Capítulo VII. Del séptimo título por donde el hombre está obligado a la virtud, por razón de la primera de sus cuatro postrimerías, que es la muerte
The Four Last Things as Spurs to Virtue
The author introduces the four last things—death, judgment, heaven, and hell—as essential motivations for living a virtuous life.
Any one of these titles would be enough for a person to give themselves entirely to the service of a Lord to whom they are bound by so many and such great reasons. But because most people are moved more by the prospect of gain than by the duty of justice, we will add to what has been said the great benefits promised to virtue, both for the present and for the future. First, the two greatest of all: the glory awarded for it, and the punishment avoided by it.1 These two are the main oars of this voyage and the two chief spurs by which this road is traveled. For this reason, the blessed Saint Francis in his Rule, and our father Saint Dominic in his, both with the same spirit and the same words, command their preachers to preach nothing but vice and virtue, punishment and glory—the one to teach us how to live well, and the other to stir in us the desire to live well. It is also a common saying among the philosophers that "the two weights that keep the clock of human life moving in order are punishment and reward"; for our misery is so great that no one wants bare virtue unless it is either pressed on by punishment or accompanied by profit. And because no punishment or reward can be greater than pain and glory forever, we will therefore treat here of these two things, to which we will add two others that come before them—namely death and the universal judgment—because each of these, well considered, does much to make us love virtue and hate vice, according to that word of the Wise Man: «Remember your last things, and you will never sin»; by which last things he means these four we have named here, of which it now suits our purpose to treat.2
The Terror of the Particular Judgment
Through the eyewitness account of a monk's vision, the author illustrates the terrifying reality of the particular judgment that follows death.
I. Starting with the first, which is death: it’s all the more powerful to move us because it’s so certain, everyday, and familiar—especially if we consider the particular judgment of our life that must take place then, a judgment that won't be altered at the universal one, because whatever becomes of us then will remain so forever. But as for how strict this judgment must be, and the account that will be demanded, I don't want you to take my word for it, but rather a story that Saint John Climacus recounts as an eyewitness—and it’s without doubt one of the most terrifying I’ve ever read.3 He writes that "in a certain monastery of his time there was a monk careless in his life who, coming to the point of death, was caught up in spirit for a long while, where he saw the rigor and dreadful severity of this particular judgment." And when afterward, by a special dispensation of God, he was granted time for penance, he begged all of us monks who were present to leave his cell; and sealing the door himself with stone and mud, he remained inside until the day he died—which was for twelve years—never once going out, nor speaking a word to anyone, nor eating anything the whole time except bread and water. Seated in his cell, he was as if stunned, turning over in his heart what he had seen in that rapture; he kept his thoughts so fixed on it that he likewise kept his face fixed in one place, without turning it one way or the other, continually shedding the most fervent tears, which ran thread by thread from his eyes.4 And when the hour of his death came, we broke open the door, which, as I said, was sealed shut. All the monks of that desert went into his cell, and we begged him with all humility to give us some word for our edification. He said nothing more than this: “I tell you truly, fathers, that if people understood how terrifying this final ordeal and the judgment of death are, they would be very far from offending God.” These are the words of St. John Climacus, who was present at this event and gives witness to what he saw. So, as to the fact itself, though it may seem incredible, there is no reason to doubt it, since the witness is so trustworthy. Beyond that, there is much to fear when you consider the life this holy man led, and even more the greatness of the vision he saw, from which this way of life came. Which is enough to show us how true that saying of the Wise Man is: Remember your last things, and you will never sin forever.5 So if this consideration helps us so much to avoid sin, let us now run briefly through all its steps and passages, so that we may gain such a great good.
The Inevitability and Uncertainty of Death
The author addresses the reader directly, emphasizing the certainty of death and the uncertainty of its timing, which should prompt immediate repentance.
So remember, my brother: you are a Christian, and you are a man. As a man, you know for certain that you have to die; and as a Christian, you also know that once you have finished dying, you must give an account of your life.✦ On this latter point, the faith we profess leaves us no room to doubt; nor, on the other, does the experience of what we see.6 So no one can escape this bitter cup—not even a king or a pope.7 A day will come when you will see the dawn and not live to nightfall—or fall into night and not live to see the morning. A day will come—and you don't know when, today or tomorrow—when you yourself, who are now reading this, sound and well in every limb and sense, measuring out your days according to your business and your desires, will find yourself in a bed with a candle in your hand, waiting for death's blow and for the sentence given against the whole human race, from which there is no appeal and no petition for mercy. So consider first how uncertain this hour is, because it usually tends to come just when a person is most off guard and least expects it—while drawing up his accounts and making his plans for the future. And for this reason it is said that it comes like a thief, who usually comes when people feel most secure and are most sound asleep.✦ Before death comes the serious illness that leads to it, with all the complications, pain, nausea, sorrow, medicine, discomfort, and long nights that will wear us down; all of this is the road and preparation for dying.8 After that come the final struggles that attend death itself, which are even greater than those that went before. In this way a person, leaving life, pays back the borrowed anguish with which he entered it, suffering as he goes out the pains his mother suffered when she gave birth. And so the entrance matches the exit very well, since both come with pain—though one is another's pain, and the other is his own.9 Here, then, death's agony next appears, the end of life, the horror of the grave, the fate of the body—which will become food for worms—and still more the fate of the soul, which is then still inside the body, and two hours from then you don't know where it will be.✦ Here, then, it will seem to you that you already stand present at God's judgment, and that all your sins are accusing you and bringing a charge against you before him.✦ Here you'll see openly how great the evils were that you committed so easily, and you'll curse many times the day you sinned and the pleasure that made you sin. Here you won't finish marveling at yourself, seeing how for things so slight—the very things you loved in a disordered way—you put yourself in danger of suffering pains as great as those you'll begin to feel there. For once the pleasures are already past and judgment on them is already beginning to appear, what was little in itself, and is ceasing to be, seems like nothing; and what is great in itself, and is present, shows more clearly what it really is.10 So when you see that for things so vain you're on the verge of losing so great a good, and looking every way you find yourself surrounded and afflicted on every side—because no more time of life remains, nor is there any further term for penitence, and the course of your days is already finished, and neither the friends nor the idols you worshiped can help you there; rather, the things you most loved and prized will give you greater torment there—tell me, I beg you: When you find yourself in this crisis, what will you feel? Where will you go?11 What will you do? Who will you call on? Going back is impossible, going forward is unbearable, and you aren't allowed to stay as you are. So what will you do?
