Capítulo IV. Del cuarto título por donde estamos obligados a la virtud, que es el beneficio inestimable de nuestra redención
The Ineffable Mystery of Redemption
The author struggles to find words to express the overwhelming and ineffable nature of the divine benefit of redemption.
Let us turn to the inestimable benefit of our redemption. To speak of this mystery, I truly find myself so unworthy, so limited, and so at a loss that I don't know where to begin, or where to end, or what to leave out, or what to take up and say.1 If human dullness didn't need these goads to live well, it would be better to adore the height of this mystery in silence than to blur it with the coarseness of our speech.2 They tell of a famous painter who, having painted on a panel the death of a maiden, a king's daughter, and drawn around her the relatives with faces full of sorrow, and the mother far sadder still, when he came to paint the father's face deliberately covered it with a shadow, to show that there art itself failed to express so great a grief.3 If everything we know isn't enough to explain even the benefit of creation alone, what eloquence will ever be enough to magnify the benefit of redemption? God created all things in the world with a mere show of his will, and when he finished, his coffers remained full and his arm was still strong; but to redeem it, he sweated for thirty-three years, poured out all his blood, and left no limb or sense in himself that didn't suffer its pain.4 It seems a diminishment of mysteries so great that they should be made known with a tongue of flesh. So what am I to do? Should I keep silent, or should I speak? I neither ought to keep silent, nor can I speak. How can I keep silent about mercies so great? And how can I speak of such ineffable mysteries? To keep silent is ingratitude, and to speak seems rashness. For this reason I now plead, my God, with your infinite pity: while I am diminishing your glory with my crudeness—because I know no more—even as I long to magnify it and make it plain, may those who know how to praise you be glorifying you there in heaven; may they compose what I spoil, and gild what man tarnishes with his little knowledge.56
From Fall to Reconciliation
God chooses to reconcile fallen humanity through the Incarnation and the hypostatic union, bridging the infinite gap between Creator and creature.
After man was created and set by God's hand in that place of delights, in such great dignity and glory—bound as he was to the service of his Creator in proportion to how much more he had received from Him—he rose up all the same; and from the very place where he should have drawn greater reasons to love Him more, from there he took the reasons to betray Him. For this reason, he was cast out of paradise into the exile of this world and, beyond that, condemned to the pains of hell, so that, since he had been the devil's companion in guilt, he might also be his companion in the sentence. The Prophet said to his servant Gehazi, after he took the gifts of Naaman the leper: "Did you take Naaman's goods?"7 Then Naaman's leprosy will cling to you and to all your descendants forever."✦ This was God's judgment against man: that since he wanted Lucifer's wealth—which was the guilt of his pride—Lucifer's leprosy should also cling to him, which was the penalty for it.8 So look at this: man set beside the devil—an imitator of his guilt and a companion in his punishment.9 So, with man so fallen in God's eyes and in such deep disfavor with him, that Lord—no less great in mercy than in majesty—chose to look not at the insult done to his sovereign goodness, but at the misery of our wretchedness. And, feeling more pity for our guilt than anger over the dishonor done him, he resolved to remedy man through his only-begotten Son, and reconcile him to himself. But how did he reconcile him? How could any mortal tongue ever speak of that! He created such a great friendship between God and man that it brought about not only that God should forgive man and restore him to His grace and become one with him through love, but—what surpasses every praise—10 He made him so completely one with Himself that, among everything He has created, nothing is more one than the two of them already are—because they are not only one in love and grace, but also in person.11 Who would ever have thought this breach should be mended that way?12 Who would have imagined that these two realities, between whom nature and guilt had set such a vast distance, would come to be joined—not in one house, nor at one table, nor in one grace, but in one person?13 "There is nothing higher than God," says Saint Bernard, "and nothing lower than the clay from which man was formed." But God descended to that clay with such humility, and the clay rose to God with such dignity, that everything God did can be said to have been done by the clay, and everything the clay suffered can be said to have been endured by God."14 When a man felt so naked and at enmity with God that he was searching the corners of the earthly paradise for a place to hide, who could have told him that a time would come when that lowly substance would be joined with Him in one Person?✦ This union was so tight and faithful that when it had to break—at the time of the Passion—it broke rather than came unstuck, because it didn't fail at the joint, but through the sound part.15 For death could separate the soul from the body, which was a joining of nature, but it could not separate God from either the soul or the body, which was a joining of the divine Person—because what He once took up out of love for us, He never again laid aside.16
The Cost of Our Salvation
The author contemplates the immense suffering and voluntary humiliation Christ endured to secure our peace.
These are the terms of our peace, and this is the remedy that came to us through the hands of our Savior and Mediator. And though we are so indebted to him for this remedy that no created tongue can explain it, we are no less indebted for the way he remedied us than for the remedy itself. I owe you much, my God, because you delivered me from hell and reconciled me to yourself; but I owe you far more for the way you delivered me than for the freedom you gave me. All your works are marvelous in every way, and when it seems to a person that he has no spirit left to look at even one alone, that wonder is undone when he lifts his eyes and looks at another.17 It is no dishonor, Lord, to your greatnesses that they undo one another; it is a mark of your glory. So what means did you use, Lord, to heal me? There were endless ways you could have healed me completely, without any labor or cost to yourself.18 But your generosity was so vast and staggering that, to show me more clearly the greatness of your goodness and love, you chose to heal me through such intense suffering that just thinking of it was enough to make you sweat blood, and enduring it was enough to shatter stones with grief.19 Let the heavens praise you, Lord, and let the angels forever proclaim your wonders. What need did you have of our goods? And what harm came to you from our evils? If you sin—as Job says—what harm do you do him? And if your wicked deeds multiply, how do you hurt him? And if you do good, what will you give him, or what can he receive from your hands?✦ .20 So that God so rich and so free from every evil—he whose riches, whose power, whose wisdom can neither grow nor become more than they already are; he who, neither before the creation of the world nor now after it was made, is greater or less than he was; who is not more honored in himself because all the angels and human beings are saved and praise him, nor less glorious because all are damned and blaspheme him—this so great Lord, not from necessity but from charity, while we were his enemies and traitors, was pleased to bow the heavens of his greatness and come down to this place of exile, to clothe himself in our mortality, to take all our debts upon himself, and for them to suffer the greatest torments that have ever been suffered or ever will be.✦✦21 "Lord, for me you were born in a stable; for me you were laid in a manger; for me you were circumcised on the eighth day; for me you were driven into exile in Egypt; and for me, at last, you were persecuted and mistreated with countless kinds of insults. For me you fasted, kept watch, walked the roads, sweated, wept, and by experience tasted every hardship my guilt had deserved—you who were not the guilty one, but the one offended. For me, finally, you were seized, abandoned, sold, denied, brought before one tribunal and judge after another, and before them accused, struck, defamed, spat upon, mocked, scourged, blasphemed, put to death, and buried. At last you healed me by dying on a cross and ending your life in the presence of your most holy Mother—with such great poverty that you didn't have a single drop of water at the hour of your death, and with such total forsakenness in every way that you were forsaken even by your own Father." So then—22 What could be more shocking than that a God of such great majesty should come to end his life like this on a wooden cross, labeled a criminal?23 .
