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Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince)/Book 1 · Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano — Libro Primero: De la religión que debe tener el príncipe
Chapter 11PrincipeCristiano.1.11

Cuál sea la verdadera felicidad de los reyes, y premio de sus trabajos.

The Vanity of Temporal Rewards

The author distinguishes between the common temporal goods God grants to all rulers and the true, higher rewards reserved for the faithful.

But here we need to note and explain what these great rewards are that good kings, through their praiseworthy and just government, deserve and receive from God. Are they, by any chance, great treasures, rich domains, powerful kingdoms, abundance of provisions, health, strength, long life, victory over their enemies, peace, honor and glory, and what the world calls happiness, and what politicians take for the highest good and for the aim and end of all their government?1 Our Lord often gives all these goods in abundance to the Christian kings and princes who serve Him faithfully, when it is good for them; but if their reward ended in these things alone, they wouldn't be as great as they are, but very meager, low, and of little worth.2 And many times there would be no difference between the Catholic and the heretic, the good king and the bad, the Christian and the pagan, if their happiness were measured by these alone; for the Lord distributes them to both the one and the other, to show how little esteem we ought to have for them.3

The True Happiness of a Christian King

True royal happiness is found not in earthly power, but in governing with justice, fearing God, and seeking the eternal kingdom.

Saint Augustine, speaking on this subject, says: "We don't call certain Christian emperors happy just because they reigned for many years, or because they died in peace and left the empire to their sons, or because they subdued the enemies of the republic, punished rebellious subjects, and quieted uprisings against them. These comforts of this miserable life have also been received by unbelievers and idolaters who have nothing to do with the kingdom of God, whose citizens these Christian emperors are. The Lord has done this in His great mercy, so that those who believe in Him might not desire or ask Him for these things as if they were the highest goods."4 But we call them happy if they govern with justice; if, amid the voices of those who praise, honor, and serve them with such submission, they don't grow vain or forget that they are men; if they use all their power primarily to extend and increase the worship and reverence of God, knowing they received it from Him and that they are His ministers and servants; if they fear, love, and revere the Lord; if they love the kingdom of heaven—where they don't fear to have companions—more than this earthly kingdom, which admits no partnership; if they are slow to avenge and ready to pardon; if they carry out vengeance not to satisfy their rage, but because the republic needs it for its good government and preservation; if the pardon they grant is not meant to leave wickedness unpunished, but is offered with the hope of amendment; and if they soften and temper unavoidable, severe punishments with mildness. Saint Thomas proves with many reasons that the goal of a good king must not be riches, honor, temporal glory, or any other thing God gives to both good and bad kings; rather, his true goal and reward must be God Himself and the blessed eternity we Christians hope for, which will be shared with good kings in greater abundance as they, more than others, represent and serve the King of kings.56 In the councils of Spain, which Doctor García de Loaisa—the worthy tutor of our lord, Prince Philip—has brought to light and illustrated with his learned notes, there is an exhortation the bishops make to the king, which they rightly call the royal road. In it, speaking of the reward kings ought to expect, these words are placed at the end: "O how blessed is the life of just kings, which here shines with the abundance of temporal goods, and in heaven forever enjoys the company of the angels!"7 Here it is sustained by the delights of the earth, and there it is adorned with robes of glory; here it is accompanied by throngs of knights, there by squadrons and armies of heavenly spirits; here it delights in the multitude of men, there in that of the angels; here the militia and soldiers obey it, there it is a soldier of the great Emperor; here it is clothed in purple, there it is crowned with glory; here it wears a royal crown, and there a crown of joy, jubilation, and everlasting gladness; here they call him prince and son of a king, but there he is confirmed forever as king."8 The difference between the narrowness and lowliness of the temporal kingdom of the earth and the greatness and excellence of the heavenly kingdom is the same as the difference between the goods a good king possesses here and those he will possess in heaven. All these are words spoken in that exhortation to the prince.

The Royal Road of Divine Service

The Christian prince is bound by his faith to serve God above all, acting as a protector of the Church and a minister of divine mercy.

This is what our holy religion teaches us about the greatness, majesty, power, wisdom, and goodness of God, and about the providence He has over all things—and still more over human beings—and how tender and fatherly is the care with which He looks after the good, especially the kings who take such pains to be.910 11 serve Him and please Him, and how He favors and prospers them, and what their true happiness consists in—all of which binds them by a thousand titles never to take their eyes off God's law even for a moment, to love Him, respect Him, and serve Him as the supreme and sovereign Lord, and rather than offend Him, to risk every estate, kingdom, lordship, and possession in the world; because to lose them for Him is to gain them, and to gain them without Him is to lose them. Indeed, without Him they can neither be won nor kept, nor can they fail to be lost.12 It binds them to be defenders of the Catholic faith, protectors of the Church, honorers of prelates and priests, faithful ministers and executors of the divine will, a sword against heretics, the scourge of the wicked, and the reward and comfort of the good.13 It binds them to represent God to us, and to set their first and principal care on seeing that He is served and reverenced, and that His most holy religion is kept and honored. And so the Council of Mainz says in these words: «The emperor is in this way a vessel of mercy, prepared for glory, if, with true humility of heart, he subjects the height and sovereignty of royalty to holy religion; if he values serving God with fear more than ruling the peoples with pride; if he joins kindness to power and practices justice with mercy; if he so remembers that he is a son of the Church that he counts it a great good—and as his own kingdom and dominion—to look to the peace and quiet of the Church, and to serve and help her throughout the world.14 For the Christian prince's empire is better governed and more widely extended when he takes care to look after the ecclesiastical estate than when he wages war, wherever it may be, to preserve temporal security.» These are the words of that holy council.

Read the original Latin

Pero aquí se ha de advertir y explicar qué premios son éstos tan grandes, que los buenos reyes, con su loable y justo gobierno, merecen y alcanzan de Dios. ¿Son por ventura grandes tesoros, rilcos estados, reinos poderosos, copia de mantenimientos, salud, fuerzas, vida larga, vitoria de sus cnemigos, paz, honra y gloria, y aquello que el mundo llama felicidad, y los políticos tienen por sumo bien y por el blanco y fin de todo su gobierno? Todos estos bienes suele nuestro Señor dar con abundancia á los reyes y principes cristianos que fielmente le sirven, cuando les conviene; pero si en ellos se rematase su galardon, no serian bienes tan grandes como son, sino muy cortos, bajos y de poco valor. Y muchas veces no habria diferencia del católico al hereje, del buen Rey al malo, «del cristiano al pagano, si por solos ellos se hubiese de medir su felicidad; pues el Señor los reparte íú los unos y los otros, para declarar la poca estima que dellos debemos hacer.

San Agustin, hablando desta materia, dice estas palabras: «No llamamos nosotros felices á algunos emperadores cristianos porque imperaron largos años, ni porque, muriendo en paz, dejaron el imperio á sus hijos, d por haber sujetado á los cnemigos de la república, Ó castigado los vasallos rebeldes, y sosegado los alborotos que se levantaron contra ellos; porque estos bienes Ó consuelos desta vida miserable tambien los han recebido algunos infieles é idólatras, que no tienen que ver con el reino de Dios, cuyos ciudadanos son los emperadores cristianos; lo cual con grande misericordia ha hecho el Señor, para que los que creen en El no deseen ni le pidan estas cosas, como si fuesen sumos bienes. Mas llamámoslos felices si gobiernan con justicia, si entre las lenguas de los que los alaban y honran y sirven con tanta sumision, no se desvanecen ni se olvidan que son hombres; si emplean toda la potestad que tienen, principalmente para dilatar y amplificar el culto y reverencia de Dios, sabiendo que la recibieron dél, y que son ministros y criados suyos; si temen, aman y reverencian al Señor; si aman más aquel reino del cielo, donde no temen tener compañeros, que este de la tierra, que no admite compañía; si son tardos en vengarse y fáciles en perdonar; si ejecutan esta venganza, no por satisfacer á su saña, sino por la necesidad que tiene della la república para su buen gobierno y conservacion, y el perdon que hacen no es para que la maldad quede sin castigo, sino por la mayor esperanza de emienda; si los castigos rigurosos, que muchas veces no se pueden “excusar, los ablandan y mitigan con la suavidad Santo Tomas prueba con muchas razones que el fin del buen rey no debe ser riquezas ni honra, ni gloria temporal, ni otra cosa alguna do las que da Dios á los reyes buenos y á los malos; pero que su fin y su premio verdadero debe ser el mismo Dios, y aquella bienaventurada eternidad que esperamos los cristianos, la cual con tanta mayor abundancia se comunicará á los buenos reyes, cuanto ellos, más que otros, representan y sirven al Rey de los reyes. En los concilios de España, que el doctor Garcia de Loaisa, maestro dignísi mo del principe don Felipe, nuestro señor, ha sacado á luz é ilustrado con sus eruditas anotaciones, se pone una exhiortacion que hacen los obispos al Rey, que con razon llamaron camino real; en la cual, hablando del premio que deben esperar los reyes, se ponen al cabo estas palabras: «¡Oh cuán bienaventurada es la vida de los reyes justos, la cual aquí resplandece con la abundancia de las cosas temporales, y en el cielo goza para siempre de la compañía de los ángeles! Aquí se sustenta con los regalos de la tierra, y allá es adornada con ropas de gloria; aquí va acompañada de muchedumbre de caballeros, allá de escuadrones y ejercitos de espiritus celestiales; aquí se recrea con la multitud de los hombres, allá con la de los ángeles; aquí la milicia y soldados le obedecen, allá ¿1 mismo es soldado del grande emperador; aquí va vestido de púrpura, allá es coronado de gloria; aquí trae corona real, y allá de gozo, júbilo y sempiterna alegria; aquí le llaman principe e hijo de rey, pero allá es confirmado eternamente por rey. Y la diferencia que hay de la estrecheza y bajeza del reino temporal de la tierra á la grandeza y excelencia del reino celestial, ésa hay de los bienes que aquí posee el buen rey á los que poseerá en el cielo. Todas éstas son palabras que se dicen en aquella exhortacion al principe.