The Darkness of the Wicked at the End
Using prophetic imagery, the author describes the spiritual darkness and despair that overtake the wicked when they face the end of their lives.
Then, God says through the Prophet, the sun will set on the wicked in the middle of the day, and I will make✦12 the earth grow dark in broad daylight, and I will turn their festivals into weeping, and their end into a bitter day.✦13 What fearful words these are! Then—he says—the sun will set on them in the middle of the day; because, when the multitude of their sins rises before the wicked in that hour, and they see that God's justice is already beginning to close the bounds of their life, many of them fall into such great fear and distrust that it seems to them they are already beyond hope and cast out from divine mercy.✦14 And though they are still in the middle of the day—that is, still within the span of life, which is the time to merit or demerit—it will seem to them that there is no longer any place for merit or demerit, but that everything is already as good as closed to them.15 Fear is a powerful passion: it makes small things great, and absent things present. And if a slight fear sometimes does this, what will the fear of such a just and real danger do then? They still find themselves in this life among their friends, yet it seems to them that they are already beginning to feel the pain of the damned. At the same time, it seems to them that they are both alive and dead; and as they grieve over the present goods they are leaving behind, they begin to suffer the coming evils they already sense approaching.16 They consider those who remain behind to be blessed, and because of that envy, their own pain only grows. So then the sun will set for them at midday, when, wherever they turn their eyes, it will seem that the way to heaven is closed on every side, and that not a single ray of light opens to them.✦17 Because if they look to God's mercy, it seems to them they have made themselves unworthy of it; if to justice, it seems already coming down on their heads, and that until now it has been their day, and from then on it begins to be God's day; if they look to their past life, almost all of it is accusing them; if to the present moment, they see that they are dying; if a little further ahead, it seems they see the Judge waiting for them. So, with so many things causing them fear, what will they do? Where will they go? He adds: Their light will turn to darkness in broad daylight—meaning that the things that once brought them the greatest joy will then cause them the greatest pain.✦ For the living, it's a joyful thing to look on their children and friends, their house and property, and everything they love most; but then this light will turn to darkness, because all these things will give greater torment there and will prove the crueler executioners of those who love them. For it's natural that, just as possessing and being present with what you love gives joy, so separation and loss give pain; and for that reason they take the dear children out of the presence of the dying father, and the good wife hides herself at this time, so as not to give and take such cruel pains by her presence. And though the departure is for so far a place, and the farewell for so long a journey, pain will not let him keep the bounds of good manners, nor give the one who is leaving room to say to his friends, "God be with you."18 If you have reached this point, in all of this you will see that I'm telling the truth; but if you haven't reached it yet, believe those who have passed this way—for as the Wise Man says, those who sail the sea tell of its dangers.
The Rigor of Divine Justice
The author reflects on the fear even the saints felt before the divine judgment, highlighting the severity of God's account.