The Wonder of the Cross
The sight of God on the cross causes heaven and earth to tremble, demanding a response of love and gratitude from the redeemed.
When a man—however lowly he may be—ends up in this place through his own fault, if by chance you knew him before and you come face to face with him to get a better look, you've barely finished marveling as you consider how low a lot his misery brought him to, that he should end this way. So if it's a wonder to see a lowly person in such a place, what must it be to see the Lord of all creation there? What must it be to see God in such a place—a place degrading even for a criminal? And if the higher and more well-known the person put to death is, the greater the horror their fall stirs in us—you, blessed angels, who know so well the majesty of this Lord, what did you feel when you saw Him there?24 The cherubim God commanded to place on the two sides of the Ark of the Covenant stand looking at one another, their faces turned toward the mercy seat, with looks of wonder, to make known how astonished those sovereign spirits are as they consider this work of such great mercy: looking upon God made the mercy seat of the world on that holy wood.✦✦25 Nature itself is left stunned; all creatures hang in suspense; the principalities and powers of heaven are struck with awe at such inestimable goodness as they come to know in God through this.✦ So who does not fall under the wave of such great wonders? Who wouldn't drown in this ocean of such mercy?26 Who would not be beside himself, as Moses was on the mountain when, as God showed him the figure of this mystery, he cried out and said, "Merciful, compassionate, long-suffering, God of great mercy"—able to say nothing else but to proclaim at the top of his voice that great mercy God had set before him there? Who wouldn't cover his eyes here, as Elijah did, when he sees God pass by—not with steps of majesty, but of humility; not overthrowing the mountains and shattering the rocks with his omnipotence, but cast down before the wicked and making the stones themselves break apart for compassion?27 So who won't close the eyes of the understanding here and open the depths of the will, so that it may feel the greatness of this love and gift, and love as much as it can, without limit and without measure?28 O height of charity! O lowliness of humility! O greatness of mercy! O abyss of incomprehensible goodness! So then, if I owe you so much, Lord, because you redeemed me, how much will I owe you for this way of remedy?29 You redeemed me through immeasurable suffering and dishonor, by becoming the reproach of men and the refuse of the world. And with these dishonors you honored me, with these accusations you defended me, with this blood you washed me, with this death you raised me, and with these tears of yours you delivered me from that endless weeping and gnashing of teeth. O good Father, who love your children so much! O good Shepherd, who so give yourself as pasture and food to your flock! O faithful guardian, who hand yourself over to death for those you were charged to keep! So what gifts can I offer in return for this gift? With what tears those tears?30 With what life will I repay that life? What comparison can there be between a human life and the life of God?31 And what comparison is there between the tears of creatures and the tears of the Creator? And if it happens to seem to you, man, that you don't owe him so much because he didn't suffer for you alone but for everyone else as well, don't deceive yourself: he truly suffered for all in such a way that he also suffered for each individual. With his infinite wisdom, he held everyone he suffered for as present before his eyes as if they were only one, and with his immense love, he embraced them all—and each one—pouring out his blood for that person just as he did for all.32 Ultimately, his love was so great that, as the saints say, if only one person among all mankind were guilty, he would have suffered what he suffered for all for that one person alone. So look now at how much you owe this Lord, who did so much for you, and who would have done so much more than he did if it were necessary for you.
The Call to Total Surrender
The author challenges the hardness of the human heart, urging a complete offering of self to the Lord in light of His infinite benefits.
I. Gather from what has been said how great an evil it is to offend our Lord. So tell me now, all you creatures: can there be a greater benefit, or a greater obligation, or a greater grace? Let all the choirs of angels say whether God has done as much for them. So who wouldn't offer themselves entirely to the service of such a Lord? "Three times," says Saint Anselm, "I owe you, Lord, all that I am." "Because you created me, I owe you everything that is in me; because you later redeemed me, I still owe you the same debt by an even juster claim; and because after all this you also promise yourself to me as my reward, I owe myself entirely as well."33 So how can I not give myself once over to the One to whom I owe myself by so many claims?34 O ingratitude and hardness of the human heart, if it isn't overcome by such benefits! There is nothing so hard that some means cannot soften it. Metals are refined by fire, iron35 softens in the forge; the hardness of diamond is tamed and cut with the blood of animals. But oh, heart harder than stone, harder than iron, harder than diamond! whom neither the fire of hell softens, nor the gift of so merciful a Father, nor the blood of the spotless Lamb, poured out for you.36 So, Lord, since you have shown people such goodness and mercy, is it tolerable that anyone should not love you? that anyone should forget this gift? that anyone should, after all this, still offend you? Who does anyone love if they don't love you? What gifts is anyone thankful for if they aren't thankful to you for yours?
The Cords of Love
Christ draws all things to Himself with the cords of love, making it impossible for the grateful soul to return to sin.
