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Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince)/Book 1 · Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano — Libro Primero: De la religión que debe tener el príncipe
Chapter 12PrincipeCristiano.1.12

tra santa religion, y que las ceremonias con que son coro::ados los enseñan á tenerla.

The Example of Christian Emperors

Constantine and his successors established a precedent by dedicating their empires and victories to the service of Christ and the Church.

All the good Christian kings and princes understood this same thing and acted on it, and for that reason God favored them and made them prosper. Constantine the emperor, who was the first to establish the Christian religion in the Roman Empire and opened the way for the rest, changed the eagles of the imperial standard and banner into the cross, ordered coins to be struck and minted with it, and had a globe of the world set in the right hand of his statues, with that same cross over the globe, so that people would understand that the world had been conquered by the cross; and on the gold coins, his image with hands raised to heaven, like someone asking God for help; and he gave his name to the city of Constantinople, dedicated it to Jesus Christ, and in it, as its head, consecrated his whole empire to him.1 And he did this to make us understand that he recognized all his victories and happiness as coming from Jesus Christ, and that he and his whole empire were to be employed in Christ's service and in spreading the worship of his holy religion. And in a letter he wrote to Celsus, vicar of Africa, he says these words: "Nothing is more fitting for me, and for doing the office a good prince ought to do, than, having cast aside errors and cut off every rash presumption, to see to it that all serve almighty God with a plain and harmonious simplicity, and with due worship and reverence."2 And in another letter he wrote to the bishops of Palestine, he clearly confesses that he owed all his victories to God and to the knowledge and worship of his holy and true religion. And (as Eusebius wrote in his Life) nothing did he commend to his sons so urgently as that they should value the knowledge of God and of his holy religion more than all the riches of the empire itself; he also exhorted them to have great love and reverence for the Church of God, and commanded them to be true Christians wholly and without pretense.3

The Union of Empire and Church

Theological and imperial authorities affirm that the stability of the state is inextricably linked to the protection and flourishing of the Catholic faith.

The great emperor Theodosius says: "Among our many responsibilities for the good of the commonwealth, we consider nothing more important, nor more fitting for imperial majesty, than safeguarding the true religion. If this is kept whole and intact, it opens the way to all the prosperity and happiness of our empire." As Nicephorus notes, at the hour of his death, the thing he most urgently charged his sons with was to keep the holy religion in its purity, because with it they would have peace, overcome their enemies, and God would grant them victory. The emperors Theodosius and Valentinian, writing to Saint Cyril, say that the stability and foundation of the empire depend on the Catholic religion. These two things are so joined and bound together that when religion grows, the empire must necessarily grow; when it diminishes, the empire must diminish; and likewise, if the empire fails, religion must fail. This is what Pope Saint Leo said, writing to the empress Pulcheria: "Human affairs cannot be secure if the authority of the King and the Church do not join together to defend and protect religion as one."4 And as Saint Bernard says: "Let not my soul enter the counsel of those who claim that the peace and freedom of the churches can harm the empire and the state, or that the prosperity and greatness of the empire can harm the churches." He proves that Christ our Lord was both king and priest, and that the Christian people were called a royal priesthood—those chosen for heaven, priests and kings—in order to make this union clear to us.5

Royal Stewardship of Divine Law

Christian kings and emperors demonstrate their piety by prioritizing divine laws and supporting the Church as the foundation of their rule.

In his edicts and ordinances, Emperor Zeno calls the Catholic religion the foundation, base, and bulwark of the Roman empire, and the perpetual, immortal mother of his scepter.6 And he says these words: "If almighty God and our Lord Jesus Christ accept as good our praises and the worship with which we serve him, not only will all our enemies fall and be destroyed, but the rest of men will freely bend their necks to our empire, and we will have peace and the goods that follow from it, and pure, wholesome air, and the fruits of the earth in abundance, and the other things necessary for human life."7 Emperor Justinian says: "With all care and foresight we take charge of the churches, through which we believe God sustains our empire and, by his clemency, defends the commonwealth."8 And elsewhere he says: "If we take such care to see that the civil laws God entrusted to us for our subjects' safety are kept, with how much greater care must we see that the sacred rules and divine laws written and established for the salvation of our souls are kept?"9 At the Third Council of Toledo, where the Arian Goths were brought back into the unity of the Catholic Church, the glorious King Recared—the author of such a great good—said: "If we must work with all our strength to reform morals, restrain the excess and fury of the insolent, and preserve peace, with how much more care and solicitude must we desire and attend to divine things, lift ourselves to what is lofty, and, having freed our people from error, show them the clear and serene light of the truth?" At the Fourth Council of Toledo, one sees the devotion and piety of King Sisenand, and the humility with which, prostrate on the ground, he tearfully asks the bishops and fathers of the council to commend him to God and to determine and establish everything they judge fitting for the good of the Church. King Recceswinth did the same at the Eighth Council, King Ervig at the Twelfth, and King Egica at the Seventeenth. Charlemagne says: "If we exercise our liberality toward the ministers of the Church and the servants of God, and seek to comply with their will, we understand that it benefits us for the greatness and majesty of our empire, and—what is worth more than all dignities—for attaining the eternal reward."10

The Sacred Oath of Sovereignty

The coronation oaths and formal vows taken by monarchs and their officials serve as a solemn public commitment to defend the faith.

I don't want to go on citing more authorities and sayings of other Christian princes to confirm this truth—princes of whom the politicians of our times show themselves either ignorant or contemptuous—but only to say that, to understand the obligation princes have to attend to religion, it's enough to look at the oath emperors and kings take at their coronation, and that they take possession of their kingdoms through the hand of a prelate and church minister.11 The ceremonies and solemnities used at coronations aim at this same end. The King of France, in the oath the French call the oath of the realm, swears among other things that the Church of God, with his support, will be preserved forever in true peace.12 And the King of England, kneeling before the altar with his hands placed on the holy Gospels, swears that all the days of his life he will honor and revere Almighty God, the Catholic Church, and her ministers.13 And even Elizabeth, who now reigns in England, took this oath on the day of her coronation, so as to be received as queen and more easily deceive Catholics and destroy our holy religion. The same is done by the kings of Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, and others—not to mention the practice of the ancient kings of Spain when they were crowned and even anointed, as one gathers from the Twelfth Council of Toledo, and as Doctor García de Loaisa noted in his annotations.14 In the Sixth Council of Toledo, a decree was made that says this: "We publish this sentence, which is most reasonable and pleasing to God, and with the consent of the king and the grandees…" Emperors and kings weren't content merely to take the oath we mentioned themselves; they also ordered their captains general and governors to swear an oath to keep and defend the Catholic faith, in this form: "I swear, and I call as witness Almighty God, and His only-begotten Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit, and the glorious and ever-Virgin Mary, and the four holy Gospels that I hold in my hands, and the angels Saint Michael and Saint Gabriel, that in this office they have given me I will conduct myself with a pure conscience and serve sincerely, etc."15 And that I am of the same communion and faith with the Catholic and apostolic Church of God, and that never in any matter will I set myself against her, nor will I allow, so far as I am able, anyone else to contradict her.16 And if I should not keep these things, may I be afflicted with all the miseries of the world in this life, and in the next before the dread judgment of our great Lord God and our Savior Jesus Christ; may I share the lot of Judas; and may the leprosy of Gehazi and the trembling of Cain fall upon me—besides the penalties established in the laws of the emperors, under which, if these things are not kept, one will fall."17

The Sword of the Church

The tradition of receiving the sword from the altar signifies that military power is a sacred trust for the protection of the Church and the weak.

Peter of Blois even writes that new soldiers received their swords from the altar, so they would understand they were children of the Church, and that the sword was given to them to honor priests, defend the poor, punish the wicked, and protect and liberate their homeland.

Read the original Latin

Esto mismo entendieron y hicicron todos los buenos reyes y príncipes cristianos, y por ello fueron favorecidos y prosperados de Dios. Constantino, emperador, que fué el primero que fundó la religion cristiana en el imperio romano, y abrió camino á los demas, mudó las águilas del guion y estandarte imperial en la cruz, y con ella mandó batir y acuñar las monedas, y poner un globo del mundo en la mano derecha de sus estatuas, y sobre el globo la misma cruz, para que se entendicse que el mundo habia sido vencido por la cruz; y en las monedas de oro su imágen con las manos levantadas al cielo, como quien pedia socorro á Dios; y dió su nombre á la ciudad de Constantinopla, y la dedicó á Jesucristo, y le consagró en ella, como en su cabeza, á todo su imperio. Y esto para darnos á entender que todas sus vitorias y felicidades las reconocia de Jesucristo, y que él y todo su imperio se habian de emplear en su servicio y en amplificar el culto de su santa religion. Y en una carta que escribió á Celso, vicario de África, dice estas palabras: «Ninguna cosa es inás cunveniente para mí y para hacer el oficio que debe un buen príncipe, que, desechados los errores y cortadas todas las temeridades, procurar que todos sirvan á Dios todopoderoso con una simplicidad sencilla y concorde, y con el debido culto y reverencia.» Y en otra carta que escribió á los obispos de Palestina, claramente confiesa que todas sus vitorias las debia á Dios y al conocimiento y culto de su santa y verdadera religion. Y (como lo escribió en su Vida Eusebio) ninguna cosa tan encarecidamente encomendó á gus l1ijos, como que hiciesen más cuenta del conocimiento de Dios y de su santa religion que de to— das las riquezas del mismo imperio, y los exhortaba que tuviesen grande amor y reverencia á la Iglesia de Dios, y les mandaba que enteramento y sin fingimiento fuesen verdaderos cristianos.

El gran Teodosio, emperador, dice: «Entre los otros cuidados que tenemos del bien de la república, ninguno juzgamos que nos toca tanto ni es tan propio de la majestad imperial, como la guarda de la verdadera religion; porque, si ésta se conserva en su entereza, con ella se abre camino á toda la prosperidad y felicidad de nuestro imperio.» Y como dice Nicéforo, á la hora de su muerte, la cosa que más encomendó á sus hijos fué que guardasen en su pureza la santa religion, porque con ella tendrian paz, vencerian á sus enemigos, y Dios les haria triunfar dellos. Los emperadores Teodosio y Valentiniano, escribiendo á san Cirilo, dicen que la firmeza y establecimiento del imperio depende de la religion católica, y que estas dos cosas están tan unidas y encadenadas entre sí, que creciendo la religion, necesariamente ha de crecer el imperio, y menguando, ha de menguar, y tambien faltando el imperio, la religion ha de faltar. Y esto es lo que san Leon, papa, dijo, escribiendo á Pulcheria, emperatriz: «No pueden las cosas humanas estar seguras si la autoridad del Rey y de la Iglesia no se hermanan para defender á una y amparar la religion.» Y lo que san Bernardo dice: «No éntre mi ánima en el consejo de los que dicen que la paz y libertad de las iglesias puede dañar al imperio y estado, y la prosperidad y grandeza del imperio á las iglesias.» Y prueba que Cristo nuestro Señor fué juntamente rey y sacerdote, y el pueblo cristiano se llamó real sacerdocio, y los escogidos para el ciclo, sacerdotes y reyes, para declararnos esta union.

Cenon, emperador, llama en sus edictos y ordenanzas, á la religion católica, fundamento, basa y presidio del imperio romano, madre perpétua é inmortal de su cetro. Y dice estas palabras: «Si Dios todopoderoso y nuestro Señor Jesucristo tuvieren por buenas nuestras alabanzas y el culto con que le servimos, no sólo cacrán y se desharán todos nuestros enemigos, pero los demas hombres sujetarán voluntariamente su cervizá nuestro imperio, y tendrénmios paz y los bienes que se siguen della, y atre puro y saludable, y frutos de la tierra en abundancia, y las demas cosas necesarias para la vida humana.» Justiniano, emperador, dice: «Nosotros con todo cuidado y providencia tenemos cargo de las iglesias, por las cuales creemos que Dios sustenta nuestro imperio y defiende la república por su clemencia.» Y en otra parte dice: «Si nosotros procuramos con tanto cuidado que se suarden las leyes civiles que Dios nos encomendó para la seguridad de nuestros súbditos, ¿con cuánto mayor cuidado debemos procurar que se guarden las reglas sagradas y las leyes divinas que se han escrito y establecido por la salud de nuestras almas?» En el tercero concilio toledano, en que se hizo la reducion de los godos arrianos á la union de la Iglesia católica, el glorioso rey Recaredo, que fué autor de tan gran bien, dice estas palabras: «Si con todas nuestras fuerzas habemos de procurar reformar las costumbres y refrenar la demasía y furor de los insolentes, y de conservar la paz, ¿con cuánto más cuidado y solicitud debemos desear y atender á las cosas divinas y levantarnos á las cosas sublimes, y habiendo librado á nuestros pueblos de los errores, manifestarles la luz clara y serena de la verdad?» Y en el cuarto concilio, asimismo toledano, se ve la devocion y piedad del rey Sisenando, y la humildad con que, postrado en el suelo, pide con lágrimas á los obispos y padres del concilio que le encomienden á Dios y determinen y establezcan todo lo que juzgaren que conviene para el bien de la Iglesia. Y lo mismo hizo el rey Recesvinto en el concilio octavo, y el rey Ervigio en el doce, y el rey Egica en el diez y siete. Cárlos Magno dice: «Si nos usamos de nuestra liberalidad con los ministros de la Iglesia y siervos de Dios, y procuramos condescender con su voluntad, entendemos que nos aprovecha para la grandeza y majestad de nuestro imperio, y lo que valo más que todas las dignidades, para alcanzar el premio eterno.»

No quiero alargarme en traer más autoridades y dichos de otros príncipes cristianos en confirmacion desta verdad, de los cuales los políticos de nuestros tiempos se muestran ó inorantes ó menospreciadores, sino decir que para entender la obligacion que tienen los príncipes de acudir á la religion, basta ver el juramento que hacen los emperadores y reyes en su coronacion, y que toman la posesion de sus reinos por mano de perlado y ministro eclesiástico. A este blanco miran las ceremonias y solenidades que se usan en las coronaEl Rey de Francia, en el juramento que los franceses llaman del reino, entre las otras cosas que jura, la primera es, que la Iglesia de Dios, con su favor, se conservará perpetuamente en verdadera paz. Y el Rey de Inglaterra, hincado do rodillas delante del altar y puestas las manos 80bre los santos evangelios, jura que todos los dias de su vida la honrará y reverenciará á Dios todopoderoso, á la Iglesia católica y á sus ministros. Y hasta Isabel, que ahora reina en Inglaterra, hizo este juramento el dia de su coronacion, para ser admitida por reina y engañar más fácilmente á los católicos y destruir nuestra santa religion. Lo mismo hacen el Rey de Polonia, Bohemia, de Hungría y otros, que dejo por decir el uso de los reyes antiguos de España, cuando se coronaban, y áun se ungian, como se saca del concilio doce toledano, y lo notó en sus anotaciones el doctor García de Loaisa. En el sexto concilio toledano se hizo un decreto, que dice así: «Nosotros publicamos esta sentencia, que es muy razonable y agradable á Dios, y de consentimiento del Rey y grandes é No se contentaban los emperadores y reyes con hacer ellos el juramento que habemos referido; pero tambien mandaban á sus capitanes generales y gobernadores que hiciesen juramento de guardar y defender la fe católica, en esta forma: «Yo juro, y llamo por testigo á Dios todopoderoso, y á su unigénito Hijo Jesucristo, y al Espíritu Santo, y á la gloriosa y siempre Virgen María, y á los santos cuatro evangelios, que tengo en las manos, y álos ángeles san Miguel y san Gabriel, que en este cargo quo me han dado yo me habré con pura conciencia y serviré sinceramente, etc. Y que yo soy de la misma comunion y fe con la Iglesia do Dios católica y apostólica, y que nunca jamas en cosa alguna le seré contrario, ni permitiré, en cuanto yo pudiere, que otro le contradiga. Y si no guardáre estas cosas, sea yo afligido de todas las miserias del mundo en esta vida, y en la otra delante del juicio espantoso de nuestro gran Sefior Dios y salvador nuestro Jesucristo, y tenga parte con Júdas, y la lepra de Giezi y el temblor de Cain ¿engan sobre mí, demas de las penas que están establecidas en las leyes de los emperadores, en que no guardándolas caerá.»

Y áun Pedro Blesense escribe que los noveles soldados recibian la espada del altar, para que entendiesen que eran hijos de la Iglesia, y que les daban aquella espada para que con ella honrasen á los sacerdotes, defendiesen los pobres, castigasen los malos y amparasen y librasen su patria.

Notes

  1. 1entendicse read as entendiese; orthography modernized without changing sense (fué, demas, imágen, habia, dió, etc.).
  2. 2inás cunveniente corrected to más conveniente for translation; quoted speech rendered in modern English, not pseudo-archaic diction.
  3. 3Corrupt forms gus l1ijos, to— das, and enteramento read as sus hijos, todas, and enteramente.
  4. 4Spanish «defender á una y amparar la religion»: «á una» taken as jointly/together (a una), so king and Church unite to defend and protect religion; not read as a separate object «one thing» apart from religion.
  5. 5Normalized source has «ciclo»; translated as «cielo» (heaven), the only reading that fits «los escogidos para el cielo, sacerdotes y reyes» with the royal-priesthood theology being proved.
  6. 6Spanish 'Cenon' rendered as Emperor Zeno (Zenón); 'presidio' as bulwark/stronghold rather than garrison.
  7. 7Normalized reading of clear print/OCR corruptions: 'cacrán'→'caerán'; 'cervizá'→'cerviz a'; 'tendrénmios'→'tendremos'; 'atre'→'aire'.
  8. 8'república' rendered as 'commonwealth' in the imperial sense, not a modern republic.
  9. 9Normalized 'se suarden' to 'se guarden' by parallel with the following clause ('se guarden las reglas sagradas').
  10. 10Normalized 'valo' to 'vale' ('is worth'). 'Si nos usamos de nuestra liberalidad' read as 'if we make use of / exercise our liberality'.
  11. 11Source orthography: inorantes → ignorantes; perlado → prelado; confirmacion/obligacion/posesion modernized in sense only.
  12. 12Source text appears fused by OCR/print break: «en las coronaEl Rey» read as end of a clause on coronation ceremonies plus a new sentence beginning «El Rey de Francia…». «solenidades» = solemnities.
  13. 13Source orthography: hincado do rodillas → de rodillas; manos 80bre → sobre. The clitic «la» before honrará is awkward; rendered as parallel objects of honor and revere.
  14. 14«Rey de Polonia, Bohemia, de Hungría» treated as plural royal practice (kings of those realms), not a single king of all three.
  15. 15Source fuses an incomplete Sixth Council of Toledo quotation («…Rey y grandes é») with a new narrative sentence («No se contentaban…»). Also: quo → que; álos → a los. The council decree text is truncated in the witness.
  16. 16Source: Iglesia do Dios → de Dios.
  17. 17Source orthography: Sefior → Señor; ¿engan → caigan; Giezi = Gehazi (biblical). Closing self-curse of the governors' oath.

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