II. And if such are the things that come before the departure, what will the things be that come after it? If this is what the eve and the vigil are like, what will the feast and the day itself be? For immediately after death comes the reckoning and the trial of divine judgment. As for how much it should be feared, don't ask the people of the world, who live in intolerable error and blindness, just as they dwell in Egypt—which means darkness. Ask the saints who dwell in the land of Jesse, where the light of truth always shines; they will tell you, not only by their words but by their deeds, how much this reckoning is to be feared.✦19 For David was holy, and even so the fear he had of this reckoning was so great that he prayed to God, saying: Do not enter into judgment with your servant, Lord, for no one living will be justified before you.✦ And Arsenius too was holy; and when he was already about to die, surrounded by his disciples, he began to fear this passage so much that the disciples, seeing his fear, said to him: «Father, and you are afraid now?» The holy man answered them, "Children, this fear is not new to me, for I have always lived with it." It is written of the blessed Agathon that, as he faced this passage with that same fear, he was asked why he was afraid when he had lived with such innocence. He replied that "God's judgments are very different from those of men." And if you ask why the saints had such great fear at this passage, Saint Gregory answers that in the fourth book of the Morals, saying: «Holy men, carefully considering how just the Judge is who must call them to account, each day set before their eyes the end20 of their life, and carefully examine what they might answer the Judge in this reckoning. And if they find themselves free of every evil deed they could have fallen into, they still fear whether they are free of the evil thoughts the human heart keeps presenting at every moment—because, though it’s easy to overcome temptations to evil deeds, it isn’t easy to defend yourself against the constant war of evil thoughts. And though they fear the secret judgments of this just Judge at all times, they fear them especially when they are about to pay the common debt of human nature and see themselves drawing near to His presence.21 This fear grows even more when the soul is ready to leave the flesh, because at that time vain thoughts and fantasies cease, and nothing of this world remains for one who is already almost outside of it; so those who are dying look only at themselves and at God, before whom they find themselves, and they cast everything else into forgetfulness as no longer needed.✦ And if at that moment they remember they never failed to do the good they understood, they fear whether they might have failed to do the good they didn't understand—because they don't know how to judge or know themselves perfectly. And for this reason, at the time of departure they are battered by greater and more hidden fears, because they see that in a little while they will find what they will never change forever.» These are Saint Gregory's words, which make it plain enough how much more this reckoning and this hour are to be feared than worldly people imagine.
The Sinner's Confusion and Final Regret
The author contrasts the fear of the just with the utter helplessness and confusion of the sinner who has ignored God's warnings.
So if this judgment is so rigorous, and if the saints feared it so much—and with such good reason—what is it right for those who are not saints to do? Those who spent most of their life on vanities? Those who so often scorned God? Those who lived so forgetful of their salvation, and took so little care to prepare for this hour?22 If the just man fears so much, what should the sinner do? What will the desert reed do when the cedar of Mount Lebanon trembles like this?23 And if, as Saint Peter says, the just man will scarcely be saved, where will the sinner and the wicked appear? . Tell me, then: how will you feel in that hour when you have left this life and enter that divine judgment—alone, poor, and bare, with no advocates left but your good works, and no company but that of your own conscience? And this happens before a tribunal so severe that it isn't a matter of losing your temporal life, but of everlasting life and death. And if, in the trial of this judgment, you find yourself short in the reckoning, what then will the swoons of your heart be?24 How confounded you will find yourself, and how repentant! Great was the dismay of the princes of Judah when they saw the conquering sword of Shishak, king of Egypt, flying through the squares of Jerusalem—when, by the pain of the present punishment, they came to know the guilt of their past error.25 But what is all this compared to the confusion the wicked will face there? What will they do? Where will they go? With what will they defend themselves? Tears mean nothing there; repentance does no good there; prayers aren’t heard there; promises about the future aren’t accepted there; there’s no time for penance given there—because once life’s final moment is over, there’s no more time for penance. So riches, lineage, and the world’s favor will help even less, because, as the Wise Man says, riches won’t do any good on the day of vengeance, but justice alone will deliver from death.✦ So when the wretched soul finds itself hemmed in by so many distresses, what will it do but say with the Prophet: The groans of death have closed in on me, and the pains of hell have surrounded me?26 .27 Oh how wretched I am, and what a siege my sins have put me under now! How suddenly this hour has ambushed me! How little I expected its coming! What good are all my past honors and dignities to me now? What good are all my friends and servants? What good are all the riches and goods I possessed? For now they'll pay me with seven feet of earth and a poor shroud. And what's worse: the riches have to stay here for others to waste, and the sins I committed in wrongly gaining them have to go with me there, so that I pay for them. What good, moreover, are all my past pleasures and contentments to me now, since the pleasures are already over and nothing remains of them now but the dregs—the scruples and the remorse of conscience, the thorns that pierce my heart now and will torment it forever? Why didn't I prepare for this hour? How many times was I warned of this, yet I turned a deaf ear? Why did I hate discipline and refuse to obey my teachers, and pay no attention to the voices of those who taught me? . I have lived in every kind of sin right in the middle of the Church and the people.✦28
A Call to Present Preparation
The author concludes by urging the reader to live now in the way they will wish they had lived at the hour of death.
These, then, will be the anxieties, the anguish, and the reflections of the wicked at this hour. So, my brother, so that you don't find yourself in this distress, I beg you now to be willing, based on everything said so far, to consider and keep these three points in mind. The first is to consider how29 great the penalty must be that you'll receive at the hour of death for all the offenses you committed against God.30 The second is how much you'll wish then that you had served and pleased Him, so that He might be favorable to you in that hour. The third is what kind of penance you'll wish you could perform then, if you were given the time for it.31 So, work to live now in the way you'll then wish you had lived.32
Read the original Spanish
Cualquiera de todos estos títulos susodichos era bastante para que el hombre se emplease todo en el servicio de un Señor a quien por tantas y tan grandes razones está obligado. Mas, porque la mayor parte de los hombres más se mueve por el interese de la ganancia, que por obligación de justicia, por tanto añadiremos a lo dicho los provechos grandes que de presente y de futuro se prometen a la virtud. Y, primero, los dos mayores entre todos, que es la gloria que por ella se da y la pena que por ella se excusa. Estos dos son los principales remos de esta navegación y las dos principales espuelas con que se anda este camino. Por la cual causa, el bienaventurado san Francisco, en su Regla, y nuestro padre santo Domingo, en la suya, ambos con un mismo espíritu y con unas mismas palabras, mandan a sus predicadores que no prediquen más que vicio y virtudes, pena y gloria; lo uno, para enseñarnos a bien vivir, y lo otro, para inclinarnos al deseo de bien vivir. Sentencia es otrosí común de filósofos que «las dos pesas con que se mueve ordenadamente el reloj de la vida humana son castigo y galardón»; porque es tan grande nuestra miseria, que nadie quiere la virtud desnuda, si no viene o apremiada con castigo, o acompañada con provecho. Y, porque ningún castigo ni galardón puede ser mayor que pena y gloria para siempre, por eso trataremos aquí destas dos cosas, a las cuales añadiremos otras dos que preceden a estas, que son la muerte y el juicio universal; porque cada cosa destas bien considerada sirve mucho para amar la virtud y aborrecer el vicio, según aquello del Sabio, que dice: Acuérdate de tus postrimerías, y nunca jamás pecarás; por las cuales postrimerías entiende estas cuatro que aquí habemos nombrado, de que al presente, para nuestro propósito, nos conviene tratar.