How could I not serve the One who loved me like this, sought me like this, and redeemed me like this? "If I am lifted up from the earth," the Savior says, "I will draw all things to myself."✦ With what strength? With what chains? With the strength of love and with chains of benefits. "With the cords of Adam I will draw him to myself," the Lord says, "and with bonds of love."✦37 So who wouldn't be drawn by these cords? Who wouldn't let themselves be bound by these chains? Who wouldn't be overcome by such benefits? If it's such a great fault not to love this Lord, what will it be to offend him and break his commandments? How can you use your hands to offend those hands that were so generous toward you, even to the point of being nailed to a cross?38 When that wicked woman was pressuring the holy patriarch Joseph to betray his master, the holy young man defended himself with these words: "See, my master has put into my hands everything he owns—except you alone, who are his wife." So how could I commit such a great wickedness against him and sin against God? .39 As if he were saying: "If my master has been so good and so openhanded toward me, if he has put everything he owns into my hands, if he has so honored me and entrusted all things to me—how could I, bound by so many chains of kindness, have hands to offend so good a master?"40 It's worth noting that he wasn't content to say, "I must not," or "It isn't right to offend him," but rather, "How could I offend him?" This makes clear that the greatness of the gifts should not only take away the will, but also, in its own way, the strength and the power to offend the benefactor.41 So if that was the gratitude those gifts deserved, what will God's gifts deserve? That man put everything he had into Joseph's hands; God has put almost everything He has into your hands.✦ See, then, how much more God has than that man had—because you have received so much more than he did. If not, tell me: what wealth does God have that He hasn't put into your hands?42 Heaven, earth, the sun, the moon, the stars, the rivers, the seas, the birds, the fish, the trees, the animals—and finally, everything under heaven has been placed in your hands. And not only everything under heaven, but also everything above it—that is, the glory of the life to come, and the riches and goods of that place.43 The Apostle says that all things are yours: whether Paul, Apollos, or Peter, whether the world, life, or death, whether the present or what is to come—everything is yours, because everything works for your salvation.44 And not only what is above the heavens, but the Lord of the heavens himself has given himself to us in a thousand ways: as father, as guardian, as savior, as teacher, as physician, as the price of our ransom, as example, as sustenance, as remedy, and as reward.45 Finally, the Father gave us his Son; the Son merited the Holy Spirit for us; and the Holy Spirit makes us merit the Father and the Son themselves, from whom all good things flow.46 If it's true that God has placed everything He has into your hands, how can you still use those same hands to offend such a lavish and merciful benefactor? It is a profound evil not to give thanks for such great gifts. What must it be, then, to add contempt and offense against the benefactor to that ingratitude? If that young man felt so bound and powerless to offend the one who had entrusted his entire household to him, how do you find the strength to offend the One who has placed heaven and earth—and even Himself—into your hands?47 O more ungrateful than the brute animals, fiercer than the wild beasts, and more unfeeling than all unfeeling things—if you don't feel this evil! For what wild beast, what lion, or what tiger ever turned and harmed the one who showed it kindness? Saint Ambrose writes of a dog that spent an entire night weeping and howling over its master after an enemy had killed him. When many people gathered the next morning to see the dead man, and the killer was among them, the dog immediately lunged at him, using its bites and barks to reveal the wrongdoer's secret guilt. If dogs, for a mere scrap of bread, maintain such love and loyalty toward their masters, how can you be so ungrateful that you allow yourself to be outdone by a dog in gratitude and human feeling?48
Hatred of Sin and the Call to Holiness
The author concludes by identifying sin as the true executioner of Christ, urging the reader to hate sin and embrace the life of virtue.
If that animal was so outraged at the one who killed its master, how can you not be outraged at those who killed yours? And who are they, if49 Think carefully: who killed him, if not your sins? These were the ones who seized him; these were the ones who bound him, scourged him, and put him on the cross. Your sins, I say, were the cause. The executioners wouldn't have had the power to do this if your sins hadn't given it to them.50 So why won't you grow furious against these cruel murderers who took your Lord's life? Why, seeing him dead before you and for your sake, won't love for him grow greater in you, and hatred for the sin that killed him? Especially knowing that everything He did, said, and suffered in this world was to plant a hatred of it in our hearts.51 He died to kill sin; to drive nails into its feet and hands, He let Himself be nailed through His own.52 So why do you want to make all of Christ’s labors and sweat worthless for yourself, when you want to stay in that same slavery he freed you from with his blood? How can you not tremble at the mere name of sin when you see God doing such extraordinary things to destroy it?53 What more was there to do to draw people back from sinning than to set God himself before them, pierced through on a wooden cross? Who would dare offend God if they saw paradise and hell open before them? So without a doubt, seeing God set on the cross is a greater thing than all of that; and so, if this great deed does not move someone, I don’t know what else can move them.
Read the original Spanish
Vengamos al beneficio inestimable de nuestra redención. Para hablar deste misterio, verdaderamente yo me hallo tan indigno, tan corto y tan atajado, que ni sé por do comience, ni dónde acabe, ni qué deje, ni qué tome para decir. Si no tuviera la torpeza del hombre necesidad destos estímulos para bien vivir, mejor fuera adorar en silencio la alteza deste misterio, que borrarlo con la rudeza de nuestra lengua. Cuentan de un famoso pintor que, habiendo pintado en una tabla la muerte de una doncella, hija de un rey, y dibujado en torno de ella los deudos con rostros en gran manera tristes, y a la madre mucho más triste, cuando vino a querer dibujar el rostro del padre, cubriolo de industria con una sombra, para dar a entender que allí ya faltaba el arte para exprimir cosa de tan gran dolor.
Λ Pues, si todo lo que sabemos no basta para explicar sólo el beneficio de la creación, ¿qué elocuencia bastará para engrandecer el de la redención? Con una simple muestra de su voluntad crió Dios todas las cosas del mundo, y quedáronle las arcas llenas y el brazo sano acabándolo de criar; mas, para haberlo de redimir, sudó treinta y tres años, y derramó toda su sangre, y no quedó en él miembro ni sentido que no padeciese su dolor. Menoscabo parece de tan grandes misterios ser con lengua de carne manifestados. Pues ¿qué haré? ¿Callaré, o hablaré? Ni debo callar, ni puedo hablar. ¿Cómo callaré tan grandes misericordias? ¿Y cómo hablaré misterios tan inefables?
Callar es desagradecimiento, y hablar parece temeridad. «Por esto, suplico yo ahora, Dios mío, a vuestra infinita piedad, que, entre tanto que yo estuviere apocando vuestra gloria con mi rudeza, por no saber más, deseando engrandecella y declaralla, estén allá en el cielo glorificándoos los que os saben alabar, y ellos compongan lo que yo descompongo, y doren ellos lo que el hombre desdora con su poco saber».
Después de criado el hombre y puesto por mano de Dios en aquel lugar de deleites en tan grande dignidad y gloria, estando tan obligado al servicio de su Criador, cuanto más dél había recibido, alzose, con todo, y de donde había de tomar mayores motivos para más amarle, de ahí los tomó para hacerle traición. Por esta causa fue lanzado del paraíso en el destierro deste mundo, y, sobre esto, condenado a las penas del infierno, para que, pues había sido compañero del demonio en la culpa, también lo fuese en la sentencia. Dijo el Profeta a su criado Giezi, después que tomó los dones de Naamán, leproso: «¿Tomaste la hacienda de Naamán? Pues la lepra de Naamán se pegará a ti y a todos tus descendientes eternalmente». Este fue el juicio de Dios contra el hombre: que, pues él quiso la riqueza de Lucifer, que fue la culpa de su soberbia, también se le pegase la lepra de Lucifer, que fue la pena de ella. Pues cata aquí al hombre comparado con el demonio, imitador de su culpa y compañero de su pena.
Estando, pues, el hombre tan caído en los ojos de Dios, y en tanta desgracia suya, tuvo por bien aquel Señor —no menos grande en la misericordia, que en la majestad— de mirar, no a la injuria de su bondad soberana, sino a la desventura de nuestra miseria. Y, teniendo más lástima de nuestra culpa, que ira por su deshonra, determinó remediar al hombre por medio de su unigénito Hijo, y reconciliarle consigo. Mas ¿cómo le reconcilió? ¡Cómo lo podrá eso hablar lengua mortal! Hizo tan grandes amistades entre Dios y el hombre, que vino a acabar no sólo que Dios perdonase al hombre y le restituyese en su gracia y se hiciese una cosa con él por amor, sino, lo que excede todo encarecimiento,
llegó a hacerle tan una cosa consigo, que en todo lo que tiene criado no hay cosa más una que son ya los dos; porque no solamente son uno en amor y gracia, sino también en persona. ¿Quién nunca jamás pensara que así se debía de soldar esta quiebra? ¿Quién imaginara que estas dos cosas, entre quien la naturaleza y la culpa habían puesto tan grande distancia, habían de venir a juntarse, no en una casa, ni en una mesa, ni en una gracia, sino en una persona? «Ninguna cosa hay —dice san Bernardo— más alta que Dios, y ninguna más baja que el cieno de que el hombre fue formado. Mas con tanta humildad descendió Dios al cieno, y con tanta dignidad subió el cieno a Dios, que todo lo que hizo Dios se diga que lo hizo el cieno, y todo lo que sufrió el cieno se diga que lo padeció Dios».
¿Quién dijera al hombre, cuando tan desnudo y tan enemistado se sintió con Dios, que andaba buscando los rincones del paraíso terrenal para esconderse, que tiempo vendría en que se juntase aquella tan baja sustancia en una persona con él? Fue tan estrecha esta junta y tan fiel, que, cuando hubo de quebrar, que fue al tiempo de la pasión, antes quebró que despegó, porque no faltó por la juntura, sino por lo sano. Ca pudo la muerte apartar el ánima del cuerpo, que era junta de naturaleza, mas no pudo apartar a Dios ni del ánima ni del cuerpo que era junta de la persona divina, porque lo que una vez por nuestro amor tomó, nunca jamás lo dejó.
Estas son las paces y este el remedio que nos vino por manos de nuestro Salvador y medianero. Y, aunque le seamos tan deudores por este remedio, cuanto ninguna lengua criada puede explicar, no menos lo somos por la manera del remediarnos, que por el mesmo remedio. «Mucho os debo, Dios mío, porque me librastes del infierno y me reconciliastes con vos; mas mucho más os debo por la manera en que me librastes, que por la libertad que me distes. Todas vuestras obras en todo son maravillosas, y, cuando le parece al hombre que no le queda espíritu para mirar sola una, deshácese esta maravilla cuando alza los ojos y mira otra. No es deshonra, Señor, de vuestras grandezas que se deshagan las unas con las otras, sino muestra de vuestra gloria».
Pues ¿qué medio tomastes, Señor, para remediarme? Infinitos medios había con que pudiérades darme cumplida salud, sin trabajo y sin costa vuestra. Pero fue tan grande y tan espantosa vuestra largueza, que por mostrarme más claro la grandeza de vuestra bondad y amor quisistes remediarme con tan grandes dolores, que, sólo pensarlos, bastó para haceros sudar sangre, y el padecerlos, para hacer despedazar a las piedras de dolor. Alaben os, Señor, los cielos, y los ángeles prediquen siempre vuestras maravillas. ¿Qué necesidad teníades vos de nuestros bienes? ¿Ni qué perjuicio os venía de nuestros males? Si pecares —dice Job—, ¿qué mal le harás? Y si se multiplicaren tus maldades, ¿en qué le dañarás?
Y si bien hicieres, ¿qué le darás, o que podrá él recibir de tus manos? . Pues aquel Dios tan rico y tan exento de males, aquel cuyas riquezas, cuyo poder, cuya sabiduría ni puede crecer ni ser más de lo que es; aquel que ni antes de la creación del mundo ni ahora después de criado es mayor ni menor de lo que era; ni porque todos los ángeles y hombres se salven y le alaben es en sí más honrado; ni porque todos se condenen y le blasfemen menos glorioso; este tan gran Señor, no por necesidad, sino por caridad, siendo nosotros sus enemigos y traidores, tuvo por bien de inclinar los cielos de su grandeza y descender a este lugar de destierro, y vestirse de nuestra mortalidad, y tomar sobre sí todas nuestras deudas y padecer por ellas los mayores tormentos que jamás se padecieron ni padecerán. «Por mí, Señor, naciste en un establo, por mí fuiste reclinado en un pesebre, por mí circuncidado al octavo día, por mí desterrado en Egipto, y por mí, finalmente, perseguido y maltratado con infinitas maneras de injurias. Por mí ayunaste, velaste, caminaste, sudaste, lloraste y probaste por experiencia todos los males que había merecido mi culpa, no siendo tú el culpado, sino el ofendido. Por mí, finalmente, fuiste preso, desamparado, vendido, negado, presentado ante unos y otros tribunales y jueces, y ante ellos acusado, abofeteado, infamado, escupido, escarnecido, azotado, blasfemado, muerto y sepultado. Finalmente, remediástesme muriendo en una cruz y acabando la vida en presencia de vuestra santísima Madre, con tan grande pobreza, que no tuvistes una sola gota de agua en la hora de vuestra muerte, y con tan gran desamparo de todas las cosas, que de vuestro mesmo Padre fuistes desamparado». Pues
¿qué cosa de mayor espanto que venir un Dios, de tan grande majestad, a acabar así la vida en un madero, con título de malhechor? .
Cuando un hombre, por bajo que sea, viene por su culpa a parar en este lugar, si por caso le conocías antes y te llegas a él de cara para mejor verle, apenas acabas de maravillarte, considerando a cuán baja suerte le trajo su miseria, que así viniese a acabar. Pues, si es cosa de admiración ver un hombre bajo en tal lugar, ¿qué será ver en el mesmo al Señor de todo lo criado? ; ¿qué será ver a Dios en tal lugar, que para un malhechor es abatido? Y, si cuanto la persona justiciada es más alta y más conocida, tanto mayor espanto nos pone su caída, vosotros, ángeles bienaventurados, que tan bien conocéis la alteza deste Señor, ¿qué sentisteis cuando allí lo visteis? Mirando se están uno a otro los querubines que mandó Dios poner a los dos lados del Arca del Testamento, vueltos sus rostros al propiciatorio, con semblante de maravillados, para dar a entender cuán espantados están aquellos espíritus soberanos, considerando esta obra de tanta piedad, que es mirando a Dios hecho propiciatorio del mundo en aquel santo madero. Como atónita queda la mesma naturaleza, suspensas están todas las criaturas, espántanse los principados y potestades del cielo de tan inestimable bondad como por aquí conocen en Dios. Pues ¿quién no cae debajo de la ola de tan grandes maravillas? ¿Quién no se ahoga en este piélago de tanta piedad?
¿Quién no sale fuera de sí, como hizo Moisés en el monte, cuando, mostrándole Dios la figura deste misterio, daba voces y decía: Misericordioso, piadoso, sufridor, Dios de gran misericordia, sin saber decir otra cosa más que proclamar a gritos aquella gran misericordia que Dios allí le había representado? ¿Quién no cubre aquí sus ojos, como Elías, cuando ve pasar a Dios, no con pasos de majestad, sino de humildad, no trastornando los montes y quebrantando las piedras con su omnipotencia, sino derribado ante los malos y haciendo despedazar a las piedras de compasión? Pues ¿quién no cerrará aquí los ojos de su entendimiento y abrirá los senos de su voluntad, para que ella sienta la grandeza deste amor y beneficio, y ame cuanto pudiere, sin tasa y sin medida? ¡Oh alteza de caridad! , ¡oh bajeza de humildad! , ¡oh grandeza de misericordia! , ¡oh abismo de incomprehensible bondad!
Λ «Pues, si tanto, Señor, os debo porque me redimistes, ¿cuánto os deberé por esta manera de remedio? Redimístesme con inestimables dolores y deshonras, y con venir a ser oprobrio de los hombres y desecho del mundo. Y con estas deshonras me honrastes, con estas acusaciones me defendistes, con esta sangre me lavastes, con esta muerte me resucitastes, y con estas lágrimas vuestras me librastes de aquel perpetuo llanto y crujir de dientes. ¡Oh buen Padre, que así amáis a vuestros hijos! ¡Oh buen Pastor, que así os dais en pasto y mantenimiento a vuestro ganado! ¡Oh fiel guardador, que así os entregáis a la muerte por los que os encargastes de guardar! Pues ¿con qué dádivas responderé a esta dádiva? , ¿con qué lágrimas a esas lágrimas?
, ¿con qué vida pagaré esa vida? ¿Qué va de vida de hombre a vida de Dios? , ¿y de lágrimas de criaturas a lágrimas de Criador?»
Y, si por ventura te parece, hombre, que no le debes tanto, porque no padeció por ti solo, sino también por todos los otros, no te engañes, porque realmente de tal manera padeció por todos, que también padeció por cada uno; porque con su sabiduría infinita él tuvo todos aquellos por quien padeció tan presentes ante sus ojos, como si fueran uno solo, y con su caridad inmensa abrazó a todos y a cada uno, y derramó su sangre por él, como por todos. Finalmente, tan grande fue su caridad, que, como dicen los santos, si uno solo entre todos los hombres fuera culpado, por él solo padeciera lo que padeció por todos. Mira, pues, ahora, cuánto debes a este Señor, que tanto hizo por ti, y que tanto más hiciera de lo que hizo, si te fuera necesario.
I. Colige de lo dicho cuán gran mal sea ofender a nuestro Señor
Pues ¿díganme ahora todas la criaturas si puede ser beneficio mayor ni obligación mayor ni gracia mayor? ¿Digan todos los coros de los ángeles si ha hecho Dios otro tanto por ellos? Pues ¿quién no se ofrecerá del todo al servicio de tal Señor? «Tres veces —dice san Anselmo— te debo, Señor, todo lo que soy. Porque me criaste, te debo todo lo que hay en mí; y porque después me redimiste, te debo aún con más justo título la misma deuda; y porque después de todo esto te me prometes en galardón, también me debo todo». Pues ¿cómo no me entregaré yo una vez a quien por tantos títulos me debo? ¡Oh ingratitud y dureza de corazón humano, si con tales beneficios no se vence! No hay cosa tan dura que por algún artificio no se pueda ablandar.
Los metales se regalan con el fuego, el hierro
se ablanda en la fragua, la dureza del diamante se doma y labra con sangre de animales. Mas, ¡oh corazón más que de piedra, más que de hierro, más que de diamante! , a quien ni ablanda el fuego del infierno, ni el regalo de Padre tan piadoso, ni la sangre del Cordero sin mancilla, derramada por ti. Pues, habiendo vos, Señor, descubierto a los hombres tal bondad y misericordia, ¿es cosa tolerable que haya quien no os ame? , ¿que haya quien deste beneficio se olvide? , ¿que haya quien, con todo esto, os ofenda? ¿A quién ama quien a vos no ama? ¿Qué beneficios agradece quien los vuestros no agradece?
¿Cómo no serviré yo a quien así me amó, así me buscó, así me redimió? Si yo —dice el Salvador— fuere levantado de la tierra, todas las cosas traeré a mí. ¿Con qué fuerzas? , ¿con qué cadenas? Con fuerzas de amor y con cadenas de beneficios. Con las cuerdas de Adán lo traeré a mí —dice el Señor—, y con ataduras de amor. Pues ¿quién no será llevado por estas cuerdas? , ¿quién no se dejará prender de estas cadenas?
, ¿quién no será vencido con tales beneficios?
Y, si tan grande culpa es no amar este Señor, ¿qué será ofenderle y quebrar sus mandamientos? ¿Cómo puedes tener manos para ofender aquellas manos que tan liberales fueron para contigo, hasta ponerse en una cruz? Cuando aquella mala mujer solicitaba al santo patriarca José para que hiciese traición a su señor, defendiose el santo mozo con estas palabras: Mira que todas cuantas cosas tiene mi señor ha puesto en mis manos, sacando a ti sola, que eres su mujer. Pues ¿cómo podré yo cometer tan gran maldad contra él y pecar contra Dios? . Como si dijera: «Si mi señor ha sido tan bueno y tan largo para conmigo, si todo cuanto tiene ha puesto en mis manos, si así me ha honrado y fiado de mí todas las cosas, ¿cómo podré yo, estando preso con tantas cadenas de beneficios, tener manos para ofender a tan buen señor?»
Λ Y es de notar que no se contentó con decir «no debo», o «no es razón ofenderle», sino ¿cómo podré ofenderle? ; dando a entender que la grandeza de los beneficios no sólo debe quitar la voluntad, sino también, en su manera, las fuerzas y la facultad para ofender al bienhechor. Pues esta manera de agradecimiento merecían aquellos beneficios, ¿qué merecerán los de Dios? Aquel hombre puso en las manos de José cuanto tenía: Dios ha puesto en tus manos casi todo cuanto tiene. Mira, pues, cuánto es más lo que Dios tiene, que lo que aquel tenía, porque tanto más es lo que tienes recibido, que lo que aquel recibió. Si no, dime: ¿Qué hacienda tiene Dios que no la haya puesto en tus manos? El cielo, la tierra, el sol, la luna, las estrellas, los ríos, los mares, las aves, los peces, los árboles, los animales, y, finalmente, todo cuanto hay debajo del cielo en tus manos está puesto. Y no sólo cuanto hay debajo del cielo, sino también cuanto hay sobre el cielo, que es la gloria de allá, y las riquezas y bienes de allá.
Todas las cosas —dice el Apóstol— son vuestras: sea Paulo, sea Apolo, sea Pedro, sea el mundo, sea la vida, sea la muerte, sea lo presente, sea lo venidero: todo es vuestro; porque todo ayuda a vuestra salvación. Y no sólo lo que está sobre los cielos, sino también el mismo Señor de los cielos se nos ha dado en mil maneras: en padre, en tutor, en salvador, en maestro, en médico, en precio, en ejemplo, en mantenimiento, en remedio y en galardón. Finalmente, el Padre nos dio a su Hijo, el Hijo nos mereció al Espíritu Santo, y el Espíritu Santo nos hace merecer al mismo Padre e Hijo, de quien manan todos los bienes.
Pues, si es verdad que cuanto Dios tiene lo ha puesto en tus manos, ¿cómo tienes tú manos para ofender tan larguísimo y piadosísimo bienhechor? Extremo mal parece no agradecer tan grandes bienes. Pues ¿qué será añadir al desagradecimiento menosprecio y ofensa del bienhechor? Si aquel mancebo se hallaba tan cautivo y tan impotente para ofender a quien le había puesto en las manos toda su casa, ¿cómo tienes tú fuerzas para ofender a quien el cielo y la tierra y a sí mismo puso en tus manos? ¡Oh, más ingrato que los brutos animales, más fiero que las fieras y más insensible que todas las cosas insensibles, si no sientes este mal! Porque ¿qué fiera, qué león, qué tigre se desmandó en hacer mal a quien bien le hace? De un perro escribe san Ambrosio que estuvo toda una noche llorando y aullando a su señor, porque se lo había muerto un su contrario; y, como otro día por la mañana se llegase mucha gente a ver el muerto, y también entre ellos el matador, arremetió luego contra él, y a bocados y ladridos dio a entender la culpa secreta del malhechor. Pues, si los perros, por un pedazo de pan, tal amor y fe tienen con sus señores, ¿cómo serás tú tan ingrato que, en ley de agradecimiento y humanidad, te dejes vencer de un perro?
Y, si aquel animal tanto se indignaba contra quien le mató a su señor, ¿cómo no te indignarás tú contra los que mataron al tuyo? ¿Y quién son, si
piensas, los que le mataron, sino tus pecados? Estos fueron los que le prendieron, estos los que le ataron y azotaron y pusieron en cruz. Tus pecados, digo, fueron la causa. Porque no fueran los verdugos poderosos para esto, si tus pecados no lo fueran. Pues ¿por qué no te embravecerás contra estos tan crueles homicidas que quitaron la vida a tu Señor? ¿Por qué, viéndole muerto ante ti y por ti, no crecerá más en ti el amor para con él y el aborrecimiento contra el pecado que lo mató?
Λ Especialmente, sabiendo que todo lo que él en este mundo hizo, dijo y padeció, fue por causar en nuestros corazones aborrecimiento dél. Por matar el pecado, murió, y por echarle clavos en pies y manos, se dejó él enclavar en los suyos. Pues ¿por qué quieres tú hacer para ti vanos todos los trabajos y sudores de Cristo, pues te quieres quedar en aquella misma servidumbre de que él con su sangre te libró? ¿Cómo no temblarás de solo el nombre de pecado, pues ves a Dios hacer tan extrañas cosas para destruirlo? ¿Qué más había que hacer para retraer a los hombres de pecar, que ponérseles el mismo Dios delante atravesado en un madero? ¿Quién osaría ofender a Dios, si viese el paraíso y el infierno abierto delante de sí? Pues, sin duda, mayor cosa es ver a Dios puesto en la cruz, que todo esto; por donde, a quien no mueve esta hazaña tan grande, no sé qué otra cosa le puede mover.
Scripture echoes
- ↩2Kgs.5.27 — Therefore the leprosy of Naaman shall cling to you and to your offspring forever. And he left his presence, a leper, white as snow.
- ↩Gen.3.8-Gen.3.10 — And they heard the sound of the LORD God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God among the trees of the garden. Gen.3.9 — And the LORD God called to the man and said to him, "Where are you?" Gen.3.10 — He said, "I heard your voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked, and I hid myself."
- ↩Job.35.7 — If you are righteous, what do you give to him, or what does he take from your hand?
- ↩Ps.18.9;2Sam.22.10 — Smoke went up from his nostrils, and fire from his mouth devoured; coals blazed forth from him. 2Sam.22.10 — He bent the heavens and came down, with thick darkness under His feet.
- ↩Rom.5.8-Rom.5.10 — But God demonstrates his own love for us in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us. Rom.5.9 — Much more then, having now been justified by his blood, we will be saved through him from the wrath. Rom.5.10 — For if while we were enemies we were reconciled to God through the death of his Son, much more, having been reconciled, we shall be saved by his life.
- ↩Exod.25.18-Exod.25.22 — And you shall make two cherubim of gold; of hammered work you shall make them, at the two ends of the mercy seat. Exod.25.19 — And make one cherub from one end and one cherub from the other end; from the mercy seat you shall make the cherubim on its two ends. Exod.25.20 — The cherubim shall have their wings spread upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, and their faces shall be toward one another; toward the mercy seat shall the faces of the cherubim be. Exod.25.21 — You shall place the mercy seat on top of the ark, and into the ark you shall put the testimony that I will give you. Exod.25.22 — And I will meet with you there, and I will speak with you from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim that are upon the ark of the testimony, all that I will command you concerning the people of Israel.
- ↩Rom.3.25 — whom God put forward as a mercy seat through faith in His blood, to show His righteousness because of the passing over of sins previously committed
- ↩Eph.1.21;Col.1.16 — far above every rule and authority and power and dominion and every name that is named, not only in this age but also in the one to come Col.1.16 — For in him all things were created, in the heavens and on earth, the visible and the invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities — all things have been created through him and for him.
- ↩John.12.32 — And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people to myself.
- ↩Hos.11.4 — I drew them with cords of a human being, with bands of love; and I was to them as those who lift the yoke from their jaws, and I bent down to them and fed them.
- ↩Gen.39.4-Gen.39.6 — So Joseph found favor in his sight, and he served him; and he made him overseer over his house, and all that he had he put in his charge. Gen.39.5 — From the time he put Joseph in charge of his household and of everything he owned, the LORD blessed the Egyptian's household for Joseph's sake, and the blessing of the LORD was on everything he owned, in the house and in the field. Gen.39.6 — So he left all that he had in Joseph's care, and he paid attention to nothing except the food he ate. Now Joseph was handsome in form and appearance.
Notes
- 1 ↩Spanish corto and atajado mark both shortcoming of ability and being cut short or blocked in speech; rendered as limited and at a loss to keep the self-effacing force without archaism.
- 2 ↩borrarlo can mean erase, blot, or smear over; rendered as blur to capture the idea that crude speech dims rather than simply omits the mystery.
- 3 ↩de industria means deliberately / by design, not industrial skill; kept as deliberately so the painter's intentional concealment remains clear.
- 4 ↩«arcas llenas y el brazo sano» is a figurative contrast: creation cost God nothing of his store or strength, whereas redemption exhausted him.
- 5 ↩Spanish piedad can mean pity, compassion, or mercy; rendered as pity to keep the petitionary tenderness, without blurring the mercy topic of the surrounding chapter.
- 6 ↩compongan/descompongo and doren/desdora are deliberate wordplay (compose/uncompose; gild/ungild). Rendered as compose/spoil and gild/tarnish to keep the antithesis without archaic diction.
- 7 ↩Spanish «hacienda» here means goods/possessions (the gifts Gehazi took), not a landed estate.
- 8 ↩«Riqueza de Lucifer» is metaphorical in Granada's parallel with Gehazi: the «wealth» is the proud claim Lucifer seized; the «leprosy» is the damnation that followed that pride.
- 9 ↩«Cata aquí» is early modern Spanish for «behold» / «look here»; rendered as natural modern «look here».
- 10 ↩Printed section ends mid-sentence; the 'sino' clause continues in GuiaPec.1.6.6.s1. Translation preserves the trailing break.
- 11 ↩Spanish «tan una cosa» and «más una» stress hypostatic oneness: God and man united in one person, not merely allied. «Persona» here means the divine Person of the Word, not a human individual.
- 12 ↩«Soldar esta quiebra» is a metalworking image: solder/weld this break. Rendered as «mend this breach» for natural modern English while keeping the sense of a ruptured bond repaired.
- 13 ↩The rising scale house → table → grace → person contrasts ordinary fellowship with the Incarnation: union not of shared dwelling, meal, or even shared grace alone, but of one hypostatic person.
- 14 ↩Bernard's paradox names the communicatio idiomatum: because of the hypostatic union, what God does and what human nature suffers can both be said of the one Christ. Closing quote mark completes the Bernard citation opened in s4.
- 15 ↩Granada's image is of a weld or joint so true that under strain the material itself snaps before the join lets go: at the Passion the human soul was separated from the body, but the hypostatic union did not come apart.
- 16 ↩Archaic Spanish 'Ca' is treated as causal 'for/because,' introducing the explanation of the previous sentence's image.
- 17 ↩Spanish deshácese: the prior marvel is not destroyed but outshone/undone by comparison when another work of God is seen; rendered 'is undone' to keep that force.
- 18 ↩salud can mean bodily health or spiritual salvation; rendered as 'healing' to keep the remedy/remediarme metaphor of the section, while still covering saving restoration.
- 19 ↩espantosa here is magnitude-awe ('staggering/dreadful in greatness'), not cheap horror; largueza is open-handed generosity.
- 20 ↩Source sentence is only a period ('.'), almost certainly a segmentation artifact between the Job citation and the following exposition. Left empty rather than inventing content.
- 21 ↩Spanish caridad rendered as charity for the theological virtue of self-giving love that moves the Incarnation, not mere almsgiving.
- 22 ↩Source is only the connective 'Pues', which introduces the rhetorical question completed in GuiaPec.1.6.11.s1. Rendered as an open inferential lead-in rather than a free-standing clause.
- 23 ↩Spanish madero is literally ‘wooden beam/wood’; here it names the cross. título de malhechor is the criminal charge or inscription under which he dies (cf. the title on the cross).
- 24 ↩justiciada: judicially executed / put to death; not merely 'judged' in an abstract sense.
- 25 ↩propiciatorio is rendered mercy seat in both uses to preserve Granada's typology: the Ark's mercy seat and Christ as the world's propitiation/mercy seat on the cross.
- 26 ↩piedad here is divine mercy/compassion (not mere human pity); piélago is the deep sea/ocean.
- 27 ↩"haciendo despedazar a las piedras de compasión" is rendered as the stones breaking apart for/from compassion: nature's response to the humbled God (with possible crucifixion resonance), in deliberate contrast to the mountain-shaking power of the Elijah theophany.
- 28 ↩"senos de su voluntad" rendered as "depths of the will" (interior recesses/bosom of the will); "beneficio" as "gift," in the chapter's sense of the inestimable benefit of redemption.
- 29 ↩Leading source marker Λ and opening guillemet « omitted in English; Spanish sense is clear as direct prayer to the Lord.
- 30 ↩Spanish is elliptical (¿con qué lágrimas a esas lágrimas?), parallel to the gift-for-gift question in s7; English keeps the compressed rhetorical form rather than spelling out an implied verb such as 'answer' or 'match'.
- 31 ↩Spanish «qué va de X a Y» marks incommensurable distance/difference, not literal motion; rendered as comparative unlikeness.
- 32 ↩Spanish caridad rendered as love (default modern register for charitas/caridad); charity remains an allowed alternative in this theological-virtue context.
- 33 ↩"te me prometes en galardón" rendered as God promising himself as the reward (heavenly beatitude), not merely promising a separate prize.
- 34 ↩"títulos" kept as "claims" (grounds of right/obligation), matching the chapter's legal-theological use of título.
- 35 ↩Spanish 'se regalan' in this metallurgical sense means metals are melted/refined by fire; rendered 'refined' to keep the softening-by-artifice catalogue begun in 1.6.18.s8. The clause is intentionally incomplete and continues at GuiaPec.1.6.20.s1.
- 36 ↩Regalo here continues the forge metaphor (softening treatment) and also means the Father's gift/favor; rendered as gift to keep both bounty and softening force.
- 37 ↩'Cuerdas de Adán' (cords of Adam) preserves the traditional scriptural phrasing (cf. Vulgate Hosea: in funiculis Adam); it means human cords, bonds suited to our nature, not iron chains.
- 38 ↩«ponerse en una cruz» rendered as the Lord's hands being fixed/placed on a cross (redemptive generosity), not a generic self-placing.
- 39 ↩Source sentence is only a bare period; almost certainly a segmentation artifact after the preceding question.
- 40 ↩«tan largo» taken as generous/openhanded (not 'long'); «cadenas de beneficios» kept as chains of kindness/benefits to preserve the bondage-by-gifts metaphor.
- 41 ↩"en su manera" rendered "in its own way": the claim is that overwhelming kindness not only removes the desire to offend, but also saps the practical ability to do so.
- 42 ↩"hacienda" rendered "wealth" (estate/goods/property); the rhetorical point is that God's whole store has been placed at the reader's disposal.
- 43 ↩"de allá" rendered as "of the life to come" / "of that place" (heaven), not a vague "there."
- 44 ↩The clause "because everything works for your salvation" is Granada's interpretive expansion of the Pauline claim; 1 Cor 3:21–22 does not state the reason in those words.
- 45 ↩"en precio" is rendered as "as the price of our ransom" (Christ as the purchase-price of redemption); the Spanish is bare "as price," parallel to the other roles.
- 46 ↩"nos mereció" / "nos hace merecer" keep the scholastic sense of meriting for someone / enabling merit; "makes us merit" is more literal than the softer "makes us worthy of."
- 47 ↩"aquel mancebo" almost certainly recalls Joseph under Potiphar (Gen 39), trusted with the whole household and therefore bound not to sin against his master; the contrast heightens offense against God, who entrusts heaven, earth, and Himself.
- 48 ↩Spanish "fe" with dogs is fidelity/loyalty, not theological faith; rendered "loyalty" to keep the animal exemplum clear.
- 49 ↩Source sentence is truncated mid-clause (¿Y quién son, si). Neighboring next section continues: 'piensas, los que le mataron, sino tus pecados?' Full intended sense is roughly: 'And who do you think killed him, if not your sins?' Source also has nonstandard quién son (expected quiénes son); rendered as natural English 'who are they'.
- 50 ↩Spanish 'si tus pecados no lo fueran' attributes the executioners' effective power to the reader's sins; rendered as 'if your sins had not given it to them' to keep that causal force in natural English.
- 51 ↩"dél" (of it) continues the previous section’s referent: sin, which killed the Lord and is to be hated.
- 52 ↩The parallel is deliberate: Christ dies to kill sin, and is nailed so that sin itself may be nailed hand and foot. "los suyos" = his own feet and hands.
- 53 ↩"extrañas" here means astonishing/extraordinary (strange in scale), not merely odd.
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