Capítulo II. Del segundo título que nos obliga a la virtud y servicio de nuestro Señor, por razón del beneficio de la creación
The Debt of Creation
We are bound to serve God as our Creator, just as a child is bound to a father or a house to its builder.
We are bound to virtue and obedience to the divine commandments not only by what God is in himself, but also by what he is for us—that is, because of his countless gifts; and though we have treated of these elsewhere for other purposes, here we will treat of them so that through them we may see the great obligations we have to the service of the Giver. Among these benefits, the first is creation; and of this, because it is so well known, I will only say that by this gift man is bound to put himself wholly to the service of the Lord who created him, because by every law man is a debtor for everything he has received. And since by this benefit he received the being he has—that is, the body with all its senses, and the soul with all its powers—it follows that all of this is bound to be used, each in its own way, in the service of the Maker, under pain of being a thief and an ingrate toward the One who did him so much good.1 For if a man builds a house, whom should that house serve if not the owner who made it? And if he plants a vineyard, whose should the fruit be if not the one who planted it? And if a father has a son, who is that son more bound to serve than the father who begot him? And for this reason the laws say that a father's power over his children is beyond measure—so far does it extend that by right he may sell them when he is in need, because, having given them the being they have, he is made so fully their lord that he may dispose of them in this way.2 So if a father's lordship over his son is so great, how great must be the lordship of the One from whom all fatherhood in heaven and on earth derives?✦3 . And if, as Seneca says, "those who have received benefits are bound to imitate fertile lands, which give back far more than they received," how can we answer God with that kind of thanksgiving, since no matter how much we give, we cannot give Him more than we received from Him? And if the one who does not give back more than he received fails to keep this law, what shall we say of the one who does not even give back what he received? And if, as Aristotle says, "the debt owed to the gods and to parents can never be paid in full," what could we ever pay back to God, who has given us so much more than all the fathers in the world? And if it is so great an evil for a son to be rebellious and disobedient to his father, what will it be to be that way toward God, who by so many titles is Father that, next to him, no one deserves the name of father? For this reason, He quite rightly complains about such people through a prophet, saying: If I am your Father, where is the honor you owe me?✦ And if I am your Lord, what has become of the fear you should have for me?✦ . And against these same people, another prophet burns with fiercer words, saying: Evil and adulterous generation, foolish and senseless people—is this how you repay your Lord for so many benefits? Is He not your Father, who made you and created you?✦4 .
The Mirror of Self-Knowledge
By looking inward and acknowledging our origin in God, we move from ignorance to a life of prayer and thanksgiving.
These are the ones who neither lift their eyes to heaven nor turn them back on themselves, taking stock of who they are; because if they did this, they would question themselves about themselves and try to learn their first origin and beginning—who made them and what they were made for—and from that they would understand what they ought to do. But because they don't do this, they live as if they had made themselves—just like that wretched king of Egypt whom God threatens through a prophet, saying: "I am against you, great dragon, lying in the middle of your rivers, and you say, 'The rivers are mine; I made myself.'" All who live so carelessly, ignoring their Creator as if they had made themselves and acknowledged no maker, speak these same words through their way of life.✦ Blessed Saint Augustine did better: through this knowledge of his beginning, he came to know his Creator, and so he says in a soliloquy: I turned back to myself, entered into myself, and asked myself: “You—who are you?” And I answered myself: “A rational and mortal man.” And I began to search out what this was, and I said: “Where did this living creature have its beginning, my God—where, if not from you?5 You are the one who made me, not I myself. You are the one through whom I live, and through whom all things exist and live; for can anyone really be the maker of himself?✦ Is there really any other from whom being and living derive, except from you? Are you not the supreme Being from whom all being flows? Are you not the fountain of life from whom all life proceeds?✦ So then, Lord, you made me—without whom nothing is made. You are my Maker, and I am your work. So thanks be to you, Lord, through whom I live and all things live. Thanks to you, my Fashioner, because your hands formed me and made me.6 Thanks to you, my Light, because by your light I found you, and I found myself as well.
The Duty of Remembrance
God commands us to remember his benefits, and we must not mistake the works of nature for anything other than the gifts of the Creator.
This, then, is the first of the divine benefits and the foundation of all the others, because all of them presuppose being, which is given to us by this benefit; and so they all stand to it as accidents stand to the substance in which they inhere—so that by this you may see how great this benefit is, and how worthy of thanksgiving.7 If God takes such care to ask for thanksgiving for his benefits—not for his own gain, but for ours—what will he ask for this one, which is the foundation of all the others? All the more so, this being God's way: that just as he is most generous in granting favors, so he is most exacting—if one may call it that—in asking for thanksgiving, not for his own gain, but because of the duty of our office.8 We read in the Old Testament that he would scarcely finish granting his people a benefit before he would immediately order that there be a perpetual memory and thanksgiving for it. When he was bringing his people out of Egypt, right at that hour—even before they left—he commanded that a most solemn feast be kept each year in memory of it. For this same purpose, he killed all the firstborn of the Egyptians; he then commanded that all the firstborn of his people born from that time on should be offered to him in memory of this benefit. He then provided them with manna for forty years in the desert, and when he began to send it, he commanded that a certain amount be gathered in a vessel and kept in the Sanctuary, so that all generations to come would keep the memory of that benefit.✦ A little later, he gave them a remarkable victory over Amalek, and once the victory was won, he said immediately to Moses: Write this victory in a book for its perpetual memory, and hand it over to Joshua.✦ If the Lord took such special care to ensure that lasting thanksgiving for temporal blessings would live on in his people's memory, what will he ask for this immortal blessing, given that the soul he gave us is immortal? This is why the holy patriarchs were so careful to build altars and set up memorials whenever they received a particular blessing from God. They even inscribed the memory of these blessings into the very names of their children, so they would never forget them. From this a saint (Augustine) concludes that "a man should not take as many breaths as he should take remembrances of God"; because, just as he always is, so he should always be giving thanks for the immortal being he received from him.9 The bond of this obligation is so great that even the philosophers of this world cry out to people not to be ungrateful to God. And so Epictetus, a noble philosopher among the Stoics, says this: «O man, do not be ungrateful to that sovereign Power; rather, for the sense of sight and of hearing, and much more for the life it gave you, and for the things by which that life is sustained—for ripe fruits, for wine, and for oil, and for everything else—give it thanks; and much more still, because it gave you reason so that you might know how to use all those things and know their worth.»10 So then, if a pagan philosopher demands this gratitude for common gifts, what should a Christian feel—someone who has the much greater light of faith and has received so much more? But perhaps you'll say, "Those common benefits seem more like the works of nature than gifts from God." What special thanks do I owe, then, for the order and arrangement of things that always run their course?" That isn't the voice of a Christian, but of a pagan—and not even of a pagan, but of a beast. To see this more clearly, look at how this same philosopher rebukes it, saying, "O you who don't understand! Don't you understand that when you say this, you're only changing God's name? What else is nature but God, who is the principal Nature?11 So then, ungrateful man, don't excuse yourself by saying you owe this debt to nature and not to God, since there is no nature without God. If you had borrowed something from Lucius Seneca and said you were obliged to Lucius and not to Seneca, that wouldn't change the creditor—only his name."
The Unfinished Work
Because we are created but not yet perfected, we must return to our Maker to find the completion of our souls.
II. Another reason we are obligated to serve our Lord is that He is our Creator. But it isn't just this obligation of justice; our own need and poverty also bind us to keep this account with our Creator, if, having been created, we want to reach our own happiness and perfection. To understand this, you should know that, generally speaking, nothing that is born is born at once with its full perfection: it has something, and something is still lacking that must be finished later; and the one who begins the work must supply what is missing. So it belongs to the same cause that first gave a thing its beginning to also bring that being to completion.12 As a rule, all effects return to their causes to receive their final perfection from them. Plants reach toward the sun and root themselves as deeply as they can in the earth that produced them. Fish don't want to leave the water that begot them. The moment a chick is born, it tucks itself under the hen's wings and follows her wherever she goes. And the little lamb does the same: right away it presses close to its mother's flanks; and even among a thousand mothers of the same color, it knows her and always stays glued to her side, as if to say, "Here they gave me what I have; here they'll give me what I still lack."13 This happens everywhere in nature, and the same would happen with things made by craft, if they had any sense or power to move.14 If a painter, just finishing a picture, left the eyes unfinished, and that image could feel what it was missing, what would it do? Where would it go? It certainly wouldn't go to the houses of kings or princes, because those places can't satisfy its desire; instead, it would go to the house of its Master and beg Him to finish perfecting it.15 So then, you rational creature! What other case is yours but this?16 You are not yet finished; much is still wanting before you reach the fullness of your perfection. The sketch is barely done, and all the polish and beauty of the work remain to be given—which clearly shows the continuous hunger of nature itself: like someone who feels needy, it does not rest, but is always peeping and sighing for more.17 God wanted to win you by hunger, and that those very needs would bring you in through his doors and lead you to him.18 That is why he didn't want to finish you from the beginning; that is why he didn't enrich you all at once—not because he is stingy, but because he is loving; not so that you would be poor, but so that you would be humble; not so that you would be needy, but so that he could always keep you with him.19 So if you are poor, blind, and in need, why don't you go to the Father who made you, and to the painter who began you, so that he may finish what you still lack? Look at how the prophet David did just that: "Your hands," he says, "made me and formed me; give me understanding, so that I may learn your commandments."✦ It is as if he were saying more clearly: "Your hands, Lord, made everything in me, but this work is not yet finished." Among other parts, the eyes of my soul remain unfinished; I don't have the light to know what is good for me. So whom should I ask for what I still lack, if not the one who has given me what I have? So give me this light, Lord; clear the eyes of this man blind from birth, so that with them I may know you, and so that what you began in me may be finished." So just as it belongs to this Lord to give the understanding its final perfection, it likewise belongs to him to give that perfection to the will and to all the other powers of the soul, so that the work may thus be finished by the same one who began it.✦ He alone, then, satisfies without defect, elevates without noise, enriches without display, and gives complete rest without the possession of many things.20 With him, a person is poor yet content, rich yet bare, alone yet blessed—stripped of all things, and yet mistress of them all. That is why the Wise Man said with good reason: There is a man who lives as if rich while having nothing; and there is another who lives as if poor while having great wealth.✦ For the poor person who has God is very rich, as Saint Francis was; and very poor is the one who lacks God, even if he is lord of the world. For what good are all his riches to the rich and powerful man if, even so, he lives with a thousand kinds of cares and appetites that he cannot satisfy with all he has? And what role can precious clothing, a delicate table, and a full chest play in taking away the anguish that is in the soul?21 On his soft bed the rich man tosses and turns through the long night—something his rich purse cannot spare him.22 So from all that's been said, it becomes clear how bound we all are to the service of our Lord—not only because of the debt of this gift, but also as it concerns the fulfillment of our happiness and remedy.
Read the original Spanish
No sólo estamos obligados a la virtud y obediencia de los mandamientos divinos por lo que Dios es en sí, sino también por lo que es para nosotros, que es por razón de sus innumerables beneficios; de los cuales, aunque habemos tratado en otros lugares para otros propósitos, pero aquí trataremos dellos para que por ellos veamos las grandes obligaciones que tenemos al servicio del dador.
Λ Entre estos beneficios, el primero es el de la creación, del cual, por ser tan conocido, solamente diré que por este beneficio está el hombre obligado a emplearse todo en el servicio del Señor que lo crió, porque, según toda ley, es el hombre deudor de todo lo que ha recibido. Y, pues por este beneficio recibió el ser que tiene, que es el cuerpo con todos sus sentidos, y el ánima con todas sus potencias, síguese que todo esto está obligado a emplear, en su manera, en el servicio del Hacedor; so pena de ser ladrón y desconocido a quien tanto bien le hizo.
Porque, si un hombre hace una casa, ¿a quién ha de servir esta casa, sino al dueño que la hizo? Y si planta una viña, ¿cúyo ha de ser el fruto della, sino del que la plantó? Y si un padre tiene un hijo, ¿a cúyo servicio está más obligado, que al del padre que le engendró? Y por esta causa dicen las leyes que es inestimable el poder del padre sobre sus hijos, el cual se extiende a tanto, que por derecho los puede vender, estando en necesidad, porque, por haberles dado el ser que tienen, queda hecho tan señor dellos, que puede disponer dellos en esta forma. Pues, si tan grande es el señorío que el padre tiene sobre su hijo, ¿cuál será el que tiene aquel de quien se deriva todo el ser de padres en el cielo y en la tierra? . Y si, como dice Séneca, «los que recibieron beneficios son obligados a imitar las tierras fértiles, las cuales dan mucho más de lo que recibieron», ¿cómo responderemos a Dios con esta manera de agradecimiento, pues no le podemos dar más de lo que dél recibimos, por mucho que le demos? Y si no guarda esta ley el que no da más de lo que recibió, ¿qué diremos del que aun no da lo que recibió?
Y si, como dice Aristóteles, «a los dioses y a los padres no se puede pagar enteramente la deuda que se les debe», ¿qué se podrá pagar a Dios, que tanto más nos tiene dado, que todos los padres del mundo? Y si tan grande mal es ser un hijo rebelde y desobediente a su padre, ¿qué será serlo a Dios, que por tantos títulos es Padre, en cuya comparación ninguno merece título de padre? Por esto, con mucha razón se queja él de los tales, por un profeta, diciendo: Si yo soy vuestro Padre, ¿dónde está la honra que me debéis? Y si soy vuestro Señor, ¿qué es del temor que me tenéis? . Y contra estos mismos se indigna otro profeta con palabras más encendidas, diciendo: Generación mala y adúltera, pueblo loco y necio, ¿ésta es la paga de tantos beneficios que das a tu Señor? ¿Por ventura no es él tu Padre, que te hizo y te crió? .
Estos son los que ni levantan los ojos al cielo, ni los vuelven a sí mismos, acordándose de sí; porque, si esto hiciesen, preguntarían a sí por sí, y procurarían saber su primer origen y principio, que es quién los hizo y para qué los hizo; y por aquí entenderían lo que deberían hacer. Mas, porque esto no hacen, viven como si ellos mismos se hubieran hecho; como vivía aquel malaventurado rey de Egipto, a quien amenaza Dios por un profeta, diciendo: Contigo lo habré yo, dragón grande, que estás tendido en medio de tus ríos, y dices: «Míos son los ríos, yo me hice a mí mismo»; las cuales palabras, a lo menos por la práctica, dicen todos aquellos que así viven descuidados de su Criador, como si ellos mismos se hubieran hecho, y no reconocieran hacedor. Mejor lo hacía el bienaventurado san Agustín, el cual, por este conocimiento de su principio, vino en conocimiento de su Criador; y así dice él en un soliloquio:
«Volví a mí, y entré en mí, y pregunteme: “Tú ¿quién eres?” Y respondime: “Hombre racional y mortal”. Y comencé a inquirir lo que esto era, y dije: “¿De dónde tuvo principio, Dios mío, este animal, de dónde, sino de ti? Tú eres el que me hiciste, y no yo. Tú eres por quien yo vivo, y por quien todas las cosas son y viven; porque ¿por ventura puede ser alguno artífice de sí mismo? ; ¿por ventura hay otro de quien se derive el ser y el vivir, sino de ti? ; ¿por ventura no eres tú el sumo ser de quien mana todo ser? ; ¿no eres fuente de vida de quien procede toda vida?
Tú, pues, Señor, me hiciste, sin el cual nada se hace. Tú eres hacedor mío, y yo obra tuya. Gracias, pues, sean dadas a ti, Señor, por quien yo vivo y todas las cosas viven. Gracias a ti, formador mío, porque tus manos me formaron e hicieron. Gracias a ti, luz mía, porque con tu luz hallé a ti y hallé también a mí”».
Este es, pues, el primero de los beneficios divinos y el fundamento de todos los otros, porque todos ellos presuponen ser, el cual por este beneficio se nos da, y así se comparan todos con él como accidentes con la substancia donde se sujetan; para que por aquí veas cuán grande sea este beneficio, y cuán digno de ser agradecido. Pues, si tanto cuidado tiene Dios de pedir agradecimiento por sus beneficios (aunque, esto, no por su provecho, sino por el nuestro), ¿qué pedirá por este, que es el fundamento de todos los otros? Mayormente siendo esta la condición de Dios: que, así como es liberalísimo en hacer mercedes, así es estrechísimo, si así se puede llamar, en pedir agradecimiento, no por razón de su provecho, sino por la obligación de nuestro oficio. Y así leemos en el Testamento Viejo que, apenas acababa de hacer a su pueblo un beneficio, cuando luego daba orden cómo hubiese perpetua memoria y agradecimiento dél. Y así, en sacando su pueblo de Egipto, luego a la hora, antes aun de la salida, mandó que se hiciese una fiesta solemnísima cada año en memoria dél. Mató también para este fin todos los primogénitos de los egipcios; y, luego, mandó que todos los primogénitos del pueblo que de ahí adelante naciesen se le ofreciesen en memoria deste beneficio. Proveyoles luego de maná cuarenta años en el desierto, y en comenzándolo a enviar, mandó que se cogiese cierta cantidad dél en un vaso y se guardase en el Santuario, para que todas las generaciones advenideras tuviesen memoria de aquel beneficio. De ahí a poco, dioles una vitoria muy señalada contra Amalec, y acabada la vitoria, dijo luego a Moisés: Escribe esta vitoria en un libro para perpetua memoria della, y entrégalo a Josué.
Pues, si tan especial cuidado tuvo este Señor de proveer cómo hubiese en la memoria de su pueblo eterno agradecimiento de beneficios temporales, ¿qué pedirá por este beneficio inmortal, pues el ánima que él nos dio es inmortal? De ahí procedía el cuidado que los santos patriarcas tenían de edificar altares, y hacer memorias, cada vez que recibían algún particular beneficio de Dios; de tal manera que, aun en el mismo nombre de los hijos que les daba, escribían la memoria de los beneficios que recibían, para nunca jamás olvidarse dellos. Por donde concluye un santo (Agustín) que «no había el hombre de respirar tantas veces, cuantas se había de acordar de Dios»; porque, así como siempre es, así siempre había de estar dando gracias por el ser inmortal que dél recibió.
Es tan grande el vínculo desta obligación, que hasta los mismos filósofos de este mundo dan voces a los hombres, que no sean ingratos a Dios. Y así Epicteto, noble filósofo entre los estoicos, dice así: «Oh hombre, no seas ingrato a aquella soberana potestad, sino, por el sentido del ver, y del oír, y mucho más por la vida que te dio, y por las cosas con que ella se sustenta, por los frutos maduros, por el vino, y por el aceite, y por todo lo demás, le da gracias; y mucho más, porque te dio razón para que supieses usar de todas esas cosas y conocer el valor dellas». Pues, si este agradecimiento nos pide un filósofo gentil por estos comunes beneficios, ¿qué será razón que sienta un cristiano, que tanto mayor lumbre tiene de fe, y tanto más recibió?
Mas por ventura dirás: «Esos comunes beneficios, más parecen obras de naturaleza, que beneficios de Dios. ¿Qué debo yo, pues, particularmente, por el orden y disposición de las cosas, que se van siempre por su curso?» No es esta voz de cristiano, sino de gentil; ni aun de gentil, sino de bestia. Y, porque más claramente lo veas, mira cómo la reprehende este mismo filósofo, diciendo así: «¡Oh desconocido! , ¿no entiendes, cuando esto dices, que mudas el nombre a Dios? ¿Qué otra cosa es la naturaleza, sino Dios, que es principal naturaleza? Así que, hombre desagradecido, no te excusas con decir que esta deuda la debes a la naturaleza, y no a Dios, pues no hay naturaleza sin Dios. Si hubieses recibido prestado algo de Lucio Séneca, y dijeses que quedabas obligado a Lucio, y no a Séneca, no por esto se muda el acreedor, sino sólo el nombre dél».
II. De otra razón por donde estamos obligados al servicio de nuestro Señor, por ser él nuestro Criador
Mas no sólo esta obligación de justicia, sino también nuestra misma necesidad y pobreza nos obliga a tener esta cuenta con nuestro Criador, si queremos, después de criados, alcanzar nuestra misma felicidad y perfección. Para lo cual es de saber que, generalmente hablando, todas las cosas que nacen, no nacen luego con toda su perfección: algo tienen, y algo les falta, que después se haya de acabar; y el cumplimiento de lo que falta ha de dar el que comienza la obra. De manera que a la misma causa pertenece dar el cumplimiento del ser: que dio el principio dél.
Y, por esto, todos los efectos generalmente se vuelven a sus causas, para recibir de ellas su última perfección. Las plantas trabajan por buscar el sol y arraigarse todo cuanto pueden en la tierra que las produjo. Los peces no quieren salir fuera del agua que los engendró. El pollico que nace, luego se pone debajo las alas de la gallina y la sigue por doquiera que vaya. Y lo mismo hace el corderico, que luego se junta con los ijares de su madre; y, entre mil madres que sean de una misma color, la reconoce, y siempre anda cosido con ella, como quien dice: «Aquí me dieron lo que tengo, aquí me darán lo que me falta». Esto acaece universalmente en las cosas naturales; y lo mismo acaecería en las artificiales, si tuviesen algún sentido o movimiento. Si un pintor, acabando de pintar una imagen, dejase por acabar los ojos, y aquella imagen sintiese lo que le faltaba, ¿qué haría? , ¿adónde iría?
No iría, cierto, a casas de reyes ni príncipes, porque esos, en cuanto tales, no pueden satisfacer su deseo, sino irse hía a la casa de su maestro y suplicarle hía la acabase de perficionar.
Λ Pues, ¡oh criatura racional! , ¿qué otra causa es la tuya, sino esta? No estás aún acabada de hacer, mucho es lo que te falta para llegar al cumplimiento de tu perfección, apenas está acabado el dibujo, todo el lustre y hermosura de la obra queda por dar; lo cual claramente muestra el apetito continuo de la misma naturaleza, que, como quien se siente necesitada, no reposa, sino siempre está piando y suspirando por más. Quiso Dios tomarte por hambre, y que las mismas necesidades te metiesen por sus puertas y te llevasen a él. Por eso no te quiso acabar desde el principio, por eso no te enriqueció dende luego; no por escaso, sino por amoroso; no porque fueses pobre, sino porque fueses humilde; no porque fueses necesitado, sino por tenerte siempre consigo. Pues, si eres pobre, y ciego, y menesteroso, ¿por qué no te vas al Padre que te crió, y al pintor que te comenzó, para que él acabe lo que te falta?
Mira cómo lo hacía así el profeta David: Tus manos —dice él— me hicieron y me criaron; dame entendimiento, para que aprenda tus mandamientos. Como si más claramente dijera: «Tus manos, Señor, hicieron todo lo que hay en mí; mas no está aún acabada esta obra. Los ojos de mi ánima, entre otras partes, quedan por acabar, no tengo lumbre para saber lo que me conviene. Pues ¿a quién pediré lo que me falta, sino a quien me ha dado lo que tengo? Pues dame, Señor, esta lumbre, clarifica los ojos deste ciego desde su nacimiento, para que con ellos te conozca, y así se acabe lo que comenzaste en mí».
Pues, así como a este Señor pertenece dar su última perfección al entendimiento, así también le pertenece darla a la voluntad y a todas las otras potencias del ánima, para que así quede acabada la obra por el mismo que la comenzó. Este, pues, solo harta sin defecto, engrandece sin estruendo, enriquece sin aparato y da descanso cumplido sin la posesión de muchas cosas. Con él está la criatura pobre y contenta, rica y desnuda, sola y bienaventurada, desposeída de todas las cosas y señora de todas ellas. Por lo cual, con mucha razón dijo el Sabio: Hay un hombre que vive como rico, no teniendo nada; y hay otro que vive como pobre, teniendo muchas riquezas. Porque muy rico es el pobre que tiene a Dios, como lo era san Francisco; y muy pobre a quien falta Dios, aunque sea señor del mundo. Porque ¿qué le aprovechan al rico y poderoso todas sus riquezas, si, con todo esto, vive con mil maneras de cuidados y apetitos que no puede cumplir con cuanto tiene? ¿Y qué parte es la vestidura preciosa, y la mesa delicada, y el arca llena, para quitar la congoja que está en el ánima? En la cama blanda da el rico muchos vuelcos en la noche larga, los cuales no pueden excusar su rica bolsa.
Resulta, pues, de todo lo dicho, cuán obligados estamos todos al servicio de nuestro Señor; no sólo por la deuda deste beneficio, sino también por lo que toca al cumplimiento de nuestra felicidad y remedio.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Eph.3.15 — from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named,
- ↩Mal.1.6 — A son honors his father, and a servant honors his master. If, then, I am a father, where is my honor? And if I am a master, where is my fear? says the LORD of Hosts to you, O priests who despise my name. And you say, 'How have we despised your name?'
- ↩Mal.1.6 — A son honors his father, and a servant honors his master. If, then, I am a father, where is my honor? And if I am a master, where is my fear? says the LORD of Hosts to you, O priests who despise my name. And you say, 'How have we despised your name?'
- ↩Deut.32.6 — Is this the way you repay the LORD—O foolish and unwise people? Is he not your Father who created you, who made you and established you?
- ↩Ezek.29.3 — Speak and say, 'Thus says the Lord GOD: Behold, I am against you, Pharaoh king of Egypt, the great dragon lying in the midst of his rivers, which has said, "My river is my own, and I made myself."'
- ↩Acts.17.28 — For in him we live and move and have our being, as even some of your own poets have said, 'For we are also his offspring.'
- ↩Ps.36.9 — They drink their fill of the abundance of your house, and from your river of delights you give them drink.
- ↩Exod.16.32-Exod.16.34 — Moses said, "This is the thing that the LORD has commanded: Let an omerful of it be kept for your generations, so that they may see the bread with which I fed you in the wilderness, when I brought you out of the land of Egypt." Exod.16.33 — And Moses said to Aaron, "Take a jar and put in it a full omer of manna, and set it before the LORD, to be kept for your generations." Exod.16.34 — Just as the LORD commanded Moses, so Aaron placed it before the Testimony, for safekeeping.
- ↩Exod.17.14 — Then the LORD said to Moses, "Write this as a record in the book and place it in the ears of Joshua, for I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven."
- ↩Ps.119.73 — Your hands made me and formed me; give me understanding, that I may learn your commandments.
- ↩Phil.1.6 — I am confident of this very thing, that the one who began a good work in you will carry it on to completion until the day of Christ Jesus.
- ↩Prov.13.7 — There is one who makes himself rich, yet has nothing; and there is one who makes himself poor, yet has great wealth.
Notes
- 1 ↩Here desconocido means ungrateful / failing to acknowledge a benefactor, not unknown.
- 2 ↩Historical civil-law (patria potestas) claim used as analogy for divine dominion, not as a moral recommendation of selling children.
- 3 ↩Rendered «todo el ser de padres» as «all fatherhood» (the being/essence of fatherhood), which matches the theological force and the likely Ephesians 3:15 echo.
- 4 ↩Spanish 'crió' can mean either 'created' or 'raised/reared'; in this creation-chapter setting and the Deuteronomy 32 echo, 'created' is preferred.
- 5 ↩Spanish animal here is the scholastic sense of a living/animate being (the rational mortal self just named), not a beast; rendered as living creature.
- 6 ↩Rendered Fashioner to keep the vocative parallel with 'luz mía' / 'my Light' in the next sentence and to distinguish formador (shaper) from hacedor (Maker) in s2.
- 7 ↩ser is rendered as being (existence itself), the metaphysical gift presupposed by every other benefit; accidentes / substancia keeps the scholastic substance–accident contrast.
- 8 ↩estrechísimo, softened by si así se puede llamar, is rendered most exacting rather than most strict or stingy; mercedes as favors (divine gifts), not secular mercies alone; oficio as office (our bound duty as creatures).
- 9 ↩«no había el hombre de respirar tantas veces, cuantas se había de acordar de Dios» is a compressed classical Spanish construction meaning remembrance of God should be at least as frequent as breathing (effectively: remember God with every breath). Rendered to keep that force without archaism.
- 10 ↩«aquella soberana potestad» is rendered as «that sovereign Power»; the feminine pronouns in Spanish (ella / le) track potestad/vida as grammatical genders referring to the divine power and to life. «le da gracias» is an imperative of gratitude addressed to the reader.
- 11 ↩Spanish principal naturaleza: God as primary/first Nature (Stoic-scholastic identification of nature's order with God as its source).
- 12 ↩Source has a colon before the relative clause («del ser: que dio…»). Read as one principle: the cause that began the being is the one that completes it.
- 13 ↩Spanish 'anda cosido con ella' is figurative (literally 'goes about sewn to her'); rendered as constant, inseparable closeness.
- 14 ↩'artificiales' means artifacts / works of craft, not 'fake'; parallel to scholastic natural vs. artificial.
- 15 ↩Old Spanish conditional forms irse hía and suplicarle hía are read as se iría and le suplicaría ('it would go' / 'it would beg him'). Perficionar is the older form of perfeccionar, 'to perfect/complete'.
- 16 ↩Spanish 'causa' here means case/situation (continuing the unfinished-work analogy), not 'cause' in the abstract sense.
- 17 ↩'piando' is the chirp of a hungry bird; 'peeping' keeps the nestling image rather than a generic 'crying out'.
- 18 ↩'tomarte por hambre' is the idiom of taking a place by siege-hunger: God intends need itself to draw the creature to him.
- 19 ↩Archaic 'dende luego' = 'desde luego' / right away; rendered 'at once'.
- 20 ↩«harta» rendered as «satisfies» (fills/sates); «aparato» as «display» (pomp/show).
- 21 ↩«qué parte es X para Y» rendered as «what part can X play in Y» (share/effectiveness toward removing soul-anguish).
- 22 ↩«no pueden excusar su rica bolsa»: «excusar» taken as spare/avert (the restless tossing his wealth cannot prevent).
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