I. Comenzando, pues, por la primera, que es la muerte, esta es tanto más poderosa para movernos, cuanto es más cierta, más cuotidiana y más familiar; mayormente, si consideramos el juicio particular que en ella ha de haber de nuestra vida, el cual no se ha de alterar en el universal, porque lo que entonces fuere de nosotros, esto será para siempre. Mas, cuán estrecho haya de ser este juicio y la cuenta que en él se ha de pedir, no quiero yo que lo creas a mí, sino a una historia que san Juan Clímaco, como testigo de vista, refiere; que sin duda es una de las más temerosas que yo he leído. Escribe, pues, él, que «en un cierto monasterio de su tiempo había un monje descuidado en su vida, el cual, llegando a punto de muerte, fue arrebatado en espíritu por un grande espacio, donde vio el rigor y severidad espantosa deste particular juicio. Y, como después, por especial dispensación de Dios, alcanzase espacio de penitencia, rogó a todos los monjes que presentes estábamos que nos saliésemos de su celda, y cerrando él la puerta a piedra y lodo, quedose dentro hasta el día que murió, que fue por espacio de doce años, sin salir jamás de allí, ni hablar palabra a nadie, ni comer otra cosa todo aquel tiempo, sino sólo pan y agua. Y, asentado en su celda, estaba como atónito, revolviendo en su corazón lo que había visto en aquel arrebatamiento; y tenía tan fijo el pensamiento en ello, que así también tenía el rostro fijo en un lugar, sin volverlo a una parte ni a otra, derramando a la continua muy fervientes lágrimas, las cuales corrían, hilo a hilo, por sus ojos. Y, llegada la hora de su muerte,
rompimos la puerta, que estaba, como dije, cerrada, y entramos todos los monjes de aquel desierto en su celda, y rogámosle con toda humildad nos dijese alguna palabra de edificación, y no dijo más que sola esta: “Dígoos de verdad, padres, que si los hombres entendiesen cuán espantoso es este último trance y juicio de la muerte, estarían muy lejos de ofender a Dios”». Todas estas son palabras de san Juan Clímaco, que se halló presente a este negocio y da testimonio de lo que vio, de manera que en el hecho, aunque parezca increíble, no hay que dudar, pues tan fiel es el testigo, y en lo demás hay mucho porque temer, considerando la vida que este santo hizo, y mucho más la grandeza de aquella visión que vio, de donde procedió esta manera de vida. Lo cual bastantemente nos declara cuán verdadera sea aquella sentencia del Sabio, que dice: Acuérdate de tus postrimerías, y eternalmente nunca pecarás. Pues, si tanto nos ayuda esta consideración para no pecar, corramos ahora brevemente por todos los pasos y trances della, para alcanzar tan grande bien.
Acuérdate, pues, ahora, hermano mío, que eres cristiano y que eres hombre. Por la parte que eres hombre, sabes cierto que has de morir, y por la que eres cristiano, sabes también que has de dar cuenta de tu vida, acabando de morir. En esta parte, no nos deja dudar la fe que profesamos; ni en la otra, la experiencia de lo que vemos. Así que no puede nadie excusar este trago, que sea rey, que sea papa. Día vendrá en que amanezcas, y no anochezcas; o anochezcas, y no amanezcas. Día vendrá —y no sabes cuándo: si hoy, si mañana—, en el cual tú mismo que estás ahora leyendo esta escritura, sano y bueno de todos tus miembros y sentidos, midiendo los días de tu vida conforme a tus negocios y deseos, te has de ver en una cama con una vela en la mano, esperando el golpe de la muerte y la sentencia dada contra todo el linaje humano, de la cual no hay apelación ni suplicación. Considera, pues, primeramente, cuán incierta sea esta hora, porque ordinariamente suele venir al tiempo que el hombre está más descuidado y menos piensa que ha de venir, echando sus cuentas y haciendo sus trazas para adelante. Y por esto se dice que viene como ladrón, el cual suele venir al tiempo que los hombres están más seguros y más dormidos.
Antes de la muerte precede la enfermedad grave que la ha de causar, con todos los accidentes, dolores, hastíos, tristezas, medicinas, molestias y noches largas que allí nos han de fatigar; lo cual todo es camino y disposición para morir. Después de lo cual se siguen los postreros accidentes que intervienen en la misma muerte, que son aún mayores que los pasados; desta manera viene el hombre a pagar en la salida de la vida las angustias ajenas con que entró en ella, padeciendo los dolores —al tiempo de salir— que su madre padeció al tiempo de parir; y así concuerda muy bien la entrada con la salida, pues la una y la otra es con dolores; aunque la una, con los ajenos, y la otra, con los propios. Aquí, pues, se representa luego la agonía de la muerte, el término de la vida, el horror de la sepultura, la suerte del cuerpo, que vendrá a ser manjar de gusanos, y mucho más la del ánima, que entonces está dentro del cuerpo y de ahí a dos horas no sabes dónde estará. Aquí, pues, te parecerá que estás ya presente en el juicio de Dios y que todos tus pecados te están acusando y poniendo demanda delante dél. Aquí verás abiertamente cuán grandes males eran los que tú tan fácilmente cometías, y maldecirás muchas veces el día en que pecaste y el deleite que te hizo pecar. Aquí no acabarás de maravillarte de ti mismo, viendo cómo por cosas tan livianas, cuales eran las que desordenadamente amabas, te pusiste en peligro de padecer dolores tan grandes como allí comenzarás a sentir; porque, como los deleites sean ya pasados y el juicio dellos comience ya a parecer, lo que de suyo era poco, y deja de ser, parece nada, y lo que de suyo es mucho, y está presente, parece más claro lo que es. Pues, como tú veas que por cosas tan vanas estás en término de perder tanto bien, y mirando a todas partes te veas de todas cercado y atribulado —porque ni queda más tiempo de vida, ni hay más plazo de penitencia, y el curso de tus días es ya fenecido, y ni los amigos ni los ídolos que adoraste te pueden allí valer; antes las cosas que más amabas y preciabas te han de dar allí mayor tormento—, dime, ruégote: Cuando te veas en este trance, ¿qué sentirás? , ¿adónde irás?
, ¿qué harás? , ¿a quién llamarás? Volver atrás es imposible, pasar adelante es intolerable, estarte así no se concede. Pues ¿qué harás? Entonces, dice Dios por el Profeta, se pondrá el sol a los malos en medio del día, y haré que se les
escurezca la tierra en día claro, y convertiré sus fiestas en llanto, y sus postrimerías, en día amargo. ¡Qué palabras estas tan para temer! Entonces —dice— se les pondrá el sol en medio del día; porque, representándose a los malos en aquella hora la muchedumbre de sus pecados, y viendo que la justicia de Dios les comienza ya a cerrar los términos de la vida, vienen muchos dellos a tener tan grandes temores y desconfianzas, que les parece que están ya desahuciados y despedidos de la misericordia divina. Y, estando aún en medio del día —esto es, dentro del término de la vida, que es tiempo de merecer y desmerecer—, les parecerá que para ellos no hay lugar de mérito ni de demérito, sino que todo les está ya como cerrado. Poderosa es la pasión del temor, la cual de las cosas pequeñas hace grandes, y de las ausentes, presentes. Y, si esto hace a las veces un temor liviano, ¿qué hará entonces el temor de tan justo y verdadero peligro? Vense en esta vida aún entre sus amigos, y paréceles que ya comienzan a sentir el dolor de los condenados. Juntamente les parece que están vivos y muertos, y doliéndose de los bienes presentes que dejan, comienzan a padecer los males venideros que barruntan.
Tienen por dichosos a los que acá se quedan, y créceles con esta envidia la causa de su dolor. Pues entonces se les pondrá el sol en medio del día, cuando, adoquiera que volvieren los ojos, les parecerá que por todas partes les está cerrado el camino del cielo y que ningún rayo se les descubre de luz. Porque, si miran a la misericordia de Dios, paréceles que la tienen desmerecida; si a la justicia, paréceles que viene ya a dar sobre su cabeza, y que hasta allí ha sido su día, y que desde allí comienza ya a ser el día de Dios; si miran a su vida pasada, casi toda ella los está acusando; si al tiempo presente, ven que se están muriendo; si un poco más adelante, paréceles que ven al Juez que los está esperando. Pues, entre tantos objetos y causas de temor, ¿qué harán? , ¿adónde irán?
Dice más: Que se les convertirá en tinieblas la luz en el día claro; quiere decir que las cosas que les solían dar antes mayor alegría, entonces les darán mayor dolor. Alegre cosa es para el que vive la vista de sus hijos y de sus amigos, y de su casa y hacienda, y de todo lo que más ama; mas entonces se convertirá esta luz en tinieblas, porque todas estas cosas darán allí mayor tormento y serán más crueles verdugos de sus amadores. Porque natural cosa es que, así como la posesión y presencia de lo que se ama da alegría, así el apartamiento y la pérdida da dolor; y por esto quitan a los dulces hijos de la presencia del padre que se está muriendo, y se esconde la buena mujer en este tiempo, por no dar y tomar tan crueles dolores con su presencia. Y, con ser la partida para tan lejos, y la despedida para tan largo camino, no deja guardar el dolor los términos de la buena crianza, ni da lugar al que se parte para decir a los amigos: «Quedaos con Dios». Si tú has llegado a este punto, en todo esto verás que digo verdad; mas, si aún no has llegado a él, cree a los que por aquí han pasado, pues, como dice el Sabio, los que navegan la mar cuentan los peligros della.
II. Y, si tales son las cosas que pasan antes de la salida, ¿qué serán las que pasarán después de ella? Si tal es la víspera y la vigilia, ¿qué tal será la fiesta y el día? Porque luego, después de la muerte, se sigue la cuenta y la tela de aquel juicio divino; el cual, cuánto sea para temer, no lo has de preguntar a los hombres del mundo, los cuales, así como moran en Egipto, que quiere decir tinieblas, así viven en intolerables errores y ceguedades, sino pregúntalo a los santos que moran en la tierra de Jessé, donde resplandece siempre la luz de la verdad, y esos te dirán, no sólo por palabras, sino por obras, cuánto sea esta cuenta para temer. Porque santo era David, y con todo esto era tan grande el temor que tenía desta cuenta, que hacía oración a Dios, diciendo: No entres, Señor, en juicio con tu siervo, porque no será justificado ante ti ninguno de los vivientes. Y santo era también Arsenio, el cual, estando ya para morir, cercado de sus discípulos, comenzó a temer este trance de tal manera, que los discípulos, entendiendo su temor, le dijeron: «Padre, ¿y tú ahora temes?» A los cuales respondió el santo varón: «Hijos, no es nuevo en mí este temor, porque siempre viví con él». Y del bienaventurado Agatón se escribe que, estando en este paso con este mismo temor, y preguntado por qué temía, habiendo vivido con tanta inocencia, respondió que «porque eran muy diferentes los juicios de Dios de los de los hombres».
Y, si preguntares cuál sea la causa por donde los santos tuvieron tan gran temor en este paso, a esto responde san Gregorio en el cuarto libro de los Morales, diciendo: «Los santos varones, considerando atentamente cuán justo sea el Juez que les ha de tomar cuenta, cada día ponen ante los ojos el término
de su vida y examinan con cuidado qué es lo que podrían responder al Juez en esta demanda. Y, si por ventura se hallan libres de todas las malas obras en que pudieron caer, temen si, por ventura, lo están de los malos pensamientos que en cada momento el corazón humano suele representar, porque, aunque sea fácil cosa vencer las tentaciones de las malas obras, no lo es defenderse de la guerra continua de los malos pensamientos. Y, como quiera que en todo tiempo teman los secretos juicios deste tan justo Juez, entonces señaladamente los temen: cuando se llegan ya a pagar la común deuda de la naturaleza humana y se ven acercar a la presencia de su Juez. Y crece aún este temor cuando el ánima se quiere ya desatar de la carne, porque en este tiempo cesan los vanos pensamientos y fantasías de la imaginación, y ninguna cosa deste siglo se representa al que está ya casi fuera del siglo; de manera que, entonces, los que están muriendo solamente miran a sí y Dios, ante quien se hallan presentes, y todo lo demás, como ya no necesario, vienen a echar en olvido. Y, si en ese paso se acuerdan que nunca dejaron de hacer los bienes que entendían, temen si, por ventura, dejaron de hacer los que no entendían, porque no saben juzgarse ni conocerse perfectamente. Y, por esto, al tiempo de la salida son combatidos con mayores y más secretos temores, porque ven que, de ahí a un poquito espacio, hallarán lo que para siempre nunca mudarán». Hasta aquí son palabras de san Gregorio, las cuales bastantemente nos declaran cuánto más para temer sea esta cuenta y esta hora, de lo que los hombres mundanos imaginan.
Pues, si tan riguroso es este juicio, y si tanto y con tanta razón le temieron los santos, ¿qué será justo que hagan los que no lo son? , ¿los que la mayor parte de la vida gastaron en vanidades? , ¿los que tantas veces despreciaron a Dios? , ¿los que tan olvidados vivieron de su salud, y tan poca cuenta tuvieron con aparejarse para esta hora? Si tanto teme el justo, ¿qué debe hacer el pecador? ¿Qué hará la vara del desierto, cuando así estremece el cedro del monte Líbano? Y, si —como dice san Pedro— el justo apenas se salvará, el pecador y malo ¿dónde parecerá? .
Dime, pues: ¿Qué sentirás en aquella hora, cuando, salido ya desta vida, entres en aquel divino juicio, solo, pobre y desnudo, sin más valedores que tus buenas obras, y sin más compañía que la de tu propia conciencia? Y esto, en un tribunal tan riguroso donde no se trata de perder la vida temporal, sino de vida y muerte perdurable. Y, si en la tela deste juicio te hallares alcanzado de cuenta, ¿cuáles serán entonces los desmayos de tu corazón? ¡Cuán confuso te hallarás, y cuán arrepentido! Grande fue el desmayo de los príncipes de Judá cuando vieron la espada vencedora de Sesac, rey de Egipto, volar por las plazas de Jerusalén, cuando, por la pena del castigo presente, conocieron la culpa del yerro pasado. Mas ¿qué es todo esto en comparación de la confusión en que allí los malos se verán? ¿Qué harán? , ¿dónde irán?
, ¿con qué se defenderán? Las lágrimas allí no valen, arrepentimientos allí no aprovechan, oraciones allí no se oyen, promesas para adelante allí no se admiten, tiempo de penitencia allí no se da; porque, acabado el postrer punto de la vida, ya no hay más tiempo de penitencia. Pues riquezas y linaje y favor del mundo, mucho menos aprovecharán, porque, como dice el Sabio, no aprovecharán las riquezas en el día de la venganza, mas la justicia sola librará de la muerte. Pues, cuando el ánima miserable se vea cercada de tantas angustias, ¿qué hará, sino decir con el Profeta: Cercado me han gemidos de muerte, y dolores del infierno me han rodeado? . «¡Oh miserable de mí, y en qué cerco me han puesto ahora mis pecados! ¡Cuán súbitamente me ha salteado esta hora! ¡Cuán sin pensarlo se ha llegado!
¿Qué me aprovechan ahora todas mis honras y dignidades pasadas? ; ¿qué, todos mis amigos y criados? ; ¿qué, todas las riquezas y bienes que poseí? Pues ahora me han de hacer pago con siete pies de tierra y con una pobre mortaja. Y lo que peor es: que las riquezas han de quedar acá, para que las desperdicien otros, y los pecados que hice en mal ganarlas han de ir conmigo allá, para que lo pague yo. ¿Qué me aprovechan otrosí ahora todos mis deleites y contentamientos pasados, pues ya los deleites se acabaron y no quedan ahora más que las heces dellos, que son los escrúpulos, y el remordimiento de la conciencia, las espinas que atraviesan ahora mi corazón y para siempre lo atormentarán? ¿Cómo no aparejé esta hora? ¿Cuántas veces me avisaron desto, y me hice sordo?
¿Por qué aborrecí la disciplina y no quise obedecer a mis maestros ni hice caso de las voces de los que me enseñaban? . En todo género de pecados he vivido en medio de la Iglesia y del pueblo».
Estas, pues, serán las ansias, las congojas y las consideraciones de los malos en esta hora. Pues, porque tú, hermano mío, no te veas en este aprieto, ruégote ahora quieras, de todo lo que hasta aquí está dicho, considerar y retener estos tres puntos en la memoria. El primero sea considerar qué tan
grande ha de ser la pena que a la hora de la muerte recibirás por todas las ofensas que hiciste contra Dios. El segundo, qué tanto es lo que allí desearás haberle servido y agradado, para tenerle para aquella hora propicio. El tercero, qué linaje de penitencia desearás allí hacer, si para esto se te diese tiempo. Porque de tal manera trabajes por vivir ahora, como entonces desearás haber vivido.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Rom.14.12;Heb.13.17 — So then, each of us will give an account of himself to God. Heb.13.17 — Obey your leaders and submit to them, for they keep watch over your souls as those who will give an account—so that they may do this with joy and not with groaning; for that would be of no benefit to you.
- ↩1Thess.5.2;2Pet.3.10;Rev.3.3 — For you yourselves know accurately that the day of the Lord comes as a thief in the night. 2Pet.3.10 — But the day of the Lord will come like a thief, in which the heavens will pass away with a rushing roar, and the elements, being burned up, will be dissolved, and the earth and the works in it will be found. Rev.3.3 — Remember, then, what you have received and heard; hold fast to it, and repent. If you do not wake up, I will come like a thief, and you will not know at what hour I will come upon you.
- ↩Job.17.14 — I have called the Pit, 'You are my father; my mother and my sister, to the worm.
- ↩Rom.14.10;2Cor.5.10;Rev.20.12 — But you, why do you judge your brother? Or you, why do you despise your brother? For we will all stand before the judgment seat of God. 2Cor.5.10 — For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, so that each one may receive what has been done through the body, whether good or evil. Rev.20.12 — And I saw the dead, the great and the small, standing before the throne, and books were opened. And another book was opened, which is the book of life. And the dead were judged by what was written in the books, according to their works.
- ↩Amos.8.9-Amos.8.10 — And it shall come to pass in that day — declares the Lord God — that I will make the sun go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in the day of light. Amos.8.10 — And I will turn your feasts into mourning, and all your songs into lamentation; and I will bring up sackcloth on every waist, and baldness on every head; and I will make it like the mourning of an only child, and its end like a bitter day.
- ↩Amos.8.9-Amos.8.10 — And it shall come to pass in that day — declares the Lord God — that I will make the sun go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in the day of light. Amos.8.10 — And I will turn your feasts into mourning, and all your songs into lamentation; and I will bring up sackcloth on every waist, and baldness on every head; and I will make it like the mourning of an only child, and its end like a bitter day.
- ↩Amos.8.9 — And it shall come to pass in that day — declares the Lord God — that I will make the sun go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in the day of light.
- ↩Amos.8.9 — And it shall come to pass in that day — declares the Lord God — that I will make the sun go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in the day of light.
- ↩Amos.8.9 — And it shall come to pass in that day — declares the Lord God — that I will make the sun go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in the day of light.
- ↩Isa.11.1 — A shoot will come forth from the stump of Jesse, and a branch from his roots will bear fruit.
- ↩Ps.143.2 — And do not bring your servant into judgment, for no one living is righteous before you.
- ↩Phil.1.23 — But I am hard-pressed between the two, having the desire to depart and be with Christ, for it is far better;
- ↩Prov.11.4 — Riches do not profit in the day of wrath, but righteousness delivers from death.
- ↩Prov.5.12-Prov.5.14 — And you will say, "How I have hated discipline, and my heart has despised correction!" Prov.5.13 — And I did not listen to the voice of my teacher, and to my instructor I did not incline my ear. Prov.5.14 — I was almost in total ruin, in the midst of the assembly and the congregation.
Notes
- 1 ↩«por ella» refers to virtue (la virtud): glory is granted for living virtuously, and eternal punishment is escaped by the same.
- 2 ↩«postrimerías» is the traditional Four Last Things (death, judgment, hell, heaven). Rendered as «last things» to keep the scriptural cadence while matching Granada's fourfold program (death, universal judgment, eternal punishment, eternal glory).
- 3 ↩estrecho: rendered as "strict" (severe/exacting judgment), not spatial "narrow," though both senses are live in the traditional image of a hard reckoning.
- 4 ↩hilo a hilo: kept as "thread by thread" for the continuous thin stream of tears (not mere "drop by drop").
- 5 ↩postrimerías rendered as “last things” (the Four Last Things / last ends); the familiar English of Sirach often has “last end.” eternalmente nunca pecarás follows the Spanish cadence rather than a free paraphrase.
- 6 ↩esta parte / la otra maps back to s2's two aspects: Christian (give account) and human (must die). Rendered with latter/other accordingly after the Christian clause just stated.
- 7 ↩trago = a draught/swallow; here the bitter draught of death. excusar = get out of / be excused from, not merely apologize for.
- 8 ↩Spanish 'accidentes' is used in the early-modern medical sense of attendant symptoms and crises, not chance mishaps; rendered as 'complications'.
- 9 ↩'angustias ajenas' means the birth-pangs belonging to another (the mother), not foreign strangers; rendered as 'borrowed anguish' / 'another's pain'.
- 10 ↩The closing contrast turns on retrospective revaluation: past pleasures shrink toward nothing; present pain and judgment disclose their true weight.
- 11 ↩Source sentence is a fragment continuing the rhetorical chain from s7 (and into 1.9.6); leading comma preserved in the Spanish only.
- 12 ↩Source sentence ends mid-clause at the section break; the following section continues the same prophetic quotation (y haré que se les / escurezca la tierra…).
- 13 ↩Continues the prophetic quotation begun in GuiaPec.1.9.6.s5 (y haré que se les…). ‘Escurezca’ is an older spelling of ‘oscurezca’.
- 14 ↩‘Desahuciados y despedidos de la misericordia divina’ rendered as ‘beyond hope and cast out from divine mercy’ (desahuciado = given up as hopeless; despedido = dismissed/sent away).
- 15 ↩‘Merecer y desmerecer’ / ‘mérito ni de demérito’ kept as merit and demerit, the traditional pair for earning reward or blame within the time of life.
- 16 ↩‘Barruntan’ rendered as ‘already sense approaching’ (forebode/intuit rather than merely guess).
- 17 ↩Source 'adoquiera' is early-modern Spanish for 'adondequiera' (wherever).
- 18 ↩«Quedaos con Dios» is the traditional Spanish farewell (lit. 'remain with God'); rendered as the natural English equivalent 'God be with you' to keep the religious content without archaism.
- 19 ↩Golden Age 'tela' in judicial sense means the contested case/proceedings of a trial; rendered as 'trial' alongside 'cuenta' as 'reckoning/account'.
- 20 ↩The printed section ends mid-quotation at «el término»; the clause continues in GuiaPec.1.9.12.s1 («de su vida…»).
- 21 ↩«la común deuda de la naturaleza humana» is the traditional image of death as the debt every human nature must pay.
- 22 ↩salud here is spiritual salvation (Golden Age usage), not bodily health; rendered 'salvation' from judgment/death context.
- 23 ↩vara del desierto: fragile desert rod/reed set against the mighty cedar of Lebanon—proverbial contrast of the weak sinner with the strong just.
- 24 ↩"en la tela deste juicio" uses Golden Age legal imagery (the field/proceedings of a trial). "alcanzado de cuenta" is accounting language: found short when the accounts are settled.
- 25 ↩Sesac is the Spanish form of Shishak (Egyptian king who invaded Judah under Rehoboam).
- 26 ↩ánima rendered as soul (lexemic default for the interior person before God).
- 27 ↩Source sentence is only a bare period; likely a segmentation artifact between the prophetic quotation and the soul's ensuing lament.
- 28 ↩Spanish 'Iglesia' (capitalized in source) continues the Proverbs echo; biblical parallels often have 'congregation/assembly' (ecclesia). Rendered 'Church' to follow the source surface; may intend the public worshiping body rather than the institutional Church alone.
- 29 ↩Source sentence is truncated mid-phrase (qué tan); it continues in the next section as qué tan grande ha de ser la pena…
- 30 ↩Continues the incomplete previous sentence (GuiaPec.1.9.18.s3: 'El primero sea considerar qué tan…'). Rendered as that comparative clause rather than forced into a freestanding English sentence.
- 31 ↩linaje de penitencia: rendered as 'kind of penance' (sort/type), not genealogical 'lineage'.
- 32 ↩Porque… + subjunctive trabajes is purpose ('so that'), not causal 'because'.
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