↩Ps.31.5 — Into your hand I commit my spirit; you have redeemed me, O LORD, faithful God.
- ↩1Sam.2.30 — Therefore, declares the LORD, the God of Israel: 'I promised that your house and your father's house would walk before me forever. But now, declares the LORD, far be it from me! For those who honor me I will honor, and those who despise me will be held in contempt.'
Notes
- 1 ↩Source reading "quo" treated as "que" ("who").
- 2 ↩Sentence continues the indirect object of s1's "dió" ("He gave"); rendered as a parallel list that can stand alone.
- 3 ↩"felicidad" rendered as "good fortune" (prosperous success), not mere emotional happiness, matching the political-exemplary sense.
- 4 ↩Source reading "do" treated as "de" ("of").
- 5 ↩After "por haber tenido más" the source appears lacunate before "Alarico"; the bracketed completion supplies the chapter's governing contrast (religion over false reason of state) so the exemplum can be read. The Alaric–Honorius narrative itself is clear.
- 6 ↩"los desbarataba y confundia" taken as the enemies (not the imperial pair), which the causal clause "porque confiaban en El" requires.
- 7 ↩Normalized obvious print/OCR errors in the Spanish witness: 'razon do estado' → razón de estado; 'quisicron' → quisieron; 'valcrosos' → valerosos; 'Señior' → Señor. 'Joviniano' rendered as the emperor Jovian (Jovianus), not the heretic Jovinian.
- 8 ↩'gracia del Emperador' is imperial favor/good graces, not theological grace.
- 9 ↩'mercció' read as mereció. Spanish 'Vuelerico y Richerio' taken as Saints Walaric (Valery/Walaricus) and Richarius (Riquier), the usual Capetian hagiographic pair; forms are uncertain in this witness.
- 10 ↩'ya há sciscientos años' read as 'ya ha seiscientos años' (already some six hundred years).
- 11 ↩'conde do Habspurg' read as conde de Habsburg (Rudolph of Habsburg).
- 12 ↩Corrected 'apartádoso' → apartádose; 'á pic' → a pie; 'con ¿l' → con él; 'Rey do los reyes' → Rey de los reyes. 'en cuerpo' rendered as without his cloak (stripped of outer covering), the ordinary Spanish sense opposite the borrowed cape.
- 13 ↩'Santísimo Sacramento del altar' kept as the Most Holy Sacrament of the altar (Eucharistic specificity preserved).
- 14 ↩Source reads «Sefor»; treated as a corruption of «Señor» (the Lord), which alone fits sense and parallel usage in this chapter.
- 15 ↩«conciertos» rendered as «agreements» (treaties/pacts), not musical concerts; «doncellas» as «maidens»; «corderas» kept as «ewes» to preserve the wolf/sheep figure.
- 16 ↩«cuyo reinado» most naturally points to the last-named king, Fernando the Saint; «en ellos» to the Spanish kingdoms just named.
- 17 ↩Source reads "cn la cuna"; translated as the clear intended reading "en la cuna" ("in the cradle").
- 18 ↩Source "á quien do derecho le venía" treated as "á quien de derecho le venía" ("to whom by right it belonged").
- 19 ↩Source "don Rui Lopez de valos" rendered as the historical name Ruy López de Dávalos; "delos grandes" as "de los grandes".
- 20 ↩"por ella" refers to "la fidelidad" in the previous sentence; rendered as "for that fidelity".
- 21 ↩Normalized corruptions in the source reading: qua→que, aliora→ahora, purldad→pureza (or pureza de la fe).
- 22 ↩«la conjuró» rendered as bound her under oath / adjured her; the force is a solemn confessor's charge, not a political plot.
- 23 ↩Opening printer/OCR debris «Pp, R,» omitted as non-textual. Corrected «agúelos»→«abuelos», «aqueMa»→«aquella», «gloriosisimo»→«gloriosísimo».
- 24 ↩Corrected «qristiano»→«cristiano».
- 25 ↩Corrected «gus enemigos»→«sus enemigos».
- 26 ↩Restored corrupted Latin tag and Spanish gloss: «Ven¿, vidi»→«Veni, vidi»; «vine, v¿»→«vine, vi». The contrast is Caesar's «vici» vs. Charles's «Deus vicit».
- 27 ↩«la reconoció del Señor, como las demas» refers to the victory (and his victories generally) as God's gift, not the emperor's own doing.
- 28 ↩Corrected «cn»→«en», «escribiéndule»→«escribiéndole», «fortisimo»→«fortísimo». «Emperador máximo y fortísimo» rendered as the honorific titles the pope applied.
- 29 ↩Source OCR corruptions normalized for sense: sefior→señor; cl→él; niuchos→muchos; dicsé→diese; ¿glorioso→glorioso; verliudera→verdadera; dotrina→doctrina. Estéban Battoro rendered as Stephen Báthory (István Báthory).
- 30 ↩Source OCR: tracr→traer; m8→más (many more).
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit