Prosigue el capítulo pasado.
The Peril of False Reason of State
The author introduces the dangers of prioritizing political expediency over divine law, illustrated by the ruin of King Witiza.
Let's set aside the sacred writings and look at a few examples from later history. The infamous and detestable Witiza, king of Spain, after giving free rein to his appetites and turning the false clemency he first promised into a real and unnatural cruelty; after removing, by his example and by his words and laws, the restraint of honesty and shame from his whole kingdom, and obedience to the Pope, and respect and reverence toward God, sunk and drowned in a deep abyss of wickedness, and tormented by the executioner of his evil conscience, began to fear that his kingdom would rise against him, and that the cities and strongholds would rebel and take up arms to strip him of the crown, which he was as greedy for as he was unworthy of it.12 To cut off this threat and secure himself, he used a false reason of state to order the city walls torn down and the kingdom's strongest fortified towns dismantled. He claimed that under his rule there would be great peace and that there was nothing to fear wherever he was, but in truth, he was only trying to secure his crown.3 But because he was utterly unworthy of the crown and his counsel was so perverse and contrary to God and all reason, it didn't end well for him. He was stripped of his kingdom and his sight, met a wretched end, and left the country so unprovisioned, weak, and disarmed that it couldn't resist the Moors when they invaded during the reign of his successor, King Don Rodrigo. Our Lord, for the sins of the bad king and the kingdom, intended to punish it with the hard yoke and miserable, long bondage of so many years.4
Historical Warnings for Princes
A series of historical examples—Charles of Burgundy, Ludovico Sforza, and John Frederick of Saxony—demonstrates how abandoning God for political intrigue leads to disaster.
Duke Charles of Burgundy, whom they called the Bold and Daring, was at war with René, Duke of Lorraine, and had almost already stripped him of his state; and while he was besieging Nancy, its capital, he learned that Louis XI, king of France, his enemy, meant to send his army to relieve that town, on which the whole of the victory and the good progress of other gains he hoped for depended; and being unable by any other means to divert the King and draw him away from friendship with the Duke of Lorraine, for reason of state he handed over to him Louis, Count of Saint-Pol, who was Constable of France and a leading and powerful lord—one who had served Charles in great affairs and been a great minister and counselor of that same King of France, and, fallen from his favor and fearing his wrath, had put himself into Charles's hands under his faith and word so that Charles would protect him—because King Louis was so angry at the Count and so eager to punish him that he would abandon his purpose and stop relieving Nancy for no other reason, despite the kinship and alliance he had with the Duke of Lorraine, except for the delivery of the Count, for which, also by reason of state, he set aside the obligations he had to favor the Duke of Lorraine.5 The Count was handed over and beheaded in Paris in 1475. Historians note that from that moment on, nothing went well for Charles; instead, everything turned against him. The following year, he was routed and killed by the Swiss. Because the decision to hand over the Count had sprung from the false reason of state favored by politicians rather than from the law of God, God abandoned him and punished him with such a disastrous and pitiful end. Ludovico Sforza, whom they called the Moor, duke of Milan, wanting to secure that state which by foul tricks he had taken from his nephew Gian Galeazzo, and to avenge himself on King Alonso of Naples, by a false reason of state spun and plotted and wove a web that, when he wanted to unravel it, he could not—and it cost him his state, his freedom, and his life.6 He urged Charles VIII, king of France, to enter Italy with a powerful army, undertake the conquest of the kingdom of Naples, and strip King Alonso of it, and he offered to serve him and help him. King Charles arrived and took the kingdom of Naples, though he soon lost it. Ludovico, having second thoughts, joined other Italian leaders to try and block the King's return. The King managed to break through during the hard-fought battle of the Taro, an event French and Italian historians describe in very different ways. And what Ludovico gained from his counsel was that he lost his state, was sold out by his own soldiers, was taken prisoner by the French dressed as a Swiss mercenary, and was put in an iron cage, where he ended his life wretchedly—leaving us a memorable example as a warning to every prince who, in his counsels, does not look to God.78 He had been so proud and pleased with his own greatness and prosperity that he called himself the son of Fortune. But when she turned her back on him and cast him down from the height of her fickle, spinning wheel, he learned that she has no stability, and that the more she smiles on us, the more she deceives us.9 Let's add to the examples of these dukes that of another, more recent one. John Frederick, Duke of Saxony, greatly desired—as I understand it—to wrest the empire from the house of Austria, because it seemed to him that it was becoming hereditary in that house. He shared this desire with Martin Luther, who advised him that if he wanted to change the state, he should change the religion.10 Following this bad counsel, he took that same Luther as the instrument of his wickedness, and began to encourage him and favor his sect and errors, and to corrupt the Catholic religion in his realm; and not content with this, he rebelled against the Emperor Charles V, his rightful lord, and made war on him and sought to drive him out of Germany.11 What he gained from this counsel and mad reason of state was that the Emperor defeated him, took him prisoner, and stripped him of his domain, deprived him of the dignity of Elector of the Empire, and gave and permanently transferred it to Duke Maurice, cousin of Duke John Frederick, and to his house, which holds it to this day.
The Tragedy of Religious Compromise
The author examines the catastrophic results of French kings and the Queen of Scotland compromising their faith for political alliances, emphasizing that God's judgment transcends human logic.
The kings of France, Francis I and his son Henry II, though they were Catholic princes, while waging a very hard war against Emperor Charles V, king of the Spains, for reasons of state— the one allied himself with the Turk and tried to have his fleets ravage the coasts and seaboards of the Emperor’s kingdoms; and the other made a league with the Protestant heretics of Germany against that same Emperor, as the French historians themselves record.12 What they gained from these alliances was this: the Turkish fleets accomplished nothing of real consequence against the Emperor, and while stationed at Toulon, they laid waste to the entire region and learned the ports and defenses of France so they could use that knowledge whenever they wanted to attack; meanwhile, the Protestant heretics and German princes who rebelled against the Emperor were humbled and defeated.13 And because of these confederations and friendships with the Turks and with the heretics, and because of our other sins, our Lord has allowed a most noble, most powerful, and most Christian kingdom to be so miserably afflicted and burned with the blaze of hellish fire that neither with prayers, nor with tears, nor with the rivers of blood shed in so many more-than-cruel wars has it been possible, even to this day, to put it out; on the contrary, it has grown worse and spread farther through what King Henry III, son of Henry II and grandson of Francis I, did when, by this deceitful reason of state, he ordered the killing of Henry of Lorraine, duke of Guise, and of his brother Cardinal Louis of Lorraine, at the assembly of Blois this past year of 1588, thinking that with the deaths of these two brothers and valiant princes he would clear away the troubles of his whole kingdom and be feared and obeyed by everyone without resistance or contradiction. But because the counsel he took came from politicians and Machiavellians rather than the law of the Lord, by His just judgment King Henry himself died at the hand of a poor friar—a young, simple man—from a wound inflicted with a small knife in the King’s own chamber, even while the King was surrounded by servants and armed men, and possessed a powerful army with which he intended to lay waste to the city of Paris within a few days.14 Has there ever been an example in the world like this—so new, so strange, and unheard of among those who have ever been born? This is a strange example, but the one that follows is just as striking. I want to include it here as a French author wrote it, addressing Henry III, the King of France we just mentioned. He paints a vivid picture of the state of the king's realm and, above all else, urges him to consider religion, saying: "But the example you should keep most in mind is that of the Queen of Scotland, your good sister. Having died through the treachery, violence, and cruelty of her faithless aunt, Elizabeth of England, for the honor of her God and in constant profession of the Catholic religion, I can only regard her as a true martyr."15 Yet, for all this, we must consider one very remarkable thing in her life that may well have caused her great hardships: while she was in her kingdom of Scotland, she tolerated heresies against the judgment of good Catholics, and she would not have the bastard Stuart put to death, even though he was their leader, because she followed the advice of politicians. It was soon foretold to her that her life would pay for the life of that bastard—as it did, though some years later.1617 It is a memorable example and one to be feared, for God is always the same, jealous of his glory, and his hand is always powerful."✦ This is all that the author says. In this example, you can see how different God's judgments are from those of men. When the Queen of Scotland, for reasons of state, turned a blind eye to the heretics in her kingdom—they were many and powerful, and she was a young, inexperienced woman who followed the advice of those around her, who told her it was better to be mild than to lose everything—these are all things that might excuse her in our eyes.✦ But the Lord, who is most jealous—✦18
Read the original Latin
Dejemos las sagradas letras, y digamos algunos pocos ejemplos de lo que despues ha sucedido. El infame y detestable Witiza, rey de España, despues de haber dejado la rienda á sus apetitos, y trocado la falsa clemencia que al principio prometia, en una verdadera y extraña crueldad; despues de haber quitado con su ejemplo y con sus palabras y leyes el freno de la honestidad y vergienza á todo su reino, y la obediencia al Papa, y el respeto y reverencia á Dios, sumido y anegado en un profundo abismo de maldades, y atormentado del verdugo do su mala conciencia, comenzó á temer que su reino no se levantase contra él, y que las ciudades y plazas fuertes no se rebelasen y tomasen las armas para quitarle la corona, de la cual era tan codicioso como indigno. Para atajar esto daño y asegurar esto peligro, por razon falsa de estado, mandó derribar los muros de las ciudades y desmantelar las villas cercadas y más fuertes de su reino, diciendo que en él habria gran paz, y que donde él estaba no habia que temer; pero verdaderamente para asegurar su corona. Mas como él era indignísimo della, y el consejo que tomó, tan perverso y contrario á Dios y á toda razon, no le salió bien; porque fué privado del reino y de la vista, y acabó miserablemente, y dejó el reino tan desproveido, flaco y desarmado, que no pudo hacer resistencia á los moros cuando, en tiempo del rey don Rodrigo, succesor de Witiza, entraron y sujetaron á España, queriendo nuestro Señor, por pecados del mal rey y del reino, castigarle con el duro yugo y miserable y larga servidumbre de tantos años.
El duque Cárlos de Borgoña, que llamaron el Animoso y Osado, traia guerra con Renato, duque de Lorena, y casi ya le habia desposeido de su estado; y teniendo cercado á Nancí, cabeza del, entendió que Ludovico, undécimo rey de Francia, su enemigo, queria enviar su ejército para socorrer aquella villa, de la cual dependia la suma de la vitoria y el buen progreso de otras que esperaba; y no pudiendo por otro camino divertir al Rey y apartarle de la amistad del Duque de Lorena, por razon de estado le entregó á Ludovico, conde do San Paulo, que era condestable de Francia, y un señor principal y poderoso, que le habia servido en grandes cosas, y sido gran ministro y consejero del mismo Rey de Francia, y caido de su gracia, y temiendo su ira, se habia puesto en las manos de Cárlos, debajo de su fe y palabra, para que le amParase; porque estaba el rey Ludovico tan enojado contra el Conde, y tan deseoso de castigarle, que por ninguna otra cosa queria desistir de su intento y dejar de socorrer á Nancí, per el deudo y alianza que tenía con el Duque de Lorena, sino por la entrega del Conde, que por ella, tambien por razon de estado, posponia las obligaciones que tenfa de favorecer al Duque de Lorena. Entregóse el Conde, y cortáronle la cabeza en Paris, el año de mil y cuatrocientos y setenta y cinco. Pero notan los historiadores que desde aquel punto nunca á Cárlos le sucedió cosa próspera, ántes todas le fueron adversas, y el año siguiente fué desbaratado y muerto de los suizos; porque, como el consejo que tomó de entregar al Conde habia nacido de la falsa razon de estado de los politicos, y no de la ley de Dios, así el mismo Dios le dejó y castigó con tan desastrado y lastimoso suceso.
Ludovico Esforza, que llamaron el Moro, duque de Milan, queriendo establecer aquel estado, que por malas mañas habia quitado á Juan Galeazo, su sobrino, y vengarse del rey don Alonso de Nápoles, por razon falsa de estado urdió y tramó y teJió una tela, que cuando quiso destejerla, no pudo, y le costó el estado, la libertad y la vida. Solicitó á Cárlos VIII, rey de Francia, que entrase con poderoso ejército en Italia y que hiciese la empresa del reino de Nápoles, y despojase al rey don Alonso, y ofrecióse de servirle y ayudarle. Vino el rey Cárlos, tomó el reino de Nápoles, aunque presto le perdió, y arrepentido Ludovico, juntándose con los otros potentados de Italia, pretendió á la vuelta estorbar el paso al Rey, el cual al fin pasó con aquella reñida batalla del Taro, de la cual tan diferentemente hablan los historiadores franceses é italianos. Y lo que ganó Ludovico de su consejo fut, que perdió su estado y fué vendido de sus mismos soldados, y preso, en hábito de esguízaro, de los franceses, y puesto en una jaula de hierro, donde acabó miserablemente su vida, dejándonos un ejemplo memorable, para escarmiento de todos los principes que en sus consejos no miran á Dios. Pues él, que estaba tan ufano y pagado con su grandeza y prosperidad, que se llamaba hijo de la fortuna, cuando ella lo volvió las espaldas y le derribó de lo alto de su rueda inconstante y presurosa, conoció que no tiene firmeza y que cuanto más se nos rio, inás nos engaña.
Juntemos con los ejemplos destos duques el de otro duque más moderno. Juan Federico, duque de Sajonia, deseó mucho, á lo que yo he entendido, sacar el imperio de la casa de Austria, porque le parecia que se iba haciendo hereditario en ella. Comunicó este su deseo con Martin Lutero, el cual le aconsejó que si queria mudar el estado, mudase la religion. Siguiendo este mal consejo, temó al mismo Lutero por instrumento de su maldad, y comenzó á alentarle y favorecer su secta y errores, y á pervertir la religion católica en su estado; y no contentándose con esto, se rebeló contra el emperador don Cárlos V, su legitimo señor, y le hizo guerra y pretendió echarle de Alemania. Lo que ganó deste consejo y loca razon de estado fué, que el Emperador le venció y prendió y quitó el estado, y le privó de la dignidad de elector del imperio, y la dió y traspasó perpetuamente al duque Mauricio, primo del duque Juan Federico, y á su casa, que hoy dia posee.
Los reyes de Francia, Francisco 1 y Enrico II, su hijo, con ser príncipes católicos, trayendo guerra muy reñida con el emperador Cárlos V, rey de las Españas, por razon de estado, el uno se cunfederó con el Turco, y procuró que con sus armadas infestase las marinas y costas do los reinos del Emperador; y el otro hizo liga con los herejes protestantes de Alemania contra el mismo Emperador, como lo escriben los mismos historiadores franceses. Lo que ganaron destas ligas y confederaciones fué, que las armadas del Turco no hicieron efeto importante contra el Emperador, y él tiempo que estuvieron en Tolon destruyeron toda aquella comarca y tomaron noticia de los puertos y fuerzas de Francia, para servirse della cuando la quisiesen asaltar; y los protestantes y principes de Alemania herejes, que se rebelaron contra el Emperador, fueron humillados y vencidos. Y por estas confederaciones y amistades con los turcos y con los herejes, y por otros pecados nuestros, ha permitido nuestro Señor que un reino nobilísimo, poderosisimo y cristianísimo esté tan miserablemente afligido y abrasado con el incendio de fuego infernal, que ni con oraciones, ni con lágrimas, ni con los rios de sangre que en tantas guerras más que crueles se han derramado, hasta ahora no se ha podido apagar; ántes le ha acrecentado y crecido con lo que el rey Enrique el Tercero, hijo de Enrique el Segundo y nieto de Francisco el Primero, hizo cuando por esta engañosa razon de estado mandó matar á Enrique de Lorena, duque de Guisa, y á su hermano el cardenal Luis de Lorena, en la asamblea de Bles, este año pasado de mil y quinientos y ochenta y ocho, pensando que con la muerte destos dos hermanos y valerosos principes allanaria las dificultades de todo su reino, y sería temido y obedecido de todos, sin repugnancia y contradicion. Pero, como el consejo que tomó fué de politicos y maquiavelistas, no regulado ¿on la ley del Señor, por su justo juicio vino á morir el mismo rey Enrique por mano de un pobre fraile, mozo, simple y llauo, de una herida que le dió con un cuchillo pequeño, en su mismo aposento, estando el Rey rodeado de criados y de gente armada, y con un ejército poderoso, con el cual pensaba asolar dentro de pocos dias la ciudad de París. ¿Ha habido en el mundo ejemplo como éste, tan nuevo y tan extraño, y jamas oido de los nacidos?
Extraño ejemplo es éste, pero no lo es ménos el que s0 sigue, el cual quiero poner aquí, ccmo lo escribe un autor frances, hablando con este Enrique 111, rey de Francia, de quien acabamos de hablar, y pintándole muy al vivo el estado de su reino, y exhortándole, ante todas cosas, á tener cuenta con la religion, le dice: «Pero el ejemplo que más debeis tener en la memoria es el de la reina de Escocia, vuestra buena hermana, la cual habiendo muerto por traicion, violencia y crueldad de su pérfida tia Isabel de Inglaterra, por la honra de su Dios, en la profesion constante de la religion católica, no puedo tenerla sino por verdadera mártir. Y no obstante esto, debemos considerar en su vida una cosa muy notable, que pudo ser causa de sus grandes trabajos, y es, que estando en 8u reino de Escocia toleró las herejías, contra el parecer de los buenos católicos, y no quiso que matasen al bastardo Stuard, que era cabeza dellas, por seguir el consejo de los politicos; y así luégo le fué pronosticado que su vida pagaria por la vida del bastardo, como pagó, aunque algunos años despues. Que es ejemplo memorable y mucho para temer, pues Dios siempre es el mismo y celoso de su gloria, y su mano siempre poderosa.» Todo esto dice este autor.
En este ejemplo se ve cuán diferentes son los juícios de Dios y los de los hombres; porque la Reina de Escocia, cuando por razon de estado disimuló con los herejes de su reino, ellos eran muchos y poderosos, y ella mujer y moza y sin experiencia, y siguió el consejo de los que tenía á su lado, y le decian que era mejor usar de blandura que perderlo todo, que son todas cosas que en nuestros ojos la pudieran excusar. Mas el Señor, que es celosísi-
Scripture echoes
- ↩Exod.20.5;Deut.4.24 — You shall not bow down to them or serve them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, to the third and fourth generations of those who hate Me. Deut.4.24 — For the LORD your God is a consuming fire, a jealous God.
- ↩Isa.55.8-Isa.55.9 — For my thoughts are not your thoughts, and your ways are not my ways, declares the LORD. Isa.55.9 — For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts.
- ↩Exod.20.5;Deut.4.24 — You shall not bow down to them or serve them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, to the third and fourth generations of those who hate Me. Deut.4.24 — For the LORD your God is a consuming fire, a jealous God.
Notes
- 1 ↩Source reading 'verdugo do su mala conciencia' treated as 'verdugo de su mala conciencia' (executioner of his evil conscience).
- 2 ↩After 'temer', older Spanish often uses pleonastic 'no' before the subjunctive; context (fear of rebellion) requires 'would rise / would rebel,' not 'would not.'
- 3 ↩Source 'esto daño' / 'esto peligro' read as 'este daño' / 'este peligro' (this harm / this danger).
- 4 ↩Source 'succesor' treated as 'sucesor' (successor).
- 5 ↩Normalized several likely OCR corruptions in the Spanish: 'cabeza del' as 'cabeza de él' (its capital); 'conde do San Paulo' as Count of Saint-Pol; 'amParase' as 'amparase' (protect him); 'per el deudo' as 'por el deudo'; 'tenfa' as 'tenía'.
- 6 ↩Source surface teJió is treated as tejió ('wove'), completing the weave metaphor with urdió / tramó / tejió.
- 7 ↩Source fut is treated as fue ('was'): 'Y lo que ganó Ludovico de su consejo fue...'.
- 8 ↩esguízaro denotes a Swiss (Schwyzer) soldier/mercenary; rendered 'Swiss mercenary' for period sense.
- 9 ↩Source inás is treated as más ('the more'); lo volvió las espaldas read as le volvió las espaldas ('turned her back on him').
- 10 ↩Spanish 'estado' here can mean both the political order and the prince's dominion; rendered as 'state' to keep the pointed pairing with 'religion' (mudar el estado / mudase la religion).
- 11 ↩Source prints 'temó' ('he feared'); the sense and syntax require 'tomó' ('he took') with 'por instrumento'—'took Luther as the instrument of his wickedness.' Translated on that corrected reading.
- 12 ↩Source readings normalized: cunfederó→confederó; do los reinos→de los reinos.
- 13 ↩Source readings normalized: efeto→efecto; él tiempo→el tiempo.
- 14 ↩Normalized corrupt reading «no regulado ¿on la ley» as «no regulado con la ley» (not regulated by the law); also llauo→llano (plain/simple).
- 15 ↩Source OCR/print noise corrected for sense: «s0» → se; «ccmo» → como; «Enrique 111» → Enrique III (Henry III), matching the chapter’s prior reference to Henry III of France.
- 16 ↩Source OCR noise «8u» read as «su» (her).
- 17 ↩«bastardo Stuard» is retained as the source’s pejorative designation (historically pointing to the illegitimate Stewart/Stuart factional leadership around Mary’s reign, often identified with James Stewart, Earl of Moray).
- 18 ↩Source ends mid-word at a hyphenation break: «celosísi-». Completed as celosísimo (‘most jealous’), the only plausible reading; the clause is otherwise truncated and incomplete.
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit