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Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince)/Book 1 · Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano — Libro Primero: De la religión que debe tener el príncipe
Chapter 14PrincipeCristiano.1.14

Pruébase con algunos ejemplos que los príncipes que siguen la razon falsa de estado destruyen sus estados y señoríos.

The Peril of False Reason

The author introduces the thesis that prioritizing human political calculation over divine law leads to the ruin of kingdoms.

St. Thomas said with great gravity that wisdom and power are sisters and companions of true religion, and that when religion fails, they necessarily must fail too; and this is the greatest truth—not only because the provinces and kingdoms where religion flourishes also flourish together in wisdom and power, but because any prince who turns aside from this rule, and in his counsel looks more to the false reason of state than to the law of God, must necessarily lose his state, his prudence, and his power.1 In this chapter, let's look at examples of kings and princes who, by wanting to govern their kingdoms and domains through human prudence and this false concept they call reason of state rather than by the law and will of God, ruined themselves. By the very path they thought would preserve their states and kingdoms, they lost them and brought them to an end.2

The Idolatry of Jeroboam

Jeroboam's attempt to secure his throne through false religion and political manipulation resulted in the total destruction of his house.

Jeroboam, a servant of Solomon, was made king of the ten tribes that God took from Rehoboam because of the sins of King Solomon, his father, just as He Himself had threatened him, sending him the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite and warning him that if he wanted to keep the kingdom of Israel lasting in his house, he should guard God's commandments with great vigilance and walk in the paths of justice and truth.3 And though he ought to have done just that, and remembered that God had raised him from a poor servant of Solomon to so high a dignity, and that as the Lord had taken the kingdom from his master for his sins, He would also take it from him if he offended Him—forgetting all this, swollen with his greatness, and eager to keep it and pass it on to his descendants, he sought another human means, drawn from the false reason of state, which proved his total ruin and destruction. It seemed to Jeroboam that, since Rehoboam was Solomon's legitimate heir and the natural king and lord, the people would always feel affection for him and would be more inclined to follow him than Jeroboam; and that if, on top of that, the people went to pray and sacrifice in the temple Solomon had built with such magnificence (as God commanded), it would give occasion for their hearts to change, return to obedience to Rehoboam, kill Jeroboam, and for him to lose both his life and the kingdom; and on the other hand, that he could not order the people not to go sacrifice in Jerusalem, because they would take that badly.4 So, what was the remedy? Let the reason of state answer that. The remedy was to keep the people away from the temple of God and from going back and forth to Jerusalem; and because he could not keep the kingdom without religion, ceremonies, and sacrifices, to set these up in other places, where, once the people had what they needed, they would have no need to go to Jerusalem, and would forget Rehoboam and even God.5 To this end, he ordered two golden calves to be made and gave them to the people as gods, placing one in Bethel and the other in Dan for the people's convenience. He appointed his own priests, who were not from the tribe of Levi; he instituted his own feasts and solemnities modeled after those God had ordained; and finally, with this display of false religion, he corrupted his kingdom and caused it to forget the true religion and worship the Lord had given it.6 This was Jeroboam's counsel and scheme—this was the political reason of state he found to keep the kingdom in his house. But let's see how it turned out for him.7 After the Lord warned him through a prophet, and the hand with which he meant to seize the man for rebuking him withered, and the altar was smashed to pieces, and he saw other signs and other threats from the Lord—blind and carried away by his ambition—he did not repent or turn back to God. And so he was punished, and he and his whole house were rooted out of the land for this sin, as Holy Scripture says in these words: «For this cause the house of Jeroboam sinned, and it was torn up and laid waste from the face of the earth.»8 And Nadab, Jeroboam's son, who reigned two years in Israel, was killed by Baasha, who put all of Jeroboam's line to the sword and left no man of it alive, just as God had threatened him through the prophet Ahijah.9 That was the end of the counsel Jeroboam took by reason of state, when he tried to keep without God—or, better said, against God—the kingdom that God Himself had given him by His free grace.

The Distrust of King Asa

King Asa, once favored by God, suffered loss and unrest when he chose to rely on human alliances and sacrilege rather than divine protection.

Now let's look at another example: another king who was good and at first favored by God, and afterward distrustful—and for that distrust punished by the same God. In the book of Chronicles, we read that Asa, king of Judah, was very devout and his heart was wholly with God. In reward for his obedience and his zeal for religion, the Lord gave him peace for many years, not allowing his enemies to make war on him or rise against him. Once, when Zerah, king of Ethiopia, came against him with an innumerable army of a million men, Asa turned to the Lord and begged for His help. God heard him and helped him so effectively that He caused a great slaughter among the enemies, wiping them out, plundering their camps, and destroying their cities. The sacred text says the enemies were routed and undone because the Lord was striking them and His army was fighting against them.10 Things went very well for King Asa that time because he dealt with God and put his trust in Him. But another time, when Baasha, king of Israel—who was allied with Ben-hadad, king of Syria, a Gentile and very powerful—was making war on him, Asa feared that if the two kings joined forces against him he alone could not resist them, because his strength was not so great; and, forgetting the strength God had given him against Zerah, king of Ethiopia, and the pledges he had for trusting in Him, he decided, by a false reason of state, to pull Ben-hadad, king of Syria, away from friendship with the king of Israel, his enemy, by negotiation and cunning, and to draw him into alliance with himself; and so that Ben-hadad would do it more willingly (for interest and advantage are usually very powerful in the counsel of princes), he sent him great treasures and gifts; and because his own wealth was not enough for so great an expense, he made use of the riches and treasure of the temple; and with this the king of Syria broke off friendship with the king of Israel and made war on him, and came to King Asa’s aid, and Asa was freed from the danger he feared and very pleased with the good reason of state he thought he had taken, and because he had broken the bond and friendship between the two kings, his enemies, and had made himself a brother and ally of the one against the other.11 But the Lord, who sees into our hearts and wants us to trust in Him, sent the prophet Hanani to King Asa. He told him that because he had put his hope in the king of Syria—a Gentile—rather than in his own God, the Lord had withheld a great victory He would have otherwise granted him over that same Syrian king. If Asa hadn't allied himself with him, the Syrian would have come to fight for the king of Israel and would have been defeated and routed by King Asa, just as the king of Ethiopia had been before, even though his army was stronger and larger than the Syrian king's could ever have been.12 The prophet added, "The eyes of the Lord roam over the whole earth, giving strength to those who believe in Him with perfect love and heart. You have acted foolishly, and because of this sin, you will live in unrest from now on, and many wars will rise against you." This is what the Holy Spirit says, to teach us how much more the counsel taken with God is worth than all the reasons of state without Him. Asa’s fault wasn't in seeking help or support—for these can and should be sought with Christian prudence—but in seeking them from an idolatrous Gentile king who was an enemy of God. He trusted more in that king's power than in God's, allied himself with him, and, to win his favor, offered him the treasures of the temple and the sanctuary of the Lord.13

The Fatal Counsel of the Pharisees

The Jewish leaders' decision to kill Christ to preserve their nation backfired, leading to the very destruction they sought to avoid.

After the Pharisees and the Jewish leaders saw the miracle Jesus Christ our Redeemer had performed in raising Lazarus, and realized that because of him and the other wonders he was doing every day the whole crowd was following him, they met in council and asked, "What are we going to do?"14 How can we sleep? Don't you see that this man is performing many miracles? If we leave him alone and don't tie his hands, the whole world will believe in him, and the Romans will come against us and against our city, and they'll easily take it and destroy it; because there will be no one to defend it, since this man and those who follow him are, as they are, so opposed and hostile to it and to our holy temple.15 So what remedy can we find for such a great evil? Let one man die so that not all die, and with the death of one we'll secure our lives and those of our wives and children"; and so they resolved, by a false reason of state, to take the life of the Author of life. What did they gain by this? How did this plan turn out for them? Christ died on a cross, and through his most blessed Passion the whole world believed in Him; and in vengeance for his death, God ordered that the Romans should come, besiege and press hard upon the city, enter it, and lay it waste so that not one stone of it was left upon another, and that one of the gravest and most horrible punishments ever inflicted in the world should fall on the Jews, as the histories that treat of it testify.16 So it was that by the very path they thought would preserve their city, they lost it; and the counsel they took against God, by reason of state, became their destruction and their own sword.17 And if they had looked to the Lord and considered that that man was holy and innocent, that he shone with great and singular miracles, that through them God was converting the nations and bringing them to knowledge of Himself, and that since this was God's work, when all believed in Him and followed him the same God under whose shelter and protection they lived would defend them—they would have believed in Christ, received him as their Messiah, and saved themselves and their city.18

Read the original Latin

Muy gravemente dijo santo Tomas que la sabiduría y la potencia son hermanas y compañcras de la verdadera religion, y que en faltando la religion, necesariamente ellas han de faltar; lo cual es grandísima verdad, no solamente porque las provincias y reinos en que florece la religion, florecen juntamente en la sabiduría y poder; pero porque cualquiera principe que se desvia desta regla, y en sus consejos mira más á la falsa razon de estado que á la ley de Dios, necesariamente ha de perder el estado, la prudencia y el poder. Desenvolvamos algunos ejemplos de reyes y príncipes en este capitulo, los ciales, queriendo gobernar sus reinos y estados con prudencia humana y con esta falsa razon que llaman de estado, más que con la ley y acuerdo de Dios, se arruinaron, y por el mismo camino que pensaron conservar sus estados y reinos, los perdieron y acabaron.

Jeroboan, criado de Salomon, fué hecho rey de los diez tribus que Dios quitó á Roboan por los pecados del rey Salomon, su padre, como él mismo se lo habia amenazado, y enviádole al profeta Achías, silonita, y amonestádole que si quería perpetuar el reino de Israel en su casa, guardase con gran “Iigllancia sus mandamientos y caminase por las sendas de la justicia y verdad. Y habiéndolo de hacer asi, y acordarse que de un pobre criado de Salomon, Dios le habia levantado á tan alta dignidad, y que como el Señor habia quitado á su amo el reino por sus pecados, tambicn se le quitaria á él si le ofendiese; olvidado de todo esto, y desvanecido con su grandeza, y deseoso de conservarla y perpetuarla para sus descendientes, buscó otro medio humano, sacado de la razon falsa de estado, el cual fué su total ruina y destruicion. Pareció á Jeroboan que, siendo Roboan el legitimo heredero de Salomon y el natural rey y señor, el pueblo siempre le tendria aficion y se inclinaria más á seguirle que no á él; y que si se juntase á esto el ir el pueblo á orar y sacrificar eu el templo, que con tanta magnificencia habia edificado Salomon (como Dios lo mandaba), sería ocasion para que, trocado el corazon, volviese á la obediencia de Roboan y le matasen á él, y perdiese la vida y el reino; y por otra parte, que no podía él mandar al pueblo que no fiesen á sacrificar á Jerusalen, porque esto lo llevaria á mal. Pues ¿qué remedio? Digalo la razon de estado. El remedio fué apartar el pueblo del templo de Dios y de las idas y venidas de Jcrusalen; y porque no podia conservar el reino sin rcli— gion y ceremonias y sacrificios, ponerlo en otras partes, donde teniendo la gente lo que habia menester, no tuviese necesidad de irá Jerusalen, y se Olvidase de Roboan y áun de Dios. Para esto mandó fabricar dos becerros de oro y dióselos por dioses, y puso el uno en Bothel y el otro en Dan, para mayor comodidad del pueblo. Hizo sus sacerdotes, y no de la tribu de Leví; instituyó sus fiestas y solemnidades á semejanza de las que Dios habia ordenado, y finalmente, con esta representacion de falsa religion, pervirtió su reino y le hizo olvidar de la verdadera religion y culto que el Sefñior le habia dado.

Éste fué el consejo y la traza de Jeroboan, ésta fué la razon política de estado que él halló para perpetuar el reino en su casa; pero veamos cómo le sali“. Despues que el Señor le avisó con un profeta, y se le secó la mano con la cual le quiso tener porque le reprendia, y se hizo pedazos el altar, y vió otras señales y otras amenazas del Señor, ciego y arrebatado de su ambicion, no se arrepintió ni volvió á Dios, y así fué castigado y desarraigado cl y toda su casa de la tierra por este pecado, como lo dice la Sagrada Escritura por estas palabras: « Por esta causa pecó la casa de Jeroboan, y fué arrancada y asolada de sobre la haz de la tierra.» Y Nadab, hijo de Jeroboan, que reinó dos años en Israel, fué muerto por Baasa, el cual pasó á cuchillo toda la posteridad de Jeroboan y no dejó á vida hombre della, como Dios se lo habia amenazado por el profeta Azía. Este fué el fin del consejo que tomó Jeroboan por razon de estado, queriendo conservar sin Dios, ó por mejor decir, contra Dios, aquel reino que el mismo Dios por su bella gracia le habia dado. Veamos ahora otro ejemplo de otro rey bueno y al principio favorecido de Dios, y despues desconfiado, y por la desconfianza castigado del mismo Dios.

En el libro del Paralipomenon se lee que Asá, rey de Judá, fué muy piadoso, y su corazon entero para con Dios; y que el Señor, en pago de su obediencia y celo que tuvo de la religion, le dió muchos años paz, y no permitió que sus enemigos le hiciesen guerra y se levantasen contra él; y que una vez que Zará, rey de Etiopia, vino contra él con un ejército innumerable de un millon de hombres, Asá se volvió al Señor y le suplicó que le favoreciese, y Dios le oyó y favoreció de tal suerte, que hizo gran matanza en los enemigos y los aviquiló, y despojó sus reales y destruyó sus ciudales, y dice el texto sagrado que fueron desbaratados y deshiechos los enemigos, porque el Señor los heria y su ejército peleaba contra ellos. Esta vez le sucedió muy bien al rey Asá, porque negoció con Dios y tuvo su confianza en El. Mas otra vez, haciéndole guerra Baasa, rey de Israel, que estaba confederado con Benadab, rey do Siria, y era gentil y muy poderoso, temió Asá que si los dos reyes sc juntaban contra él, no podria ¿l solo resistirles por no ser tantas sus fuerzas; y olvidado de las que Dios leo habia dado contra Zará, rey de Etiopía, y do las prendas que tenía para confiar en Él, se determinó, por razon falsa de estado, de apartar con negociacion y maña á Benadab, rey de Siria, de la amistad del rey de Israel, su enemigo, y traerle y confederarle consigo; y para que lo hiciese de mejor gana (porque el interese y utilidad suele ser muy poderosa en el consejo de los príncipes), le envió grandes tesoros y dones; y porquo su hacienda no bastaba para tanto gasto, se aprovechó de las riquezas y tesoro del templo; y con esto, el Rey de Siria dejó la amistad del Rey de Israel y le hizo guerra, y socorrió al rey Asá, y él quedó libre del peligro que temia, y muy contento por el buen consejo de estado que habia tomado, y porque habia rompido el vínculo y amistad que tenían los dos reyes, sus enemigos, y hermanádose y hecho liga con el uno contra el otro.

Pero el Señor, que ve los corazones y quiere que confiemos en El, envió al rey Asá el profeta Hanani, que le dijese que porque habia tenido esperanza en el Rey de Siria, que era gentil, y no en su Dios, el Señor le habia quitado de las manos una gran vitoria que lo diera contra el mismo Rey de Siria; porque si no se hubiera confederado con él, luubiera venido á hacerle guerra en favor del Rey de Israel, y fuera vencido y desbaratado del rey Asá, como ántes lo habia sido el Rey de Etiopía, cuyo ejército era más fuerte y más copioso que lo podia ser el del Rey de Siria. Y añadió el profeta: «Porque los ojos del Señor contemplan toda la tierra, y dan la fortaleza á los que con perfeto amor y corazon creen en Él; y así neciamente has hecho, y por este pecado de aquí adelante vivirás desasosegado, y se levantarán muchas guerras contra ti.» Esto es lo que dice el Espiritu Santo, para enseñarnos cuánto más vale el consejo que se toma con Dios que todas las razones de estado sin El. Y la culpa de Asá no fué buscar ayudas y socorros (que éstas con prudencia cristiana se pueden y deben buscar), sino buscarlas de rey idólatra y gentil y enemigo de Dios, y fiar más de su poder que del de Dios, y confederarse con Él, y para ganarle la voluntad, ofrecerle y presentarle los tesoros del templo y santuario del Señor.

Despues que los fariseos y principes dojudios vieron el milagro que Jesucristo nuestro redentor habia obrado, de la resurreccion de Lázaro, y que por Él y por las otras obras admirables que cada dia hacia, todo el pueblo se iba tras él, entraron en consejo y dijeron: «¿ Qué hacemos? ¿Cómo dormimos? ¿No veis que este hombre hace muchos milagros? Si le dejamos y no le atamos las manos, todo el mundo creerá en él, y vendrán los romanos contra nosotros y contra nuestra ciudad, y fácilmente la tomarán y destruirán; porque no habrá quien la defienda, siendo, como es, este hombre y los que le siguen, tan contrarios y enemigos della y de nucstro santo templo. Pues ¿ qué remedio hallarémos para tanto mal? Que muera uno para que no mueran todos, y con la muerte de uno asegurarémos nuestras vidas y las de nuestras mujeres é hijos»; y así concluyeron, por razon falsa de estado, de quitar la vida al Autor de la vida. ¿Qué ganaron por esto? ¿Cómo les salió este consejo?

Murió Cristo en una cruz, y por medio de su benditíisima pasion creyó todo el mundo en El, y en venganza de su muerte, ordenó Dios que viniesen los romanos, y que cercasen y apretascu y entrasen la ciudad, y la asolasen de manera, que no quedase della piedra sobre piedra, y que se hiciese en los judios uno de los más graves y horribles castigos que se ha hecho en el mundo, como las historias que tratan dello lo testifican. De suerte que por el camino que pensaron conservar su ciudad la perdieron, y el consejo que tomaron, por razon de estado, contra Dios, fué su destruicion y su cuchillo. Y si hubieran mirado al Señor, y considerado que aquel hombre era santo é inocente, y que resplandecia con grandes y singulares milagros, y que por medio dellos Dios convertia las gentes y las traia á su conocimiento, y que pues ésta era obra de Dios, cuando todos creyesen en El y le stguiesen, el mismo Dios, debajo de cuyo amparo y proteccion vivian, los defenderia, hubieran creido en Cristo, y recibidole por su mesías, y salvádosc á sí y ásu ciudad.

Scripture echoes

  1. 2Chr.16.7-2Chr.16.8At that time Hanani the seer came to Asa king of Judah and said to him, "Because you relied on the king of Aram and did not rely on the LORD your God, therefore the army of the king of Aram escaped from your hand. 2Chr.16.8 — Were not the Cushites and the Libyans a vast army, with chariots and cavalry in great abundance? Yet because you relied on the LORD, he gave them into your hand.
  2. 2Chr.16.9For the eyes of the LORD range throughout the whole earth, to strengthen those whose hearts are fully his. You have acted foolishly in this matter; therefore from now on you will have wars.
  3. 1Kgs.15.18-1Kgs.15.19;2Chr.16.2-2Chr.16.3Then Asa took all the silver and gold remaining in the treasuries of the house of the LORD and the treasuries of the king's house, and he gave them into the hand of his servants. And King Asa sent them to Ben-hadad son of Tabrimmon son of Hezion, king of Aram, who lived in Damascus, saying, 1Kgs.15.19 — There is a covenant between me and you, between my father and your father. Behold, I am sending you a present of silver and gold. Go, break your covenant with Baasha king of Israel, and he will withdraw from me. 2Chr.16.2 — Then Asa brought out silver and gold from the treasuries of the house of the LORD and the house of the king, and he sent them to Ben-hadad king of Aram, who was dwelling in Damascus, saying, 2Chr.16.3 — There is a covenant between you and me, and between your father and my father. See, I am sending you silver and gold. Go, break your covenant with Baasha king of Israel, so that he will withdraw from me.
  4. John.11.47-John.11.53So the chief priests and the Pharisees gathered the council and were saying, "What are we doing? For this man is performing many signs." John.11.48 — If we let him go on like this, everyone will believe in him, and the Romans will come and take away both our place and our nation. John.11.49 — But one of them, Caiaphas, who was high priest that year, said to them, "You do not know anything at all." John.11.50 — You do not consider that it is better for you that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation should not perish. John.11.51 — Now he did not say this on his own, but being high priest that year, he prophesied that Jesus was about to die for the nation— John.11.52 — and not for the nation only, but in order that he might also gather into one the children of God who are scattered. John.11.53 — So from that day on they plotted to kill him.

Notes

  1. 1Source surface «compañcras» is treated as a corruption of «compañeras» (companions).
  2. 2Source surface «los ciales» is treated as a corruption of «los cuales» (who).
  3. 3Source surface «Iigllancia» is treated as OCR corruption of «vigilancia» (vigilance).
  4. 4«eu el templo» read as «en el templo»; «no fiesen» read as «no fuesen» (that they not go).
  5. 5Broken OCR «rcli— gion» read as «religión»; «irá Jerusalen» as «ir a Jerusalén»; «Jcrusalen» as «Jerusalén».
  6. 6Source «Sefñior» read as «Señor» (the Lord).
  7. 7Source ends with truncated 'sali“'; read as 'salió' (how it turned out).
  8. 8Source 'desarraigado cl' read as 'desarraigado él' (OCR corruption of él).
  9. 9Source 'Azía' treated as Ahijah (Achías the Shilonite in the preceding section / 1 Kings 14–15).
  10. 10Normalized reading treats OCR forms «aviquiló», «ciudales», and «deshiechos» as «aniquiló», «ciudades», and «deshechos».
  11. 11Normalized reading treats OCR forms «rey do Siria», «sc juntaban», «podria ¿l solo», «Dios leo habia», «do las prendas», and «porquo» as «rey de Siria», «se juntaban», «podría él solo», «Dios le había», «de las prendas», and «porque».
  12. 12Source reading 'luubiera' treated as corrupt/typo for 'hubiera' ('would have').
  13. 13Source capitalizes 'Él' in 'confederarse con Él'; rendered as the Syrian king ('him'), not God, because the coordinated clause names the idolatrous Gentile king.
  14. 14Source reads «principes dojudios»; translated as «leaders of the Jews» (principes de judíos).
  15. 15Source reads «nucstro santo templo»; translated as «our holy temple» (nuestro).
  16. 16Source reading 'apretascu' taken as 'apretasen' (press hard / tighten the siege); 'benditíisima' as 'benditísima'.
  17. 17'razón de estado' is the chapter's key political term (reason of state / raison d'état); kept as 'reason of state' to match the work's argument against false reason of state.
  18. 18Source readings corrected: 'stguiesen' → 'siguiesen'; 'salvádosc' → 'salvádose'; 'ásu' → 'a su'.

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