Esto es lo que nuestra santa religion nos enseña de la grandeza, majestad, poder, sabiduría y bondad de Dios, y do la providencia que tiene de todas las cosas, y más de los hombres, y cuán regalada y paternal es la con que cuida de los buenos, especialmente de los reyes que se desvelan en ser. >»

virle y agradarle, y cómo los favorece y prospora, y en qué consiste la verdadera felicidad dellos; lo cual todo los obliga por mil títulos á no desviar un punto los ojos de la ley de Dios, á amarlo y respctarle y servirle como á supremo y soberano Sefñior, y por no ofenderle, aventurar todos los estados, reinos y señoríos y haberes del mundo; porque perderlos por Él, es ganarlos; y ganarlos sin Él, es perderlos; ántes sin El ni se pueden ganar ni conservar, ni dejarse de perder. Obligalos á ser defensores de la fe católica, protectores de la Iglesia, honradores de los perlados y sacerdotes, fieles ministros y ejecutores de la divina voluntad, cuchillo de los herejes, verdugo de los malos, premio y consuelo de los buenos. Obligalos á representarnos á Dios, á poner su primero y más principal cuidado en que El sea servido y reverenciado, guardada y acatada su santisima religion, y así lo dice el concilio Maguntino por estas palabras: « De tal manera es el emperador vaso de misericordia, aparejado para la gloria, si teniendo verdadera humildad de corazon, sujetáre la alteza y soberania real á la santa religion; si se preciáre más de servir con temor á Dios que de mandar á los pueblos con soberbia; si acompañáre la benignidad con la potestad, y ejercitáre la justicia con la misericordia; si de tal suerte se acordáre que es hijo de la Iglesia, que tenga por gran bien, y por su reino y señorío, el mirar por la paz y por la tranquilidad de la Iglesia, y servirla y ayudarla por todo el mundo. Porque mejor se gobierna y más se dilata el imperio del príncipe cristiano cuando tiene cuenta de mirar por el estado eclesiástico, que cuando hace guerra, en cualquiera parte que sea, para conservar la seguridad temporal.» Todas éstas son palabras de aquel santo concilio.

Scripture echoes

  1. Matt.5.45so that you may become sons of your Father who is in heaven, for he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the righteous and on the unrighteous.

Notes

  1. 1Source has OCR errors 'rilcos' and 'cnemigos'; translated as ricos (rich) and enemigos (enemies).
  2. 2'cuando les conviene' rendered as 'when it is good for them' (fitting/beneficial), not mere preference.
  3. 3Source has corrupt 'íú' and a stray opening guillemet before 'del cristiano'; read as 'á los unos y los otros' (to both the one and the other) and as ordinary coordination, not quotation.
  4. 4Source shows OCR corruptions ("d por" for "o por", "cnemigos" for "enemigos", "Ó"/"é" as older Spanish or/and); translated the intended sense.
  5. 5Source runs Augustine's incomplete clause "con la suavidad" straight into "Santo Tomas prueba..." without a sentence break; almost certainly a missing close of the City of God passage and a new sentence on Aquinas. Translated as two clauses with a full stop at the most plausible seam.
  6. 6"Santo Tomas" rendered as Saint Thomas (Aquinas), the expected scholastic authority in this mirror-for-princes context.
  7. 7Normalized "dignísi mo" → "dignísimo", "exhiortacion" → "exhortación", "Garcia" kept as García.
  8. 8Read "¿1 mismo" as "él mismo"; "espiritus" as "espíritus".
  9. 9Source orthography 'do la providencia' read as 'de la providencia' (standard Golden Age variant of 'de').
  10. 10Sentence ends mid-clause at 'se desvelan en ser'; neighboring next section continues the thought ('[ser]virle y agradarle…'). Rendering stops at the supplied Spanish without inventing the missing complement.
  11. 11Source unit is only residual punctuation/OCR debris ('>»'), not a complete Spanish sentence. No English sense can be recovered without inventing text.
  12. 12Section opens mid-clause after the previous unit's cut-off 'se desvelan en ser.'; reading 'virle' as the continuation of 'servirle'. Also treating OCR forms 'prospora'→'prospera', 'respctarle'→'respetarle', 'Sefñior'→'Señor'.
  13. 13'perlados' is early-modern spelling of 'prelados' (prelates). 'cuchillo de los herejes' rendered 'a sword against heretics' (instrument of judgment, not mere kitchen knife).
  14. 14'concilio Maguntino' = Council of Mainz (Lat. Moguntinum). Quoted block opens here and closes in the next sentence.

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