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Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince)/Book 1 · Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano — Libro Primero: De la religión que debe tener el príncipe
Chapter 10PrincipeCristiano.1.10

Que la providencia de Dios es más paternal para con los buenos reyes, y por esto deben ellos ser más celosos de la religion.

The Tender Care of the Divine Shepherd

God exercises a special, fatherly providence over the just, guiding and protecting them as a shepherd and spouse.

But even though God has this general providence over all people that we have spoken of, far more special is the care He has for good and just people, whom He treats as friends and dearly cherished children; and so Plutarch, reporting a saying of Hermogenes about the providence the gods have for the good, says these words: "The gods, who know all things and can do all things, love me so much and take such care of me that night and day I am present to them, and they know whatever I do and want to do, and they guide me and make known the end that things are to have."1 He adds: "All things belong to the gods, and all things are shared among friends. Since the good are friends of the gods, it follows that the gods love them and that they cannot help but be happy." But much more clearly and admirably the Holy Spirit says: "The eyes of the Lord are fixed on those who fear Him; He is their powerful governance, their place of refuge, the shield of their defense, shelter against the heat of summer, shade at noon, help in their dangers and aid in all their falls; He is the one who lifts up their souls, enlightens their minds, and the one who gives them health, life, and blessing."2 The prophet David says: "The Lord will take care to guide and direct the steps of the just, and when he falls, he will not be broken, because He will place His hand beneath him (oh, what a soft pillow!)"3 so that he is not hurt."4 And elsewhere: "Many are the tribulations of the just; but the Lord will deliver them from them all, for He has numbered their bones so that not even one is broken." And not only does the Lord have the bones of the just numbered, but also all their hairs, as He Himself says in the Gospel, so that not even one is lost.5 Because of this so special and tender providence of the Lord toward the just, He is called, in the sacred writings, shepherd who guides them, and king who defends them, and teacher who teaches them, and physician who heals them, and master who carries them in His arms, and guardian who watches over them, and father and mother who tenderly loves them and provides for them abundantly, and sweetest spouse of their souls, and by other names like these, to declare what the just and faithful servants have in this providence of the Lord; since this is so, how should we respond to such providence?6

The Response of the Faithful Heart

Recognizing God's providence demands a life of eager service and deep, affectionate love.

With what eagerness and vigilance must we serve such a Lord? With what tenderness and affection will one love so good a Father, so sweet a Mother, and so loyal, loving, and gentle a Spouse?7

The High Calling of the Christian Prince

Kings and princes, as God's ministers, are uniquely positioned to receive greater rewards for their virtuous governance and service to the common good.

And if the Lord uses this special and fatherly providence toward a particular man who serves Him (whoever he may be), what will He do for the kings and princes who wear themselves out serving Him, who are the means by which their subjects and vassals serve Him, and who with their zeal and power root vices out of their kingdoms and plant virtues, who disfavor and punish the wicked and favor and reward the good and virtuous, and who, in short, are God's ministers, so that He may be praised, glorified, and reverenced by the good out of love for virtue, and by the wicked out of fear of punishment?8 Saint Thomas, in a little work he wrote to the king of Cyprus, On the Government of Princes, proves effectively that good kings and princes are to receive greater and more excellent rewards from God than other ordinary people; because if the reward is due to virtue, a greater reward is due to greater virtue; and such is the virtue that, able to do harm, does not do it, and amid so many occasions and flames does not burn; greater still is the virtue that not only knows how to govern itself, its household, and a city or town, but reaches out and extends to governing well kingdoms and different and various provinces and nations—and not just any way, but as a supreme craftsman and architect on whom all the lower manual workers and craftsmen depend, and as a captain general who directs and encourages the whole army and is its health, life, and soul, and as another sun in the world, and a god on earth, whose vicar and minister the good king is; and so the peoples look on him and respect him as God, whom he represents, watching over and preserving the common good as God does.910

Trusting Providence Over Human Cunning

The Christian prince must reject the deceptive strategies of worldly politicians and instead anchor his rule in total trust in God's sovereign care.

I have shared everything regarding God's providence over all creatures—especially over good people and faithful kings—because it is the foundation upon which a pious prince's government and trust must rest. A prince should rely on God, cast himself into His arms, and rest in His divine providence. I offer this also to untangle the arguments of politicians who teach how to govern states as if the Lord had no providence over them, and as if the world were run by chance or solely by human malice and cunning.11 And wicked princes who follow this perverse teaching, since they do not know God as Father, do not have in Him the trust that good children ought to have; and so they look for other means to keep their unjust and ill-proportioned states, and they judge that God will fail them, or will not give them what they want, or will give it late and sparingly, and not to the measure of their greed, and that they can get it more quickly and more fully by other human means, founded on their own prudence and industry.12 But the Christian prince, who is convinced of the Lord's immense majesty, of the service and reverence owed Him, and of the providence with which He rules and administers empires and preserves kingdoms and domains—taking for his own part the just and lawful means, and hanging on this providence of the Lord—trusts in His promises and rests under His protection, because he knows that all states are His, that He gives them and He preserves them, and that without Him no human wisdom or power can preserve them; when God comes to the aid of his purposes, he gives Him thanks; when He does not, he holds as fitting whatever outcome comes guided from that fountain of wisdom and goodness, which he esteems so highly that it seems to him a most unworthy and ugly thing to offend it, and to abandon it for all the states and empires of the world.13 Even Plutarch said that those who deny God's providence deprive themselves of the unspeakable joy that those who believe in it and trust in it possess. And Clement of Alexandria says that it is a miserable thing for a person to be deprived of this help and tender care from God.14

Read the original Latin

Mas, aunque Diostenga esta general providencia de todos los hombres que habemos dicho, muy más especial es la que tiene de los hombres buenos y justos, á los cuales trata como amigos y hijos regalados; y así, Pintarco, refiriendo una sentencia do Hermógenes acerca de la providencia que los dioses tienen de los buenos, dice estas palabras: «Los dioses, que lo saben todo y pueden todo, de tal manera me aman, y tienen tanto cuidado de mí, que de noche y do dia les estoy presente, y saben cualquiera cosa que hago y quiero hacer, y me enderezan y sinifican el fin que han de tener las cosas.» Y más abajo: «Todas las cosas son de los dioses, y todas las cosas son comunes entre los amigos, y como los buenos son amigos de los dioses, síguese que los aman y que no pueden dejar de ser felices.» Pero mucho más clara y admirablemente dice el Espiritu Santo: «Los ojos del Señor están puestos sobre los que lo temen; El es su gobernacion poderosa, su lugar de refugio, escudo de su defensivn, amparo contra el calor del estío, sombra para cl mediodia, socorro en sus peligros y ayuda en todas sus caidas; El es el que levanta sus ánimas, alumbra sus entendimientos, y cl que les da salud, vida y bendicion.» Y el profeta David dice: «El Señor tendrá cuidado de regir y enderezar los pasos del justo, y cuando caycre, no se quebrantará, porque El pondrá debajo su mano (¡oh qué almohada tan blanda!) para que no sc lastime.» Y en otro lugar: «Muchas son las tribulaciones de los justos; mas de todas ellas los librará el Señor, porque El tiene contados los huesos dellos de tal manera, que ni uno solo sea quebrado.» Y no sólo los huesos de los justos tiene contados el Sefior, mas tambien todos sus cabellos, como El mismo lo dice en el Evangelio, para que ni uno solo se pierda. Por cata tan especial y regalada providencia del Señor para con los justos, se llama Él, en las letras sagradas, pastor que los rige, y rey que los defiende, y maestro que los enseña, y mé:dico que los cura, y amo quo los trac en sus brazos, y guarda que vela sobre ellos, y padre y madre que los ama tiernamente y los provee con abundancia, y esposo dulcísimo de sus ánimas, y con otros nomLres como éstos, para declarar lo que los justos y fieles siervos tienen en esta providencia del Señor; pues siendo esto así, ¿cómo debemos corresponder í tal providencia?

¿Con qué ánsia y vigilancia debemos servir á tal Señor? ¿Con qué ternura y afecto amará tan buen padre á tan dulce madre, á un esposo tan lcal y tan amoroso y suave?

Y si el Señor usa desta tan especial y paternal providencia con un hombre particular que le sirve (cualquiera que sea), ¿qué hará con los reyes y príncipes que se desvelan en servirle, y son medio para que sus súbditos y vasallos le sirvan, y con gu celo y poder arrancan de sus reinos los vicios y plantan las virtudes, desfavorecen y castigan á los malos, y favorecen y premian á los buenos y virtuosos, y en fin, son ministros de Dios, para que Él sea alabado y glorificado y reverenciado de los buenos por amor de la virtud, y de los malos por temor de la pena? Santo Tomas, en un opúsculo que escribió al rey de Cipre, Del gobierno de los príncipes, prueba eficazmente que los buenos reyes y príncipes han de alcanzar mayores y más excelentes premios de Dios que la otra gente comun; porque, si el premiose debe á la virtud, mayor premio se debe á la mayor virtud; y tal es la que pu-— diendo hacer mal no le hace, y en medio de tantas ocasiones y llamas no se quema, mayor es la que, no solamente sabe regirse á sí y á su familia, y á una ciudad ó pueblo, pero se extiende y dilata en gobernar bien los reinos y diferentes y várias provincias y naciones, y no como quiera, sino como un artífice supremo y arquitecto, del cual dependen todos los manuales y artífices inferiores, y como un capitan general que rige y alienta todo el ejército, y es la salud, la vida y ánima dél, y como vtro sol en el mundo, y un dios en la tierra, cuyo vicario y ministro es el buen rey, y así le miran y respetan las gentes como á Dios, á quien él representa, mirando y conservando el bien comun, como lo hace Dios.

