Que la razon enseña á los reyes la cuenta que deben tener
The King's Natural Obligation to God
Natural reason and the Christian faith dictate that a king's primary duty is to fear and worship God above all else.
of religion. Natural reason teaches and preaches to us what we have already proven through the practices of every nation, illuminated by Sacred Scripture, confirmed by the purity and excellence of our holy religion, and supported by the words of the saints and the oaths of kings themselves. If vices and passions don't cloud that reason, it can show kings this path, enlighten them, and guide them so they understand that, as kings, they are bound to love and1 To Father Rivadeneira.2 Fear God above all things and take more care for the worship and reverence due Him than for anything else. After all, being a king doesn't stop a man from being a man; rather, he is bound to excel in what belongs to humanity, all the more so because he shares more fully in the excellence of human nature, as Saint Thomas says.3 What belongs to man—and even more to the Christian—is to know and love the supreme Good above all things that are good by sharing in this supreme Good. If the object of love is goodness, then the greater the Goodness, the greater the love owed to it; we owe infinite love to infinite Goodness, which is the origin, source, and root, the rule and measure of everything good in heaven and on earth. It is goodness in and of itself, depending on no other goodness; rather, all other good things depend on it.4 So then, this being so, how can anyone love the supreme Good who takes no care for the religion that teaches us to love the supreme Good? How will someone serve God if they forget and scorn His law and commandments? How will someone hate impiety if they embrace it and take no care for the worship of the Lord, but instead turn their back on Him and try to use Him for their own mad ambition, whims, and delusions?5
The King as God's Viceroy
Kings are appointed by God and must therefore act as His faithful ministers, upholding justice and divine honor.
This is natural reason, common to all human beings; but there are other reasons more proper to kings, and by the very fact that someone is a king, they bind him to pay vassalage and to acknowledge and serve the One who made him king—and who, though he was equal in nature to other human beings, raised him above them, set him on the throne, and made him His viceroy and lieutenant on earth.6 Just as it is certain that a king did not create himself, form his own body, or choose the soul he possesses—but rather that God gave him that existence—it is equally certain that he did not make himself king, choose his royal parents, arrive in the world before his brothers, survive to inherit the throne, or win the kingdom through his own merits and effort. God makes kings and gives the scepter to whom He pleases. Given this, how can a king repay God for such a distinct favor, if not with distinct service?7 How must he strive to honor the One who so honored him, and excel in preserving and enlarging the glory of the One who raised him up and exalted him above everyone else? Agapetus says to the Emperor Justinian: "Since you hold the highest and most sublime dignity of all, honor God above all, for He made you worthy of it. In the likeness of the kingdom of heaven, He gave you the scepter and rule of the earth, so that you may teach people to keep justice and restrain those who rise against Him, by obeying the laws of God and governing your subjects justly."8 And before Agapetus, Aristotle wrote that the prince must be very careful and diligent in the worship of the gods, so that his subjects revere him and put their trust in him, and that just as he must be wiser than all, so he must be more pious than all.9 If there is no king without a kingdom, and there can be neither kingdom nor republic without justice—as Saint Augustine proves, and as we, with the Lord's favor, will discuss in the second book—what prince who fails to keep justice can be considered a true king, rather than a tyrant?10 And if justice is the virtue that gives everyone what is theirs—rendering to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's—how does a prince maintain justice if he takes from God what is His?11 If, as Saint Augustine says, it’s unjust for a man to take an estate or a house from its true owner—the one who bought it with his own money—and give it to someone who has no right or claim to it at all, isn't it also unjust for a man to take from God, who created and formed him, the lordship God has over him, and hand himself over to his enemies?12 And what about the person who robs that most high Majesty of the glory, worship, and reverence due to him?
The Stewardship of the Commonwealth
The king's spiritual health is vital to the kingdom, as his failure to serve God endangers the entire body politic.
Another reason is the harm a king does to the commonwealth when he neither fears nor serves God as he should. Because the king in the kingdom is like the pilot on a ship; and just as when an ordinary sailor goes wrong he does little harm to the ship, but when the pilot steers the helm badly the ship is in danger of sinking, so when a private man is base he does not harm the common good as much as he harms himself alone, but when the king is base he wrecks the whole kingdom and sinks the ship of the commonwealth, as Deacon Agapetus himself says to Emperor Justinian himself. If the shepherd doesn't keep watch, how will the sheep escape the hungry wolves surrounding them on every side?13 If the doctor makes a mistake in treatment, who will heal the patient? If the captain general is a coward, what courage will the army have? If the salt has no flavor, how will it season the food?✦ If the sun goes dark, who will light the world? And if the soul does not give life to the body, from where can the body have life and health? Since the prince holds all these titles and offices, shouldn't he turn to God more carefully than his subjects to ask for His grace to fulfill them? We only expect a small sapling to yield some fruit in season, and we aren't surprised if it isn't perfect; but a large, fully grown tree should provide wood for the fire, shade for the weary, an abundant harvest to feed many, and the strength to withstand the fury of the winds.14 This same difference exists between the prince and the private citizen. For this reason, Seneca said: «Precisely because all things are lawful for Caesar, many things are not lawful for him; his vigilance protects everyone's homes, his labor their rest, his industry their comfort, and his care the carelessness and quiet of the rest.»1516 From the moment he dedicated himself to the good of the world, he ceased to be his own.» And especially, as we have said, no king is an absolute king, nor independent, nor a proprietor, but a lieutenant and minister of God, by whom kings reign, and from whom every power has its being and firmness.✦1718 And so Saint Ambrose, speaking to the emperor Valentinian, says to him: «Just as all the men who live under the Roman Empire serve and fight under you emperors and princes of the earth, so you yourselves are soldiers of almighty God and serve under the sacred faith.» The kings themselves confess and declare this when, at the beginning of their letters and royal decrees, they say: N.19 by the grace of God, King of the Spains, or of France, etc.
The Accountability of Rulers
Kings must acknowledge God's ultimate sovereignty to avoid judgment and secure divine favor for their realms.
—thereby making it clear that the ownership of every kingdom belongs to God, and that He grants the administration of them to whomever He pleases. Because King Nebuchadnezzar refused to acknowledge this truth, he was transformed and wandered for seven years through the wilderness like a beast, until he recognized it, humbled himself, and said: "When the time God had set for me was finished, I, Nebuchadnezzar, lifted my eyes to heaven, and my senses were restored to me. I blessed the Most High and praised the Lord, who lives forever, and I glorified Him, because His power is endless, and His kingdom is eternal."20 All who live on earth are before Him as if they were nothing; for, as it has pleased Him, so He has done in heaven and on earth, and there is no one who can resist His will or say to Him, 'Why did You do this?'" So every sound reason teaches us that a viceroy must govern the kingdom as his king commands him, and a minister must carry out the business entrusted to him according to his lord's will; and since the will of our great King and Lord is set out so clearly in the Holy Scriptures, and He commands that the first and chief care of kings be religion and whatever belongs to His worship and reverence—as has already been shown—this must be their care if they mean to meet their greatest obligation. That duty is so strict and exacting that it itself cries out that the one who does not keep it is a bad and disloyal minister, that they will audit his record, and that he will be severely punished for it.2122 And this is still another reason to move kings to do what they ought, to keep watch in serving the Lord, and to see that all their subjects serve Him with true faith, a good conscience, and a pure heart: namely, the knowledge that if they do so, God will prosper and favor them in this life with temporal goods, and in the next with eternal ones; and that if they seek first the honor and glory of their King, and put it ahead of their own and of their interests when the two seem to collide, He will increase those goods for them, preserve and enlarge their kingdoms; and that when they do the opposite, He will destroy those kingdoms for them, as will be said in the following chapter.23
Read the original Latin
de la religion.
Esto mismo que habemos probado con el uso de todas las repúblicas y naciones del mundo, é ilustrado con la luz de la Sagrada Escritura, y confirmado con la pureza y excelencia de nuestra santa religion, y con los dichos de los santos y con los juramentos de los mismos reyes, nos enseña y predica la razon natural, la cual, si con los vicios y pasiones no se escurece, podrá mostrar este camino á los reyes y alumbrarlos y guiarlos, para que entiendan que están obligados, como reyes, á amar y kk» ms: DIO 2 - 0 De == - EE Pa e AA A AP.
A PADRE RIVADENEIBA. , temer á Dios sobre todas las cosas y tener más cuenta con el culto y reverencia que se le debe que con todo lo demas; porque primeramente, por ser uno rey, no deja de ser hombre, ántes está obligado á aventajarse en lo que es propio del hombre, tanto más sobre los otros hombres, cuanto más participa de la excelencia de la humana naturaleza, como dice santo Tomas. Lo que es propio del hombre, y más del cristiano, es conocer y amar al sumo Bien sobre todas las cosas que son buenas, por participacion de este sumo Bien; porque, si el objeto del amor es la bondad, cuanto fuere mayor la Bondad, tanto se le debe mayor amor, y amor infinito á la Bondad infinita, que es origen, fuente y raíz, regla y medida de todo lo que es bueno en el cielo y en la tierra, y es bondad de sí y por si misma, y que no pende de otra bondad, úntes todas las demas cosas que son buenas penden de ella. Pues, siendo esto así, ¿cómo podrá amar al sumo Bien el que no tiene cuenta con la religion que enseña á amar al sumo Bien? ¿Cómo servirá á Dios el que se olvida y menosprecia la ley y mandamientos de Dios? ¿Cómo aborrecerá la impiedad el que se abraza con ella y no tiene cuenta con el culto del Sefior, ántes le vuelve las espaldas y se quiere servir dél para su loca ambicion, antojos y desvarfos?
Esta es razon natural y comun á todos los hombres; mas otras hay más propias de los reyes, y que por la misma razon que uno es rey, le obligan á dar vasallaje y reconocer y servir al que le hizo rey, y siendo igual en la naturaleza con los otros hombres, le levantó sobre ellos, y le colocó en el trono, y le hizo su visorey y lugarteniente cn la tierra. Porque, así como es cierto que el Rey no se hizo hombre, ni formó el cuerpo, ni tomó el ánima que tiene por su voluntad, sino que Dios le dió aquel sér, así es certísimo que tampoco él se hizo rey, ni escogió por padres los reyes que le engendraron, ni nació el primero entre sus hermanos, ó habiendo muerto los mayores, quedó él vivo para ser rey, ni alcanzó el reino por sus merecimientos é industria; porque Dios hace los reyes y da el cetro á quien es servido. Pues siendo esto así, ¿cómo podrá el rey pagar á Dios esta tan señalada merced, sino con señalados servicios? ¿Cómo debe procurar honrar al que así le honró, y aventajarse en conservar y amplificar la gloria del que así le aventajó y sublimó sobre todos los demas? Y así dice Agapito á Justiniano, emperador: «Pues que tienes la más alta y sublime dignidad de todos, honra sobre todos á Dios, que te hizo merecedor della; porque, á semejanza del reino de los cielos, te dió el cetro y mando de la tierra, para que en señes á los hombres á guardar justicia, y refrenes á los que se levantan contra Él, obedeciendo á las leyes de Dios y mandando á tus súbditos justamente.» Y ántes de Agapito escribió Aristóteles que el príncipe debe ser muy cuidadoso y solícito en el culto de los dioses, para que los súbditos le reverencien y se fien dél, y que así como debo ser más sabio que todos, así debe ser más piadoso que todos. Y sino hay rey sin reino, ni puede haber reino ni república sin justicia, como lo prueba san Agustin, y nosotros en el segundo libro, con el favor del Señor, lo dirémos, ¿qué príncipe se podrá tener por verdadero rey, y no por tirano, que no guarda la justicia? Y si la justicia es virtud que da ú cada uno lo que es suyo, y á César lo que es de Cúsar, y á Dios lo que es de Dios, ¿cómo guarda justicia el príncipe que quita á Dios lo que es suyo?
¿Será por ventura injusto el que quita, como dice san Agustin, la hercdad ó la casa á su verdadero dueño, que la compró con sus dineros, y la da al que no tiene derecho ni accion alguna á ella, y no será injusto el que quita á Dios, que le crió y formó, el señorío que tiene sobre sí, y se entrega á sus enemigos? ¿ El que priva aquella altísima majestad de la gloria, culto y reverencia que se le debe?
Otra razon es, por el daño que hace el rey á la república cuando no teme ni sirve á Dios como debe. Porque el rey en el reino es como el piloto en el navío; y así como cuando un marinero particular yerra, hace poco daño al navío, mas cuando el piloto rige mal el timon, corre peligro de hundirse; así cuando un hombre particular es ruin, no hace tanto daño al comun como á sí solo, mas cuando el rey lo es, da al traste con todo el reino y hunde el navio de la república, como el mismo Agapito, diácono, lo dice al mismo Justiniano, emperador. Si el pastor no vela, ¿cómo se podrán escapar las ovejas de los lobos hambrientos, que de tudas partes las rodean? Si el médico yerra en la cura, ¿quién sanará al enfermo? Si el capitan general es cobarde, ¿qué ánimo tendrá el ejército? Si la sal no tiene sabor, ¿cómo le dará á los manjares? Si el sol se escurece, ¿quién alumbrará el mundo? Y si el ánima no vivifica el cuerpo, ¿de dónde podrá él tener vida y salud?
Pues teniendo el principe todos estos nombres y oficios, ¿con cuánto mayor cuidado que sus súbditos debe acudir á Dios y pedirle su gracia para cumplir con ellos? A un arbolillo pequeño no le pedimos sino que á su tiempo dé alguna fruta, y aunque no sea perfeta, no nos maravillamos; mas el árbol ya grande y crecido debe dar leña para el fuego, sombra en que reposen y descansen los cansados, gran copia de fruta, con que muchos se sustenten, y tener fuerza para resistir á la furia de los vientos. Pues esta misma es la diferencia que hay entre el príncipe y el hombre particular. Por esto dijo Séneca: « Por el mismo caso que á César le son licitas todas las cosas, muchas cosas no le son licitas; su vigilancia defiende las casas de tudos, su trabajo el descanso, su industria el regalo, su cuidado el descuido y quietud de los demas. En el punto que se dedicó al Lien del mundo dejó de ser suyo, y á manera de Especialmente que, como dijimos, ningun rey es rey absoluto ni independiente ni propietario, sino teniente y ministro de Dios, por el cual reinan los reyes, y tiene sér y firmeza cualquiera potestad. Y asi, san Ambrosio, hablando con Valentiniano, emperador, le dice: « Así como todos los hombres que viven debajo del imperio romano militan y sirven á vosotros los emperadores y principes de la tierra, así vosotros sois soldados de Dios todopoderoso y militais á la sagrada fe.» Esto es lo que confiesan y protestan los mismos reyes, cuando en el principio de sus letras y provisiones reales dicen: N. , por la gracia de Dios, rey de las Españas, ó de Francia, etc.
, dando á entender que la propiedad de todos los reinos es de Dios, y que Él da la administracion dellos á quien es servido. Y porque el rey Nabucodonosor no quiso couocer esta verdad, se trocó y anduvo siete años por el campo como bestia, hasta que la conoció y se humilló, y dijo estas palabras: «Acabado el plazo que Dios me habia señalado, yo, Nabucodonosor, alcé los ojos al cielo, y mis sentidos me fueron restituidos, y bendije al Altísimo y alabé al Señor, que vive para siempre, y le glorifiqué, porque su poder es poder que no tiene fin, y su reino es eterno. Todos los moradores de la tierra delante dél son como si no fuesen; porque, como le plugo, asi lo ha hecho en el cielo y en la tierra, y no hay quien pueda resistir á su voluntad ni decirle: ¿ Por qué lo hiciste? n Asi que toda buena razon nos enseña que el virey debe gobernar el reino como se lo manda su rey, y el ministro hacer el negocio que está á su cargo, á voluntad de su señor; y pues la voluntad de nuestro gran Rey y Sefñior está tan expresa en las divinas letras, y El manda que el primero y más principal cuidado de los reyes sea el de la religion y de lo que toca á su culto y veneracion, como arriba queda probado, éste lo debe ser, si quieren cumplir con su mayor obligacion, la cual es tan estrecha y precisa, que ella misma da voces y clama que es mal ministro y desleal el que no lo hace asi, y que le han de tomar residencia, y será castigado gravemente por ello. Y áun ésta es otra razon para mover á los reyesá hacer lo que deben, y á desvelarse en servir al Señor, y procu-= rar que todos sus súbditos le sirvan con fe verdadera, buena conciencia y puro corazon; el saber, digo, que si así lo hicieren, serán prosperados y favorecidos de Dios en esta vida con bienes temporales, y en la otra con los eternos, y que buscando primero la honra y gloria de su rey, y anteponiéndola, cuando parece que se encuentra, á la suya y á sus intereses, Él se los acrecentará, y les conservará y aumentará sus reinos, y cuando hicieren lo contrario, El se los destruirá, como en el capítulo siguiente se dirá.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Matt.5.13;Mark.9.50;Luke.14.34 — You are the salt of the earth. But if the salt loses its flavor, with what will it be salted? It is no longer good for anything except to be thrown out and trampled underfoot by people. Mark.9.50 — Salt is good; but if the salt has become unsalty, with what will you season it? Have salt in yourselves, and be at peace with one another. Luke.14.34 — Salt is good; but if even the salt has become tasteless, with what will it be seasoned?
