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Chapter 5GuiaPec.1.5

Capítulo III. Del tercer título porque estamos obligados a Dios, que es el beneficio de la conservación y gobernación

The Debt of Preservation

Man owes God a profound debt of gratitude not only for his creation but for his continuous preservation in existence.

Man is bound to God not only by the gift of creation, but also by the gift of preservation, because he is the one who made you, and the one who keeps you after you were made. You are just as dependent on God's hand now, and just as unable to live without Him, as you were once unable to come into being without Him.✦1 This gift is no less than the earlier one; rather, that one was given once, but this one is given always, because he is always creating you, since he is always preserving what he created.2 It takes no less power, and no less love, for the one than for the other. So if you owe him so much because he created you in a single moment, how much more will you owe him because he preserves you through so many?3 You don't take a single step without Him moving you to take it; you don't open or close your eyes without His hand at work.✦ For if you don't believe that God moves your limbs when you move them, you're not a Christian.✦ And if you believe he does you that kindness, and yet with all that you still offend him, I won't know how to say what you are.4 Tell me: if a man were standing in a very high tower and holding another man hanging outside the battlements by a thin cord, would the one hanging there dare to lash out with words against the one holding him up? So then: if you're hanging by a thin thread from God's will alone—so that if he let you go, you'd instantly return to nothing—how do you dare provoke the eyes of such high Majesty to anger, when he's holding you up even in the very moment you offend him?5 For, as Saint Dionysius says, "the power of the Supreme Good is so excellent that even when creatures oppose him, they receive from his immense power the being and the power with which they oppose him."67 Given this, how do you dare use all your members and senses to offend the very Lord who preserves them? Oh, what unbelievable rebellion and blindness! Who has ever seen such a pairing: members rising against their head, when it's so natural to be ready to die for it?8 A day will come when this outrage is set right and the complaints of divine honor are heard in justice.9 Did you conspire against God?✦10 It's only just that the whole universe should conspire against you, that God should arm all his creatures to avenge the injuries done to him, and that the whole circle of the earth should fight against the ungrateful—for it's only just that those who wouldn't open their eyes when invited by such a throng of benefits, while they still had time, should come to open them under a throng of lashes when no remedy is left.111213

The World as a Witness to God

The entire created order serves as a preacher of God's goodness, leaving no excuse for those who fail to recognize and love the Creator.

So what will it mean to add to this the whole of this rich and abundant table of the world that this Lord created for your service? Everything under heaven is either for humanity or for things humanity is meant to use. If a person doesn't eat the mosquito that flies through the air, a bird eats it, and that person lives off the bird; if they don't graze the grass of the field, the livestock does, and they need the livestock. Cast your eyes over the whole world, and you'll see how wide and spacious the bounds of your estate are, and how rich and abundant your inheritance is. What walks on the earth, what swims in the waters, what flies through the air, and what shines in the sky—it's all yours. For all these things are benefits from God, works of his providence, displays of his beauty, testimonies of his mercy, sparks of his love, and preachers of his generosity.1415 See how many preachers God sends you so that you may know him. "Everything there is in heaven and on earth," says Saint Augustine, "tells me, Lord, to love you; and they never stop saying it to everyone, so that no one can make an excuse."✦ Oh! If you had ears to understand the voices of creatures, you would undoubtedly see how they all, with one voice, tell you to love God; for all of them, though silent, declare that they were created for your service, so that you might love and serve, for yourself and for them, the Lord common to you all.16 The heavens say: "I light your way by day, and by night with my stars, so you won't walk in the dark; and I send you various influences to bring things into being, so you won't starve."17 The air says: "I give you the breath of life, and I refresh you and temper the heat within you so it doesn't consume you; and I hold within myself many kinds of birds, so they may delight your eyes with their beauty, your ears with their song, and your palate with their taste."✦18 The water says: "I serve you with the early and late rains, each in its season, and with rivers and springs, so they may refresh you; and I raise for you countless kinds of fish for you to eat; I water your fields and orchards, so you may live by them; and I give you a short, direct path across the seas, so you can make use of the whole world and join others' riches to your own."19 Then what will the earth say—she who is the common20 the mother of all things, and like a general workshop for everything in nature?21 So she, too, will say with good reason: "As a mother, I carry you on my back; I raise your food and sustain you with the fruits of my womb; I have dealings and exchange with all the elements and with all the heavens, and from them all I receive influences and benefits for your service; finally, like a good mother, I don't abandon you in life or in death, because in life I carry you on my back and sustain you, and in death I give you a place of rest and take you into my lap."2223 Finally, the whole world is crying out to you at the top of its voice: "See how much my Lord and Maker loved you—that for your sake he created me, and for his sake he wants me to serve you, so that you may serve and love the one who created me for you, and created you for himself." These, Christian, are the voices of every creature. See that there can be no greater deafness than to go deaf to voices like these, and ungrateful for gifts like these. If you receive the gift, pay the debt of gratitude so you don't fall under the punishment of the ungrateful. For every creature, as a doctor says, gives these three voices to the human being: Accipe, rede, cave.24 That is: Accipe beneficium, rede debitum, cave, nisi reddideris, supplicium—which means: “Receive, pay, and fear.”25 That is: Receive the gift, pay the debt of gratitude, and fear the punishment if you don't pay it (Richard of Saint Victor). And to marvel even more, look at how this same theology reached Epictetus the philosopher, whom we mentioned earlier—he wants us to see and hear the Creator in all things, saying: "When a crow cries out and signals a change in the weather, it isn't the crow warning you, but God." And if through human voices and words you are warned of something, isn't it also God who created that man and gave him that capacity to warn you, so that you might know that divine power uses one means and another for what it wills?26 For when the things he wants to warn us about are important, he sends word of them through higher and nobler messengers." And at the end he adds: "Finally, when you finish reading these counsels of mine, say to yourself: 'These things Epictetus the philosopher has not told me—God has; for where did he get the power to say them? It isn't he, but God, who spoke them to me through him.'" Those are the words of Epictetus. So what Christian will not be ashamed not to reach where a pagan philosopher reached? It is a great shame, certainly, that eyes enlightened by the light of faith should fail to see what those saw who sat in the darkness of reason.

The Sin of Ingratitude

Ingratitude toward God is a form of spiritual blindness that makes humans less responsive than even the beasts of the field.

I. Gather from what has been said how unworthy a thing it is not to serve our Lord. Given this, what kind of ignorance is it to swim through so many of God's gifts and never remember who gives them? Saint Paul says that whoever does good to his enemy heaps burning coals on his head, to kindle him with love.✦ If every creature in this world is a gift from God, what is this whole world but a fire made of as much wood as there are creatures in it? What kind of heart is it that, walking in the middle of such a great fire, not only doesn't burn, but doesn't even feel the heat? When you continually receive so many gifts, how can you not sometimes lift your eyes to heaven to see who it is that does you so much good? Tell me: if you were walking along and sat down at the foot of a tower, tired and starving, and someone from above were kindly providing you with everything you need, how could you keep from lifting your eyes even once to see who it is that provides for you like that? What else does God do for you from on high but keep raining gifts down on you?27 Give me even one thing in all the world that does not come by special providence from heaven. So how can you not lift your eyes even once to know and love such a generous and constant benefactor? What is this but that people have already lost their very nature and made themselves more unfeeling than beasts? It is a great shame to name who we resemble in this—and yet it is right that a person should hear the rebuke he deserves.28 In this we are like the brute animals standing under the oak: when their owner is up above knocking down acorns for them, they stay busy eating and grunting at one another over the food, never look at the one who gives it, and have no idea what it means to lift their eyes and see by whose hand this good is done them.29 O beastly ingratitude of the children of Adam! Though you have reason, and an upright body, and eyes themselves turned toward heaven, you will not let the eyes of the soul follow after them to see the one who does you so much good! I wish to God that the beasts didn't outdo us in this, for the law of gratitude is so universal, and God is such a friend to it, that he even imprinted it in the wild beasts themselves.30 This is a noble inclination, as we can see from many examples written on the subject. For what is fiercer than the lion? Well, of this lion Apion, a Greek author, writes that because a man hidden in a cave pulled out a thorn stuck in its foot, the lion shared with him every day the meat it hunted; and after many days, when this man, for his crimes, was thrown to this same lion in the arena at Rome, the lion paused to look at him, recognized him, and came up to him affectionately, giving him the same fond greetings a dog gives its master when he comes home from outside.31 After that, it followed him through the streets of Rome without harming anyone. What could be more admirable or show greater gratitude than this? So if beasts, which have no reason but only a single spark of natural instinct by which they recognize a kindness, are so grateful for it, serve it so, and keep company with their benefactors—how can man, who has so much greater light to recognize the good he receives, live so forgetful of the One who does him so much good?32 How can he allow himself to be outdone by beasts in the laws of humanity, loyalty, and gratitude?33 This is especially true since what man receives from God is so much greater than anything beasts receive from men, and since the Giver is so much more excellent, and the intention behind His giving is so much higher—not for self-interest, but from pure grace and love alone. This is truly something to marvel at; it clearly shows that there are demons who blind our understanding, harden our wills, and ruin our memories so we don't remember such a great Benefactor.

The Abuse of Divine Gifts

Using God's gifts to offend the Giver is a grave betrayal that demands a strict accounting at the hour of death.

If it's such a great evil to forget this Lord, how much worse is it to offend him—and to offend him using his own gifts? Seneca says the first degree of ingratitude is not to repay your benefactor with gifts; the second is to forget them from the heart; the third is to do harm to the one who did you good—and this seems the greatest. So what will it be to do harm and offend the benefactor with the very goods he gave you? I don't know if any person in the world has ever done to another what people do to God. What man would there be, however inhuman he might be, who, having just received great favors from a prince, would then go and use all those favors to raise forces against him?34 And you, wretched one, with those very goods God gave you, never stop making war against him. So what could be more abominable? What kind of betrayal would it be if a married woman took the jewels her husband sent to honor her and draw her deeper into his love, only to give them to an adulterer to win his favor and secure his attachment? . If any ugly thing in the world could be painted, this would seem to be it. And here, the injury is only between one human being and another—that is, between equals. So how much greater an evil is it when this same injury is committed against God? What else are people doing when they use the strength, health, and goods God gave them for evil works? With their strength, they grow more proud; with beauty, more vain; with health, more forgetful of God; with wealth, more powerful to swallow up the weak, rival the great, pamper their flesh, and buy the chastity of an innocent young woman—making her sell, like another Judas, the price of Christ's blood, just as the Jews did with money.✦35 What, then, shall I say about the abuse of other benefits? They use the sea for their gluttony, the beauty of creatures for their lusts, the fruits and goods of the earth for their greed, and their natural gifts and abilities for their pride. Prosperity makes them lose their minds, while adversity makes them lose heart. They use the night to hide their thefts and the day to spread their nets, just as it is written in the book of Job. In the end, they have turned everything God created in this world for His own glory over to the whims of their own madness. So what should I say about their scented waters, their perfumes, their clothes, their embroidered finery, their stews, and all their varieties of dishes—things about which, because of our sins, books have not only been written but even printed?36 How far shamelessness and soft living have grown!37 All these precious things, for which they ought to give God praise, they use as bait for their lusts, perverting every creature of God and making instruments of vanity out of what ought to have been an instrument of virtue. Finally, they have dedicated all the things of the world to the comfort of their flesh, and none to their neighbor, whom God has so strongly entrusted to us.38 Only toward him are they poor; only toward him do they remember that they have debts. For everything else, they neither owe anything nor lack anything.39 So don't wait, brother, until the hour of death for this charge—so dangerous—to be laid against you: the greater it is, the stricter the accounting you'll be held to. It is a form of judgment to give much to someone who is barely grateful, and a sign of reprobation to give it to someone who consistently misuses it.40 Let us count it the worst kind of disgrace that the beasts should outdo us in this virtue, since they are grateful to their benefactors, and we are not. If the men of Nineveh will rise up in judgment to condemn the Jews for failing to repent at the preaching of Christ, let us be careful that the Lord does not condemn us by the example of the beasts—since they loved their benefactors, and we do not.41

Read the original Spanish

No sólo está obligado el hombre a Dios por el beneficio de la creación, sino también por el de la conservación, porque él es el que te hizo, y el que te conserva después de hecho. De manera que tan colgado estás ahora de la mano de Dios, y tan poca parte eres para vivir sin él, como lo fuiste para ser sin él. No es menor beneficio este que el pasado, sino que aquel se hizo una vez, mas este siempre, porque siempre te está criando, pues siempre está conservando lo que crió. Y no es menester menor poder, ni menor amor, para lo uno que para lo otro. Pues, si tanto le debes porque en un punto te crió, ¿cuánto le deberás porque en tantos te conserva? No das un paso, que no te mueva él para eso; no abres ni cierras los ojos, que no ponga él ahí su mano. Porque, si tú no crees que Dios mueve tus miembros cuando tú los mueves, no eres cristiano. Y, si crees que él te hace esa merced, y con todo eso, le ofendes, no acertaré a decir lo que eres.

Dime ahora: Si estuviese un hombre en una torre altísima y tuviese fuera de las almenas otro hombre colgado de un pequeño cordel, ¿osaría, por ventura, este que así estuviese, desmandarse en palabras contra aquel que lo sostiene?

Λ Pues, si tú estás colgado como de un hilico de la voluntad sola de Dios, de tal manera que, si él te soltase, en un punto te volverías en nada, ¿cómo tienes atrevimiento para provocar a ira los ojos de esa tan alta majestad, que te sostiene aun en ese mismo tiempo que le ofendes? Porque, como dice san Dionisio, «es tan excelente la virtud del Sumo bien, que, aun cuando las criaturas le contradicen, de su inmensa virtud reciben el ser y el poder con que le contradicen». Pues, siendo esto así, ¿cómo osas con todos esos miembros y sentidos ofender al mismo Señor que los conserva? ¡Oh rebeldía y ceguedad increíble! ¿Quién nunca vio tal conjunción: que los miembros se levanten contra su cabeza, siendo cosa tan natural ponerse a morir por ella? Día vendrá en que se deshaga este agravio y que sean oídas a justicia las querellas de la honra divina. ¿Conjurastes contra Dios? Justo es que conjure toda la universidad del mundo contra vosotros, y arme Dios todas sus criaturas para vengar sus injurias, y pelee toda la redondez de la tierra contra los desconocidos, porque justo es que los que no quisieron abrir los ojos, convidados con tanta muchedumbre de beneficios, cuando tuvieron tiempo, los vengan a abrir con la muchedumbre de los azotes, cuando no tengan remedio.

Pues ¿qué será juntar con esto toda esta mesa tan rica y tan abundosa del mundo que crió este Señor para tu servicio? Todo cuanto hay debajo del cielo, o es para el hombre, o para cosas de que se ha de servir el hombre; porque, si él no come el mosquito que vuela por el aire, cómelo el pájaro, del que él se mantiene; y si él no pace la yerba del campo, pácela el ganado, del que él tiene necesidad. Tiende los ojos por todo ese mundo, y verás cuán anchos y espaciosos son los términos de tu hacienda y cuán rica y abundosa tu heredad. Lo que anda sobre la tierra, y lo que nada en las aguas, y lo que vuela por el aire, y lo que resplandece en el cielo, tuyo es. Ca todas esas cosas son beneficios de Dios, obras de su providencia, muestras de su hermosura, testimonios de su misericordia, centellas de su caridad y predicadores de su largueza. Mira cuántos predicadores te envía Dios para que le conozcas. «Todas cuantas cosas hay —dice san Agustín— en el cielo y en la tierra, me dicen, Señor, que te ame; y no cesan de decirlo a todos, porque nadie se pueda excusar».

¡Oh! , si tuvieses oídos para entender las voces de las criaturas, sin duda verías cómo todas ellas a una te dicen que ames a Dios; porque todas ellas, callando, dicen que fueron criadas para tu servicio, porque tú amases y sirvieses, por ti y por ellas, al común Señor. El cielo dice: «Yo te alumbro de día, y de noche con mis estrellas, porque no andes a escuras; y te envío diversas influencias para criar las cosas, porque no mueras de hambre». El aire dice: «Yo te doy aliento de vida, y te refresco y templo el calor de las entrañas, para que no te consuma; y tengo en mí muchas diferencias de aves, para que deleiten tus ojos con su hermosura, y tus oídos con su canto, y tu paladar con su sabor». El agua dice: «Yo te sirvo con las lluvias tempranas y tardías, a sus tiempos, y con los ríos y fuentes, para que te refresquen; y te crío infinitas diferencias de peces, para que comas; riego tus sembrados y arboledas, con que te sustentes; y doyte camino breve y compendioso por los mares, para que te puedas servir de todo el mundo y juntar las riquezas ajenas con las tuyas». Pues la tierra, ¿qué dirá, que es la común

madre de todas las cosas y como una general oficina de todas las cosas naturales? Esa, pues, también, con mucha razón dirá: «Yo, como madre, te traigo a cuestas; yo te crío los mantenimientos y te sustento con los frutos de mis entrañas; yo tengo tratos y comunicación con todos los elementos y con todos los cielos, y de todos recibo influencias y beneficios para tu servicio; yo, finalmente, como buena madre, ni en vida ni en muerte te desamparo, porque en vida te traigo a cuestas y te sustento, y en la muerte te doy lugar de reposo y te recibo en mi regazo». Finalmente, todo el mundo, a muy grandes voces te está diciendo: «Mira cuánto es lo que te amó mi Señor y Hacedor, que, por ti, crió a mí, y por él quiere que sirva a ti, porque tú sirvas y ames a aquel que crió a mí por ti, y a ti, por sí».

Λ Estas son, cristiano, las voces de todas las criaturas. Mira que no puede ser mayor sordedad que estar a tales voces sordo, y a tales beneficios, ingrato. Si recibes el beneficio, paga la deuda del agradecimiento, porque no pases por la pena del ingrato. Ca toda criatura, según dice un doctor, da estas tres voces al hombre: Accipe, rede, cave. Hoc est: Accipe beneficium, rede debitum, cave, nisi reddideris, supplicium; que quiere decir: «Recibe, paga y teme. Esto es: Recibe el beneficio, paga la deuda del agradecimiento, y teme, si no la pagares, el castigo» (Ricardo de San Víctor).

Y, para que aún más te maravilles, mira cómo esta misma teología llegó a alcanzar Epicteto, filósofo, de quien arriba hicimos mención, el cual quiere que en todas las cosas oigamos y veamos al Criador, diciendo así: «Cuando el cuervo da voces y con ellas te da a entender alguna mudanza del aire, no es el cuervo el que te avisa, sino Dios. Y, si por la voces y palabras humanas eres avisado de algo, ¿no es también Dios el que crió ese hombre y le dio esa facultad para poderte avisar, para que supieses que, aquel divino poder, usa de unos y otros medios para lo que quiere? Porque, cuando las cosas de que nos quiere avisar son grandes, estas envía él a decir por más altos y nobles mensajeros». Y al cabo añade diciendo: «Finalmente, cuando acabares de leer estos mis consejos, di entre ti mismo: “Estas cosas no me las ha dicho Epicteto, el filósofo, sino Dios; porque ¿de dónde tenía él facultad para decirlas? ; pues no es él, sino Dios el que me las dijo por él”». Hasta aquí son palabras de Epicteto. Pues ¿cuál cristiano no se afrentará de no llegar adonde un filósofo gentil llegó? Gran vergüenza es, por cierto, que los ojos esclarecidos con lumbre de fe no vean lo que veían los que estaban asentados en las tinieblas de la razón.

I. Colige de lo dicho cuán indigna cosa sea no servir a nuestro Señor

Pues, siendo esto así, ¿qué linaje de desconocimiento es andar nadando entre tantos beneficios de Dios, y no acordarse de quien los da? Dice san Pablo que el que hace buenas obras a su enemigo le echa carbones de fuego sobre la cabeza, para encenderlo en su amor. Pues, si todas cuantas criaturas hay en este mundo son beneficios de Dios, ¿qué será todo este mundo, sino un fuego de tanta leña, cuantas criaturas hay en él? Pues ¿cuál es el corazón que, andando en medio de un tan grande fuego, no solamente no se quema, más aún, no siente calor? ¿Cómo, recibiendo a la continua tantos beneficios, no alzarás algunas veces los ojos al cielo a ver quién es este que te hace tanto bien? Dime: Si andando tu camino y asentándote al pie de una torre, cansado y muerto de hambre, estuviese uno desde lo alto proveyéndote benignamente de todo lo necesario, ¿cómo te podrías contener, que no levantases alguna vez los ojos a ver quién es ese que así te provee? Pues ¿qué otra cosa hace Dios contigo dende lo alto, sino estar lloviendo siempre beneficios sobre ti? Dame una sola cosa de cuantas hay en el mundo que no venga por especial providencia del cielo.

Pues ¿cómo no levantarás alguna vez los ojos para conocer y amar a tan liberal y continuo bienhechor? ¿Qué es esto, sino haber perdido ya los hombres su misma naturaleza y héchose más insensibles que bestias? Gran vergüenza es decir a quién somos en esto semejantes, mas también es razón que oiga el hombre su merecido. Somos semejantes en esto a los animales brutos que están debajo la encina, los cuales, cuando les está su dueño desde lo alto vareando la bellota, ocupados ellos en comer y gruñir unos con otros sobre la comida, no miran a quien se la da, ni saben qué cosa es levantar los ojos para ver por cuya mano se les hace este beneficio. ¡Oh bestial ingratitud de los hijos de Adán, que teniendo, demás de la razón, la figura de vuestro cuerpo derecha, y los mismos ojos enderezados al cielo, no queréis que los del ánima tiren tras ellos, para ver a quien os hace tanto bien!

Y aun pluguiese a Dios que no nos hiciesen ventaja las bestias en esta parte, porque es tan general la ley del agradecimiento y es Dios en tanta manera amigo dél, que aun en las misma fieras imprimió

esta tan noble inclinación, como parece por muchos ejemplos que hallamos escritos en esta materia. Porque ¿qué cosa más fiera que el león? Pues deste escribe Apión, autor griego, que, porque un hombre que estaba escondido en una cueva le sacó una espina que traía hincada en un pie, el león partía con él cada día la carne que cazaba; y, después de muchos días, siendo este hombre por sus maleficios echado a este mismo león en la plaza de Roma, el león se puso a mirarle, y lo reconoció, y se llegó a él amorosamente, haciéndole los mismos halagos que hace un perro a su señor cuando viene de fuera. Y, después desto, se andaba tras él sin hacer mal a nadie por las calles de Roma. ¿Qué cosa más admirable ni de mayor agradecimiento que esta? Pues, si las bestias que no tienen razón, sino una sola centella de instinto natural con que reconocen el beneficio, así lo agradecen y así lo sirven, y acompañan a sus bienhechores, el hombre, que tiene tanta mayor lumbre para reconocer el bien que recibe, ¿cómo vive tan olvidado de quien tanto bien le hace? , ¿cómo se deja vencer de las bestias, en ley de humanidad, de lealtad y de agradecimiento? Especialmente, siendo tanto más lo que el hombre recibe de Dios, que cuanto pueden recibir las bestias de los hombres; y siendo tanto más excelente la persona que lo da y la intención con que lo da, que no es por interese, sino por sola gracia y amor.

Cosa es esta, cierto, de grande admiración, y que manifiestamente declara haber demonios que cieguen a nuestros entendimientos y endurezcan nuestras voluntades y estraguen nuestras memorias para no acordarse de tal bienhechor.

Λ Y, si tan grande mal es olvidarse de este Señor, ¿cuánto mayor será ofenderle, y ofenderle con sus mismos beneficios? El primer grado de ingratitud dice Séneca que es no corresponder al bienhechor con beneficios; el segundo, olvidarlos de corazón; el tercero es hacer mal a quien te hizo bien; y este parece el mayor. Pues ¿qué será hacer mal y ofender al bienhechor con los mismos bienes que él te dio? No sé si ha habido hombre en el mundo que haya hecho con otro hombre lo que los hombres hacen con Dios. ¿Qué hombre habría, por inhumano que fuese, que acabando de recibir de un príncipe grandes mercedes, fuese luego a emplear todas aquellas mercedes en hacer gente contra él? Y tú, malaventurado, con esos mismos bienes que Dios te dio, nunca cesas de hacer guerra contra él. Pues ¿qué cosa más abominable?

¿Cuál sería la traición de una mujer casada, si las joyas que su marido le enviase para honrarla y provocarla más a su amor, las diese ella a un adúltero, para ganarle la voluntad y tener más segura su afición? . Si alguna cosa fea se pudiese en el mundo pintar, esta parece que lo sería. Y aquí la injuria no es más que de hombre a hombre, que es de un igual a otro igual. Pues ¿cuánto mayor mal es cuando esta misma injuria se hace contra Dios? Pues ¿qué otra cosa hacen los hombres, cuando las fuerzas, y la salud, y los bienes que Dios les dio emplean en malas obras? Con las fuerzas se hacen más soberbios, con la hermosura más vanos, con la salud más olvidados de Dios, con la hacienda más poderosos para tragarse los flacos y competir con los mayores, y para regalar su carne, y comprar la castidad de la inocente doncella, y hacer que ella venda, como otro Judas, el precio de la sangre de Cristo y ellos la compren por dinero, como hicieron los judíos. Pues ¿qué diré del abuso de los otros beneficios?

De la mar se sirven para sus gulas, de la hermosura de las criaturas para sus lujurias, de los frutos y bienes de la tierra para sus avaricias, de sus habilidades y gracias naturales para sus soberbias. Con las prosperidades se enloquecen, con las adversidades desmayan. De la noche se sirven para encubrir sus hurtos, y del día para tender sus redes, como se escribe en Job. Finalmente, todo lo que Dios crió en este mundo para gloria suya han ellos ofrecido a los antojos de su locura.

Pues ¿qué diré de sus aguas de olores, de sus perfumes, de sus vestidos, de sus labrados, de sus potajes y diferencias de guisados, de que están, por nuestros pecados, no solamente escritos, sino también impresos libros? ¡Tanto ha crecido la desvergüenza y el regalo! De todas estas cosas tan preciosas, por quien habían de dar a Dios alabanzas, usan para cebo de sus lujurias, pervirtiendo todas las criaturas de Dios, haciendo instrumentos de vanidad lo que había de ser instrumento de virtud. Finalmente, todas las cosas del mundo tienen dedicadas para regalo de su carne, y ninguna para el prójimo, por Dios tan encomendado. Para solo este son pobres, para solo este se les acuerda que tienen deudas; para todo lo demás, ni deben ni les falta.

No aguardes, pues, hermano, a que a la hora de la muerte se te haga este cargo tan peligroso, que, cuanto es mayor, tanto será más estrecha la cuenta que se te pidiera. Linaje de juicio es dar mucho a quien lo agradece poco, y señal de reprobación es darlo a quien siempre usa mal de ello. Tengamos por último linaje de afrenta que las bestias nos hagan ventaja en esta virtud, pues ellas son agradecidas a sus bienhechores, y nosotros no. Porque, si los varones de Nínive se levantarán en juicio y condenarán a los judíos, porque no hicieron penitencia con la predicación de Cristo, miremos no nos condene este mismo Señor con ejemplo de las bestias, pues ellas amaron a sus bienhechores, y nosotros no.

Scripture echoes

  1. ↩Acts.17.28 — For in him we live and move and have our being, as even some of your own poets have said, 'For we are also his offspring.'
  2. ↩Acts.17.28 — For in him we live and move and have our being, as even some of your own poets have said, 'For we are also his offspring.'
  3. ↩Acts.17.28 — For in him we live and move and have our being, as even some of your own poets have said, 'For we are also his offspring.'
  4. ↩Ps.2.1-Ps.2.2 — Why do the nations rage, and the peoples plot in vain? Ps.2.2 — The kings of the earth take their stand, and the rulers gather together against the LORD and against his Anointed.
  5. ↩Rom.1.20 — For since the creation of the world, his invisible attributes have been clearly perceived, being understood through the things that have been made: both his eternal power and divine nature. So they are without excuse.
  6. ↩Gen.2.7 — Then the LORD God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being.
  7. ↩Rom.12.20;Prov.25.21-Prov.25.22 — But if your enemy is hungry, feed him; if he is thirsty, give him something to drink; for by doing this you will heap burning coals on his head. Prov.25.21 — If your enemy is hungry, feed him bread; and if he is thirsty, give him water to drink. Prov.25.22 — For you will heap burning coals on his head, and the LORD will reward you.
  8. ↩Matt.26.14-Matt.26.16 — Then one of the twelve, the one called Judas Iscariot, went to the chief priests. Matt.26.15 — and he said, 'What are you willing to give me, and I will hand him over to you?' And they weighed out for him thirty pieces of silver. Matt.26.16 — And from that time he sought an opportunity to betray him.

Notes

  1. 1 ↩"tan poca parte eres para vivir sin él" rendered as "as little able to live without him" (powerlessness/incapacity), not a literal "part/portion."
  2. 2 ↩"criando" / "crió" kept as creating/created in the scholastic sense that continuous conservation is a continued creation.
  3. 3 ↩"en un punto" = in a single instant; "en tantos" elliptically continues "puntos" (moments).
  4. 4 ↩"merced" rendered as "kindness" (divine favor in the act of concurrence); "mercy" would also be possible but risks over-narrowing the sense here.
  5. 5 ↩hilico: diminutive of hilo; rendered 'thin thread' for the precarious-dependency image continued from GuiaPec.1.5.2.
  6. 6 ↩virtud here is divine power/force (Dionysian virtus), not moral virtue; rendered 'power' twice to keep the paradox clear.
  7. 7 ↩contradicen: oppose/contradict; creatures rebel only with the being God still supplies.
  8. 8 ↩conjunción: strange joining/pairing of opposites (members vs. head), not grammatical conjunction.
  9. 9 ↩sean oídas a justicia: judicial hearing; rendered 'heard in justice' rather than merely 'heard justly'.
  10. 10 ↩Conjurastes: older 2nd-person plural preterite of conjurar (plot/conspire together); kept as address to the guilty plural audience continued in s8.
  11. 11 ↩universidad del mundo: early-modern Spanish for the totality/universe of the world, not an academic institution.
  12. 12 ↩desconocidos: not 'unknown persons' but the ungrateful who fail to acknowledge benefits received.
  13. 13 ↩redondez de la tierra: the whole round/orb of the earth; kept as 'circle of the earth' for biblical cadence without archaism.
  14. 14 ↩Spanish 'caridad' rendered as 'love' per default lexeme policy; could also be 'charity' as theological virtue. 'Largueza' rendered as 'generosity' (liberality).
  15. 15 ↩Archaic Spanish 'Ca' = 'for/because'; rendered as 'For'.
  16. 16 ↩«a una» rendered as «with one voice»; «callando» as «though silent» (they preach without speech). Second «porque» taken as purpose («so that you might love and serve»), not mere cause.
  17. 17 ↩«influencias» kept as «influences» in the older cosmological sense of celestial effects that foster growth, not modern social influence. «a escuras» = in the dark.
  18. 18 ↩«templo» = temper/moderate (not «temple»). «calor de las entrañas» = the heat of the body's inner parts; rendered «the heat within you».
  19. 19 ↩«camino breve y compendioso» = a short, compact route; rendered «short, direct path». «doyte» = doy te.
  20. 20 ↩Printed unit ends mid-clause; continues in GuiaPec.1.5.6.s1 («madre de todas las cosas...»). Rendering left deliberately incomplete to match the source split.
  21. 21 ↩Oficina here is early-modern Spanish for a place of production or working office, not a bureaucratic office; rendered as workshop.
  22. 22 ↩Traigo a cuestas is an idiom for carrying someone on one's back/shoulders; kept concrete to preserve the maternal image.
  23. 23 ↩Influencias keeps the early-modern cosmological sense of received celestial and elemental effects working through the earth for human good.
  24. 24 ↩Accipe, rede, cave left in Latin as the source cites them; expanded in the next sentence. Rede is the source form (for classical redde).
  25. 25 ↩Latin triad retained, then glossed by the Spanish expansion continued in s6: receive the gift, repay the debt of thanks, and fear punishment if you fail to repay.
  26. 26 ↩Source has «por la voces»; translated as «por las voces» (human voices).
  27. 27 ↩Source has archaic 'dende' for modern Spanish 'desde' (from); rendered as 'from on high'.
  28. 28 ↩merecido rendered as 'the rebuke he deserves' (what is due him by way of hard truth), not as a legal penalty.
  29. 29 ↩vareando la bellota: traditional image of a swineherd beating acorns down from an oak; kept concrete as 'knocking down acorns'.
  30. 30 ↩The Spanish sentence is cut at the section break; the object of imprimió continues in GuiaPec.1.5.13 as esta tan noble inclinación.
  31. 31 ↩plaza de Roma rendered as 'arena at Rome' for the public spectacle of condemned men thrown to beasts; 'public square' is also possible.
  32. 32 ↩lumbre rendered as 'light' for the rational capacity that surpasses mere instinct; centella as 'spark'.
  33. 33 ↩ley de humanidad rendered as 'law of humanity' (duty of human kindness/humane feeling), not biological 'human race'.
  34. 34 ↩Spanish 'hacer gente' is a period military idiom for raising troops/mustered forces; rendered as 'raise forces'.
  35. 35 ↩"el precio de la sangre de Cristo" is kept close to the Spanish: the maiden is cast as a Judas-figure selling what is sacred (the value/price associated with Christ's blood), while the buyers parallel those who purchased Christ with money.
  36. 36 ↩"labrados" refers to finely worked or embroidered garments/fabrics; rendered as "embroidered finery".
  37. 37 ↩"regalo" here is classical moral Spanish for soft living / sensual luxury, not "gift."
  38. 38 ↩"regalo de su carne" = soft comfort / indulgence of the flesh; "encomendado" = strongly recommended/entrusted by God.
  39. 39 ↩"este" points back to "el prójimo" in s4: they plead poverty and debts only when asked to help the neighbor.
  40. 40 ↩"Linaje de juicio" rendered as "a kind of judgment" (type/species of judgment). "Reprobación" kept as "reprobation" in its traditional theological sense of being cast off / marked as rejected.
  41. 41 ↩Source frames the Nineveh comparison around failure to do penance "con la predicación de Cristo" (at Christ's preaching). The Gospel parallel more closely concerns Jonah's preaching and "this generation"; kept Granada's wording faithfully.

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