Todo esto que he dicho de la providencia que Dios tiene de todas las criaturas, y especialmente de los hombres buenos y reyes fieles, lo he traido porque es el fundamento en que debe estribar el gobierno y confianza del príncipe piadoso, que está colgado de Dios y echado en sus brazos, y reposa en su divina providencia, y para deshacer las marañas de los políticos, que de tal suerte enseñan á gobernar los estados, como si el Señor no tuviese providencia dellos, y el mundo se gobernase acaso 6 con sola la malicia y astucia humana. Y los malos príncipes, que siguen esta perversa doctrina, como no conocen á Dios por padre, no tienen en El la confianza que deben tener los buenos l1ijos, y por eso buscan otros medios para la conservacion de sus estados injustos y desproporcionados, y juzgan que Dios les faltará, ó que no les dará lo que desean, ó que se lo dará tarde y escasamente, y no á la medida de su codicia, y que más breve y cumplidamente los podrán alcanzar por otros medios humanos, fundados en su prudencia é industria. Pero el príncipe cristiano, que está persuadido de la majestad inmensa del Señor, y del servicio x reverencia que se le debe, y de la providencia con que El rige y administra ls imperios y conserva los reinos y señoríos, tomando de su parte los medios justos y lícitos, y colgado desta providencia del Señor, fíase de sus promesas y descansa debajo de su proteccion, porquu sabe que todos los estados son suyos, y que | los da y El los conserva, y que sin El ninguna sabiduría ni potencia humana los puede conservar; cuando Dios acude á sus intentos, hácele gracias; cuando no le acude, tiene por conveniente cualquiera suceso que viene encaminado por aquella fuente do sabiduría y bondad, la cual estima en tanto, que le parece cosa indignísima y feísima ofenderla, y dejarla por todos los estados é imperios del mundo. Y hasta Plutarco dijo que los que niegan la providencia de Dios se privan de aquel gozo inefable que tienen los que la creen y fian en ella. Y Clemente Alejandrino dice que es miserable cosa ser el hombre privado deste socorro y regalo de Dios.

Scripture echoes

  1. Ps.37.23-Ps.37.24The steps of a man are established by the LORD, and He delights in his way. Ps.37.24 — Though he falls, he shall not be cast down, for the LORD upholds his hand.
  2. Ps.37.23-Ps.37.24The steps of a man are established by the LORD, and He delights in his way. Ps.37.24 — Though he falls, he shall not be cast down, for the LORD upholds his hand.
  3. Ps.34.19-Ps.34.20The LORD is near to the brokenhearted, and saves those crushed in spirit. Ps.34.20 — Many are the troubles of the righteous one, but the LORD delivers him from them all.
  4. Matt.10.30;Luke.12.7But even the hairs of your head are all counted. Luke.12.7 — But even the hairs of your head are all counted. Do not fear; you are worth more than many sparrows.

Notes

  1. 1Reading Diostenga as Dios tenga; Pintarco as Plutarco; do Hermógenes/do dia as de; sinifican as significan.
  2. 2Reading defensivn as defensa; cl mediodia as el mediodía; cl que as el que.
  3. 3Reading caycre as cayere.
  4. 4Reading sc as se.
  5. 5Reading Sefior as Señor.
  6. 6Reading cata as esta; mé:dico as médico; amo quo los trac as amo que los trae; nomLres as nombres; corresponder í as corresponder a.
  7. 7Source reading «lcal» is corrupt; translated as «leal» (loyal/faithful), which fits the series of divine titles (Father, Mother, Spouse) from the preceding section.
  8. 8Source reads "con gu celo"; translated as "con su celo" (with their zeal), the most plausible OCR/scan correction.
  9. 9Source corruptions normalized in translation: "el premiose debe" → "el premio se debe"; line-broken "pu-— diendo" → "pudiendo"; "vtro sol" → "otro sol" (another sun).
  10. 10"un dios en la tierra" is kept lowercase as a political-theological metaphor for the king's role as God's vicar, distinct from "Dios" later in the same sentence.
  11. 11Source reading «acaso 6 con sola» treated as the intended «acaso ó con sola» («by chance or by... alone»).
  12. 12Source «buenos l1ijos» corrected as «buenos hijos» («good children»).
  13. 13Normalized several print/OCR faults in the source: «servicio x reverencia» → «servicio y reverencia»; «administra ls imperios» → «administra los imperios»; «porquu» → «porque»; «y que | los da» → «y que Él los da»; «fuente do sabiduría» → «fuente de sabiduría».
  14. 14«regalo de Dios» rendered as «tender care from God» (consoling favor/comfort), not a mere material gift.

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