- ↩Prov.8.15;Rom.13.1 — By me kings reign, and rulers decree what is just. Rom.13.1 — Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except by God, and the authorities that exist have been appointed by God.
Notes
- 1 ↩Source ends mid-clause after «á amar y»; the following tokens («kk» ms: DIO 2 - 0 De == - EE Pa e AA A AP) are OCR/print-artifact garbage, not Spanish. Neighboring next section opens with «, temer á Dios…», so the sentence almost certainly continues there. Translated only the recoverable text through «to love and» without inventing the continuation.
- 2 ↩Source reads 'A PADRE RIVADENEIBA.'—almost certainly a running-header or author line for Pedro de Rivadeneira, with OCR corruption of Rivadeneira → Rivadeneiba. Not continuous body prose from the chapter argument.
- 3 ↩Sentence opens with a leading comma and continues the incomplete clause from the previous section (…obligados, como reyes, á amar y…); rendered as the dependent continuation it is.
- 4 ↩Normalized reading takes source 'úntes' as 'antes' (rather), which fits the contrast with 'no pende de otra bondad'.
- 5 ↩Source 'Sefior' read as 'Señor' (Lord); 'desvarfos' read as 'desvaríos' (delusions/ravings).
- 6 ↩Source 'cn la tierra' read as 'en la tierra' (printer/OCR slip).
- 7 ↩'merced' rendered as 'favor' (royal/divine gift); could also be read as 'mercy' in a more purely theological register.
- 8 ↩Source 'para que en señes' read as 'para que enseñes' (word-break/OCR slip).
- 9 ↩Source 'así como debo ser más sabio' read as 'así como debe ser más sabio' (person/number slip; parallel demands 'debe').
- 10 ↩Source 'Y sino hay' read as 'Y si no hay' (orthographic joining of 'si no').
- 11 ↩Source 'da ú cada uno' and 'Cúsar' read as 'da a cada uno' and 'César'.
- 12 ↩Source reading 'hercdad' is treated as a clear typo for 'heredad' (estate/inheritance).
- 13 ↩Source reads «tudas partes»; treated as typo for «todas partes» (all sides / every side).
- 14 ↩perfeta is early-modern spelling of perfecta; rendered as 'perfect'.
- 15 ↩Source 'tudos' corrected to 'todos' (everyone), matching the same typo pattern as 'tudas'/'todas' in the prior section.
- 16 ↩regalo rendered as 'comfort' (ease/luxury), not 'gift'; industria as 'industry' (diligent effort).
- 17 ↩Source 'al Lien del mundo' read as 'al bien del mundo' (to the good of the world), the most plausible correction for the garbled reading and the classical Seneca sense.
- 18 ↩Phrase 'y á manera de Especialmente que' appears corrupt; rendered as the intended resume of the author's argument: 'And especially...' (with the Seneca quotation treated as closing before this clause).
- 19 ↩N. is a conventional placeholder for the royal name in the formula that continues in s8.
- 20 ↩Source "couocer" read as "conocer" (acknowledge/know); sense is clear from context and the Daniel narrative.
- 21 ↩Leading stray "n" before "Asi" treated as noise; "Sefñior" corrected to "Señor" (Lord).
- 22 ↩"tomar residencia" rendered as "audit his record"—the early modern Spanish residencia was an official end-of-term inquiry into a magistrate's conduct.
- 23 ↩Normalized "reyesá" as "reyes a", and line-broken "procu-= rar" as "procurar".
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit