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Chapter 8GuiaPec.1.8

Capítulo VI. Del sexto título por donde estamos obligados a la virtud, que es el beneficio inestimable de la divina predestinación

The Grace of Divine Election

The author defines predestination as the 'grace of graces' and the foundational benefit that directs all other divine gifts toward our salvation.

To all these benefits is added the benefit of election, which belongs only to those whom God chose from eternity for everlasting life. The Apostle gives thanks for this benefit in his own name and in the name of all the elect, writing to the Ephesians: Blessed be God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who blessed us with every kind of spiritual blessing through Christ, just as through him he chose us before the creation of the world, that we might be holy and pure in his divine eyes; and he predestined us to be his adoptive children through Jesus Christ, his Son.✦ The royal Prophet magnifies this same benefit when he says: Blessed, Lord, is the one you chose and took for yourself, because such a one will dwell with your elect in your house.✦1 This, then, can with good reason be called the benefit of benefits and the grace of graces. It is a grace of graces because it is given before any merit, solely by the infinite goodness and generosity of God, who—without wronging anyone and indeed giving each one sufficient help for salvation—extends to others the immensity of his mercy, as the most generous and absolute Lord of what is his.2 It is also a benefit of benefits, not only because it is the greatest of benefits, but because it is the cause of all the others; for once a person has been chosen for glory through this benefit, the Lord then provides him with every other benefit and means required to attain it, as he himself testified through a prophet, saying: I loved you with everlasting love, and for that reason I drew you to myself—that is, by calling you to my grace, so that through it you might reach my glory.3 The Apostle made this even clearer when he said: Those whom the Lord predestined to be conformed to the image of His Son, who is the firstborn among many brothers, He also called; and those He called, He justified; and those He justified, He finally glorified. The reason for this is that, since God orders all things in an orderly and gentle way, once he is pleased to choose someone for his glory, by this grace he grants that person many other graces, because by this means he provides everything required to attain this first grace.4 So then, just as a father raising a son to become a cleric or a scholar begins from childhood to set him toward the Church's work or literary studies, directing every step of his life toward that end, so also, once the eternal Father chooses a person for His glory—to which the path of righteousness leads us—He always works to guide him along this path, so that he may reach the appointed end.

Signs of the Chosen

While election is a divine secret, the author identifies perseverance in a virtuous life as the primary sign of being among the elect.

So for this gift so great and so ancient, those who recognize in themselves signs of it ought to give thanks to the Lord. For even though this secret is hidden from human eyes, still, just as there are signs of justification, there are also signs of divine election. And just as the chief sign among those is an amendment of life, so among these the chief sign is perseverance in a good life.5 For anyone who has lived many years in the fear of God and with careful diligence to flee every mortal sin may piously believe that, as the Apostle says, God will keep him to the end without sin for the day of his coming, and will finish in him what He began.✦✦ It's true that no one should feel secure because of this, for we see that the great wise man Solomon, after living well for so long, was deceived at the end of his life. But these are exceptions to the general rule, which is what the Apostle says, and what Solomon himself taught in his Proverbs: it is a proverb that a young man will not forsake in old age the path he followed in his youth.✦✦ So if he was virtuous as a young man, he will be so in old age as well.✦ So, with these and other similar conjectures that the saints write, one may humbly presume, on the infinite goodness of God, that He will have placed him among the number of His chosen.6 And just as he hopes in this Lord's mercy that he will be saved, so he may humbly presume that he is among the number of those who will be saved; for the one presupposes the other.

The Depth of the Gift

The author invites the reader to contemplate the specific circumstances of election, such as its antiquity, the unworthiness of the chosen, and the infinite cost of Christ's blood.

That being so, how deeply bound a person will be to serve God for so great a benefit as being written in that book of which the Lord said to his apostles: Do not rejoice that the evil spirits obey you, but rejoice because your names are written in heaven! . So how great a benefit it is to be loved and chosen from all eternity—from the moment God has been God—to dwell in his loving breast from the ages of eternity, and to be chosen as God's adoptive son when the natural Son of God was begotten among the splendors of the saints, who were already present in the divine mind!7 Examine every detail of this election carefully, and you'll see how each one, by itself, is a great gift and a new obligation. Consider how worthy the Elector who chose you is: He is God Himself, infinitely rich and blessed, who had no need of you or anyone else.8 Consider how unworthy the one chosen was: a wretched, mortal creature, subject to all the poverty, sickness, and misery of this life, and bound for the eternal punishments of the next because of his own fault. Consider how high this election is, for you were chosen for a purpose so sovereign that none greater is possible: to be a child of God, heir of His Kingdom, and a sharer in His glory.9 Consider also how gracious this election was: as we said, it came before any merit, by the mere good pleasure of the divine will, and, as the Apostle says, for the glory and praise of God's infinite generosity and of His grace—because the freer the gift, the more it leaves a person obliged.✦ Consider also the antiquity of this election: it didn't begin with the world; rather, it is older than the world, for it keeps pace with God Himself. Just as He is from eternity, so from eternity He loved His chosen ones, and from then on He has held them before Him, looking on them with fatherly, loving eyes, always determined to do them such great good.✦10 Look also at the singularity of this mercy: among so vast a throng of barbarous nations and of the damned, He willed that this so happy lot should fall to you in the number of the chosen. And so He set you apart and singled you out from that mass of the human race ruined by sin, and made into bread of angels what had been a leaven of corruption.✦✦11 There is little that needs to be written on this, but much that can be felt and pondered, so that you may know how to thank the Lord for the singularity of this gift—all the greater as the number of the chosen is smaller and that of the lost is greater, which, as Solomon says, is infinite.✦ And if none of this moves you, at least let yourself be moved by the greatness of the expense this sovereign Elector determined to make in this cause: namely, to spend on it the life and blood of his only-begotten Son, whom from eternity he determined to send into the world to be the executor of this divine decree.✦✦12

A Heart Moved by Mercy

Reflecting on the magnitude of divine love, the author challenges the reader to respond with total devotion to the eternal Friend.

So then, given that, what time will ever be enough to ponder so many mercies? What tongue to declare them? What heart to feel them? What service to repay them? With what love will a human being answer this eternal love of God? Who will wait until old age to love the One who loved him from eternity? Who will trade this Friend for any other friend? For if an old friend is so highly prized in Holy Scripture, how much more will the eternal Friend be? And if you must not trade an old friend for any new one, who would trade the possession and grace of this Lover so ancient for all the friends of the world? And if possession from time immemorial gives a right to someone who does not already have it, what will possession from eternity do for the One who holds us as his under the title of this friendship, so that we should therefore count ourselves as his?13

The Dignity of the Elect

The author uses the analogy of earthly royalty to highlight the incomparable dignity of those chosen to reign forever in heaven.

So then, what goods are there in the world that ought to be traded for this good? And what evils are there that ought not to be borne gladly for it? Who would be so heartless that, if God revealed to him that a poor beggar passing in the street was predestined in this way, he wouldn't kiss the ground that man walked on, follow him, and, falling to his knees, offer him a thousand blessings and say: "Oh happy one, you! Oh blessed one, you! Is it possible that you belong to that most blessed number of the elect? Is it possible that you are to see God in His very beauty? Are you to be a companion and brother to all the elect? Are you to stand among the choirs of the angels? Are you to enjoy that heavenly music? Are you to reign forever and ever? Are you to see the radiant face of Christ and of his most holy Mother? Oh, blessed is the day you were born—and far more blessed the day you'll die, for then you'll live forever! Blessed is the bread you eat and the ground you walk on, for it bears an incomparable treasure!14 And far more blessed are the labors you endure and the needs you suffer, for those open the way for you to the rest of eternity!15 For what cloud could be so dark, or what trial so great, that it wouldn't break up under the pledges of this hope?16 If we knew someone was predestined, we would look at them with these same eyes. For if, when a prince who is heir to a great kingdom passes along the street, everyone comes out to look at him, marveling at the so fortunate lot—by the world's judgment—that fell to that young man by being born heir to a17 great kingdom—how much more would this so blessed fortune be cause for wonder: that a man should be born, before any merit of his own, chosen not to be a temporal king of the earth, but to reign forever in heaven?

The Obligation of Good Works

The chapter concludes by grounding the doctrine of election in the practical necessity of good works and firm confidence in God's fidelity.

So here, brother, you can see the debt the elect owe the Lord for such a great benefit—one from which no one should consider himself excluded, provided he is willing to do his part. Instead, let everyone work, as Saint Peter says, to make their election sure through good works.✦ We know for certain that whoever does them will be saved; and we also know that divine favor and grace have never failed anyone, and never will.✦ With firm confidence in these two truths, let us continue in good works, and in this way we will belong to that most glorious number.18

Read the original Spanish

A todos estos beneficios se añade el de la elección, que es de solos aquellos que Dios ab eterno escogió para la vida perdurable; por el cual beneficio el Apóstol da gracias en nombre suyo y de todos los escogidos, escribiendo a los de Éfeso, por estas palabras: Bendito sea Dios, Padre de nuestro Señor Jesucristo, el cual nos bendijo con todo género de bendiciones espirituales por Cristo, así como por él nos escogió antes de la creación del mundo, para que fuésemos santos y limpios en sus ojos divinos; y nos predestinó por hijos suyos adoptivos por Jesucristo, su Hijo. Este mismo beneficio engrandece el Profeta real, cuando dice: Bienaventurado, Señor, aquel que tú escogiste y tomaste para ti, porque este tal morará con tus escogidos en tu casa. Este, pues, con mucha razón se puede llamar beneficio de beneficios y gracia de gracias. Es gracia de gracias, porque se da ante todo merecimiento, por sola la infinita bondad y largueza de Dios, el cual, no haciendo injuria a nadie, antes dando a cada uno suficiente ayuda para su salvación, extiende para con otros la inmensidad de su misericordia, como liberalísimo y absoluto Señor de su hacienda.

Es otrosí beneficio de beneficios, no sólo porque es el mayor de los beneficios, sino porque es el causador de todos los otros; porque, después de escogido el hombre para la gloria por medio deste beneficio, luego le provee el Señor de todos los otros beneficios y medios que se requieren para conseguirla, como él mismo lo testificó por un profeta, diciendo: Yo te amé con perpetua caridad, y por eso te traje a mí, conviene saber: llamándote a mi gracia, para que por ella alcanzases mi gloria. Pero más claramente significó esto el Apóstol, cuando dijo: Los que el Señor predestinó para que fuesen conformes a la imagen de su Hijo, el cual es primogénito entre muchos hermanos, a estos los llamó; y a los que llamó, justificó; y a los que justificó, finalmente glorificó. La razón desto es porque, como Dios disponga todas las cosas ordenada y suavemente, después que tiene por bien escoger a uno para su gloria, por esta gracia le hace otras muchas gracias, porque por esto le provee de todo lo que para conseguir esta primera gracia se requiere. De manera que, así como el padre que cría un hijo para clérigo, o letrado, desde niño le comienza a ocupar en cosas de la Iglesia, o en ejercicios de letras, y todos los pasos de su vida endereza a este fin, así también, después que aquel eterno Padre escoge un hombre para su gloria, a la cual nos lleva el camino de la justicia, siempre procura guiarlo por este camino, para que así alcance el fin determinado.

Pues por este tan grande y tan antiguo beneficio deben dar gracias al Señor los que en sí reconocieren señales dél. Porque, dado caso que este secreto esté encubierto a los ojos de los hombres, todavía, como hay señales de la justificación, las hay también de la divina elección. Y, así como entre aquellas la principal es la enmienda de vida, así entre estas lo es la perseverancia en la buena vida. Porque el que ha muchos años que vive en temor de Dios y con solícito cuidado de huir todo pecado mortal, piadosamente puede creer que, como dice el Apóstol, le guardará Dios hasta el fin, sin pecado, para el día de su venida y acabará en él lo que comenzó.

Verdad es que no por esto se debe nadie tener por seguro, pues vemos que aquel tan gran sabio Salomón, después de haber tanto tiempo bien vivido, al fin de la vida fue engañado. Pero estas son excepciones particulares de la costumbre general, que es la que el Apóstol dice, y la que el mismo Salomón en sus Proverbios enseñó, diciendo: Proverbio es que el mancebo no desamparará en la vejez el camino que siguió en la mocedad. De manera que, si fue virtuoso siendo mozo, también lo será cuando viejo. Pues, con estas y otras semejantes conjeturas que los santos escriben, puede uno humilmente presumir de la infinita bondad de Dios que le tendrá puesto en el número de sus escogidos. Y, así como espera en la misericordia deste Señor que se ha de salvar, así puede humilmente presumir que es del número de los que se han de salvar; pues lo uno presupone lo otro.

Siendo esto así, ¡cuán obligado estará el hombre a servir a Dios por un tan gran beneficio como es estar escrito en aquel libro de que el Señor dijo a sus apóstoles: No os alegréis de que los espíritus malos os obedecen, sino alegraos porque vuestros nombres están escritos en los cielos! .

Pues ¡qué tan grande beneficio es ser amado y escogido ab eterno, desde que Dios es Dios, y estar aposentado en su pecho amoroso desde los años de la eternidad, y ser escogido por hijo adoptivo de Dios cuando fue engendrado el Hijo natural de Dios entre los resplandores de los santos, que en el entendimiento divino estaban presentes!

Mira, pues, atentamente todas las circunstancias desta elección, y verás cómo cada una dellas por sí es un grande beneficio y una nueva obligación. Mira cuán digno es el elector que te escogió, que es el mismo Dios, infinitamente rico y bienaventurado, y que ni de ti ni de nadie tenía necesidad. Mira cuán indigno por sí era el electo, que es una criatura miserable y mortal, sujeta a todas las pobrezas, enfermedades y miserias desta vida, y obligada a las penas eternas de la otra por su culpa. Mira cuán alta es la elección, pues fuiste elegido para un fin tan soberano, que no puede ser otro mayor, que es para ser hijo de Dios, heredero de su Reino y particionero de su gloria. Mira también cuán graciosa fue esta elección, pues fue, como dijimos, ante todo merecimiento, por solo el beneplácito de la divina voluntad, y, como el Apóstol dice, para gloria y alabanza de la infinita liberalidad de Dios y de su gracia; porque, cuanto es el beneficio más gracioso, tanto deja al hombre más obligado. Mira otrosí la antigüedad desta elección, pues no comenzó con el mundo, antes es más antigua que el mundo, pues corre a la pareja con Dios; el cual, así como es ab eterno, así ab eterno amó sus escogidos, y desde entonces los tuvo y tiene delante, y los mira con ojos paternales y amorosos, estando siempre determinado de hacerles un tan grande bien. Mira otrosí la singularidad desta merced, pues, entre tanta infinidad de bárbaras naciones y de condenados, quiso él que te cupiese a ti esta suerte tan dichosa en el número de los escogidos; y así te apartó y entresacó de aquella masa dañada del género humano por el pecado, e hizo pan de ángeles lo que era levadura de corrupción. En esta circunstancia hay poco que se deba escribir, pero mucho que se pueda sentir y considerar, para saber agradecer al Señor la singularidad deste beneficio, tanto mayor, cuanto es menor el número de los escogidos y mayor el de los perdidos, que, como dice Salomón, es infinito.

Y, si nada desto te moviere, muévate a lo menos la grandeza de las expensas que este soberano elector determinó hacer en esta demanda, que fue gastar en ella la vida y sangre de su unigénito Hijo, el cual ab eterno determinó enviar al mundo para que fuese el ejecutor desta divina determinación.

Pues, siendo esto así, ¿qué tiempo bastará para pensar tantas misericordias? , ¿qué lengua para manifestarlas? , ¿qué corazón para sentirlas? , ¿qué servicios para pagarlas? ¿Con qué amor responderá el hombre a este amor eterno de Dios? ¿Quién aguardará a amar en la vejez a aquel que lo amó desde la eternidad? ¿Quién trocará este amigo por otro cualquier amigo? Porque, si en la Escritura divina es tan preciado el amigo antiguo, ¿cuánto más lo será el eterno?

Y, si por ningún amigo nuevo se debe trocar el viejo, ¿quién trocará la posesión y gracia de este amador tan antiguo, por todos los amigos del mundo? Y, si la posesión del tiempo inmemorial da derecho a quien no lo tiene, ¿qué hará la de la eternidad a quien nos tiene poseídos por título desta amistad, para que así nos tengamos por suyos?

Pues, según esto, ¿qué bienes hay en el mundo que se deban trocar por este bien? ¿Y qué males que no se deban padecer alegremente por él? ¿Qué hombre habría tan desalmado que, si supiese por revelación de Dios de un pobre mendigo que pasa por la calle que estaba así predestinado, que no besase la tierra que él hollase, que no fuese en pos dél y, puesto de rodillas, no le diese mil bendiciones y le dijese: «¡Oh dichoso, tú! ¡Oh bienaventurado, tú! ¿Es posible que tú seas de aquel felicísimo número de los escogidos? ¿Es posible que tú hayas de ver a Dios en su misma hermosura? ¿Tú has de ser compañero y hermano de todos los escogidos? ¿Tú has de estar entre los coros de los ángeles?

¿Tú has de gozar de aquella música celestial? ¿Tú has de reinar en los siglos de los siglos? ¿Tú has de ver la cara resplandeciente de Cristo y de su santísima Madre? ¡Oh, bienaventurado el día en que naciste, y mucho más aquel en que morirás, pues entonces para siempre vivirás! ¡Bienaventurado el pan que comes y la tierra que huellas, pues tiene sobre sí un incomparable tesoro! ¡Y mucho más bienaventurados los trabajos que padeces y las menguas que sufres, pues esas te abren camino para el descanso de la eternidad! Porque ¿qué nublado habrá tan triste, qué tribulación tan grande, que no se deshaga con las prendas desta esperanza?»

Con estos ojos, pues, miraríamos un predestinado, si conociésemos que lo es. Porque, si cuando pasa un príncipe heredero de un gran reino por la calle, salen todos a mirarle, maravillándose de la suerte tan dichosa —según el juicio del mundo— que a aquel mozo le cupo, naciendo heredero de un

grande reino, ¿cuánto más sería para maravillar esta tan dichosa suerte, que es nacer un hombre, ante todo merecimiento, escogido no para rey temporal de la tierra, sino para reinar eternalmente en el cielo?

Λ Por aquí, pues, podrás ver, hermano, la obligación que tienen los escogidos al Señor, por este tan grande beneficio, del cual ninguno se debe tener por excluido, si quiere hacer lo que es de su parte. Antes cada uno trabaje, como dice san Pedro, por hacer cierta su elección, con buenas obras. Porque sabemos cierto que el que las hiciere se salvará; y sabemos también que el favor y gracia divina a nadie faltó jamás ni faltará. Y con la firmeza destas dos verdades continuemos las buenas obras, y así seremos deste número tan glorioso.

Scripture echoes

  1. ↩Eph.1.3-Eph.1.5 — Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places in Christ, Eph.1.4 — just as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, to be holy and blameless before him in love Eph.1.5 — He predestined us for adoption as sons through Jesus Christ, according to the purpose of his will,
  2. ↩Ps.65.4 — When the words of our iniquities overwhelm us, you atone for our transgressions.
  3. ↩Phil.1.6 — I am confident of this very thing, that the one who began a good work in you will carry it on to completion until the day of Christ Jesus.
  4. ↩1Cor.1.8;1Thess.5.23 — who will also confirm you to the end, blameless in the day of our Lord Jesus [Christ] 1Thess.5.23 — Now may the God of peace himself sanctify you completely, and may your spirit and soul and body be kept blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
  5. ↩Phil.1.6 — I am confident of this very thing, that the one who began a good work in you will carry it on to completion until the day of Christ Jesus.
  6. ↩Prov.22.6 — Train up a child in the way he should go; even when he is old he will not depart from it.
  7. ↩Prov.22.6 — Train up a child in the way he should go; even when he is old he will not depart from it.
  8. ↩Eph.1.6 — to the praise of the glory of his grace, which he freely bestowed on us in the Beloved.
  9. ↩Jer.31.3;Eph.1.4;Rom.8.29-Rom.8.30 — From far away the LORD appeared to me. And with everlasting love I have loved you; therefore I have drawn you with steadfast kindness. Eph.1.4 — just as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, to be holy and blameless before him in love Rom.8.29 — For those whom he foreknew, he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brothers. Rom.8.30 — And those he predestined, he also called; and those he called, he also justified; and those he justified, he also glorified.
  10. ↩Rom.9.21 — Does not the potter have authority over the clay, from the same lump to make one vessel for honor and another for dishonor?
  11. ↩Ps.78.25;1Cor.5.6-1Cor.5.8;Gal.5.9 — Man ate the bread of the mighty; provisions he sent them to the full. 1Cor.5.6 — Your boasting is not good. Do you not know that a little leaven leavens the whole batch of dough? 1Cor.5.7 — Clean out the old leaven, so that you may be a new batch, just as you are unleavened. For Christ, our Passover, has been sacrificed. 1Cor.5.8 — So let us keep the feast, not with the old leaven, nor with the leaven of malice and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. Gal.5.9 — A little leaven leavens the whole lump.
  12. ↩Eccl.1.15 — What is crooked cannot be made straight, and what is lacking cannot be counted.
  13. ↩John.3.16;1John.4.9 — For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him may not perish but have eternal life. 1John.4.9 — In this the love of God was made manifest among us, that God sent his only Son into the world, so that we might live through him.
  14. ↩1Pet.1.18-1Pet.1.19;Eph.1.7 — knowing that you were not redeemed with perishable things—silver or gold—from your futile way of life handed down from your fathers, 1Pet.1.19 — but with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot Eph.1.7 — In him we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses, according to the riches of his grace,
  15. ↩2Pet.1.10 — Therefore, brothers, be all the more eager to confirm your calling and election, for if you practice these things you will never stumble.
  16. ↩Rom.2.6-Rom.2.7;Jas.2.14-Jas.2.17 — who will render to each one according to that person's works Rom.2.7 — To those who, by patient continuance in well-doing, seek glory and honor and immortality, eternal life; Jas.2.14 — What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith but does not have works? That faith cannot save him, can it? Jas.2.15 — If a brother or sister is naked and lacking daily food, Jas.2.16 — and if one of you says to them, 'Go in peace; keep warm and eat well,' but you do not give them the necessities of the body, what good is it? Jas.2.17 — So also faith, if it does not have works, is dead by itself.

Notes

  1. 1 ↩Profeta real = the royal Prophet (David). The Spanish keeps the traditional title for the psalmist-king.
  2. 2 ↩largueza rendered as generosity (open-handed liberality). hacienda rendered as what is his (his estate/property), keeping the image of God as free master of his own goods.
  3. 3 ↩Spanish 'perpetua caridad' rendered as 'everlasting love' (theological charity/love); 'conviene saber' as the clarifying 'that is'.
  4. 4 ↩'esta primera gracia' kept as 'this first grace' (election/predestination as the root gift); 'ordenada y suavemente' echoes the traditional 'orders all things sweetly' cadence.
  5. 5 ↩aquellas / estas: those = signs of justification; these = signs of divine election (from the previous sentence).
  6. 6 ↩Spanish 'humilmente presumir' is not arrogant presumption but a cautious, humble hope grounded in God's goodness; rendered 'humbly presume' to keep that dual force.
  7. 7 ↩Spanish keeps the Latin phrase ab eterno; rendered as "from all eternity." "Hijo natural" is kept as "natural Son" (by nature) over against "hijo adoptivo" (adoptive son by grace). "Resplandores de los santos" preserves the Vulgate cadence of Ps 109:3 (in splendoribus sanctorum).
  8. 8 ↩elector retained as Elector for the theological sense of the One who elects, not a political office-holder.
  9. 9 ↩particionero rendered as sharer (co-heir/partaker); older English often has partaker.
  10. 10 ↩ab eterno left as from eternity; corre a la pareja con Dios rendered keeps pace with God (runs side by side with God).
  11. 11 ↩masa dañada keeps the mass/lump image of fallen humanity; pan de ángeles and levadura de corrupción preserved as traditional scriptural-devotional metaphors rather than flattened paraphrase.
  12. 12 ↩Spanish demanda here is the claim/suit for the elect: the cause of election and salvation for which God pays the supreme price. Rendered as "cause" to keep both the legal and general force without sounding archaic.
  13. 13 ↩Legal image of immemorial possession (prescription) elevated to God's eternal claim: 'la de la eternidad' is elliptical for 'la posesión de la eternidad'.
  14. 14 ↩Spanish 'tiene sobre sí un incomparable tesoro' uses a singular verb after two subjects (bread and ground); the treasure is the predestined person himself, whom bread and earth support and bear.
  15. 15 ↩'menguas' means lacks, privations, or shortfalls (want), not merely abstract 'sorrows'; rendered here as 'wants' to keep the sense of deprivation.
  16. 16 ↩'prendas desta esperanza' rendered as 'pledges of this hope' (tokens/sureties securing the hope of predestination), not merely soft 'comforts'.
  17. 17 ↩Source sentence is intentionally incomplete at the section break; next section continues with 'grande reino...'.
  18. 18 ↩«firmeza destas dos verdades» is rendered as firm confidence in the two truths just stated (that good works lead to salvation, and that grace never fails), not mere stubbornness.

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