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Chapter 21GuiaPec.1.21

Capítulo XIX. Del octavo privilegio de la virtud, que es la bienaventurada paz y quietud interior de que gozan los buenos

The Nature of Interior Peace

The author defines the three dimensions of peace: with neighbor, with God, and with oneself.

From the privilege just mentioned—the freedom of the children of God—follows another just as great: the interior peace and calm in which such people live.✦ To understand this, you need to know that there are three kinds of peace: one with our neighbors, another with God, and another with yourself. Peace with our neighbors means living in favor and friendship with them, without wishing anyone harm. David had this peace when he said: "With those who hated peace I was peaceful, and when I spoke to them gently, they made war on me without cause." The apostle Saint Paul commends this peace to us, urging us to do everything we can—at least as far as it depends on us—to keep peace with everyone. The second peace—peace with God—also consists in the grace and friendship of God, which is obtained through justification. Justification reconciles a person with God, making God love the person and the person love God, with no war or opposition on either side. Of this the Apostle said: "Since we have now been justified through faith and love, by Christ our Savior, through whom we obtain this grace, let us have peace with God."1 The third peace is the peace a person has with himself. No one should be surprised at this, since we know that in one and the same person there are two so opposed to each other—the interior and the exterior, that is, spirit and flesh, passions and reason. These not only wage cruel war and opposition against the spirit, but also, with their burning appetites and desires and their ravenous hunger, disturb the whole person; and by that they disrupt the interior peace that is the calm and rest of our spirit.2

The Restless War of the Wicked

A detailed examination of the misery, insatiable desires, and internal conflicts that plague those who live without God.

I. On the internal conflict and restlessness of the wicked. So this is the continuous war and unrest in which carnal people generally live; because, since on the one hand they lack grace—which is the bridle by which the passions are mortified—and on the other their appetite is so unbridled and free that they barely know what it is to resist it in anything, from this it comes that they live with endless kinds of desires for all sorts of things: some for honors, others for offices, others for favor at court, others for high rank, others for wealth, others for this or that marriage, and others for various kinds of pastimes and pleasures. For this appetite is like an insatiable fire that never says "enough," or like a devouring beast that is never satisfied, or like the bloodsucking leech Solomon describes, which has two daughters who always cry, "Give, give."✦3 This leech is the insatiable appetite of our heart; and these two daughters of hers are, on the one hand, need, and on the other, greed: of which the one is like true thirst, the other like false; and one afflicts no less than the other—even though the one is true need and the other false.✦ From this it comes that neither the poor nor the rich, if they are wicked, have rest, because in the former need and in the latter greed is always pressing on the heart and saying, "Give, give."✦ So what rest, what calm, or what peace can a person have when these two perpetual petitioners are knocking at the door, asking for endless things that it isn't in his power to give? What rest could a mother's heart have if she saw ten or twelve children around her crying out and begging her for bread, without having any? This is one of the chief miseries of the wicked, who, as the Psalmist says, are perishing with hunger and thirst, and their soul is fainting within them.✦ For since self-love has so thoroughly taken possession of them—and these desires belong to it—and they have set all their happiness in these visible goods, from this comes that thirst and ravenous hunger they have for those things in which they think this happiness consists; and since they cannot always get what they desire, because others greedier or more powerful keep it from them, from this they come to be disturbed and distressed, just as a spoiled, greedy child does, who, when denied what he asks for, cries and stamps his feet and is ready to burst.4 For just as the fulfillment of desire is a tree of life, as the Wise Man says, so there is no greater bitterness than to desire something and never obtain it—because that is like starving to death with nothing to eat.✦ The worst part is that the more what they want is kept from them, the more that denial makes their desire grow; with that unfulfilled desire comes torment, and so they keep turning forever on a living wheel, with no rest.5 This is the miserable state the Savior so powerfully portrayed in the parable of the prodigal son, who left his father's house and went to a far country where there was a great famine. He was struck so hard by it that need drove him to tend pigs—despite being the son of such a noble father—and what's more, he longed to fill his belly with the filthy food the pigs were eating, and no one would give him any.✦ What other colors could you use to paint a more lifelike picture of the entire course and misery of a wicked life? Who is this prodigal son who leaves his father's house, if not the miserable sinner who turns away from God, pours himself into vices, and misuses every divine gift? What region is this of such hunger, if not this miserable world, where the appetite of worldly people is so insatiable that they are never full or content with what they possess, but always go about like hungry wolves, wanting and sighing for more?✦ And what, do you think, is the work these people spend their whole lives on if not feeding pigs—that is, hunting for fullness and satisfaction for their dirty and dishonest appetites?✦ If you doubt it, look at the steps a man takes who is still deeply immersed in the world, from morning till night, and even from night till morning. You'll find that all his time goes into figuring out how to feed and delight one of these bestial senses: sight, taste, hearing, touch, or the rest—like pure disciples of Epicurus, not of Christ, as if they had nothing but the bodies of beasts, as if they didn't believe there was any end other than sensual pleasure. So they busy themselves with nothing else but going here today and there tomorrow, hunting for thrills and pastimes to feed those senses.6 What else are their gluttony, parties, banquets, luxuries, beds, music, conversations, sights, and outings, but hunting for fodder for this breed of pigs? Call it whatever you like—refinement, grandeur, or even courtly polish—but in God's vocabulary, it's nothing but feeding pigs.✦ For just as pigs are a kind of animal that revel in foul mire and feed on vile, filthy food, so the hearts of people like these take delight only in the dirty, stinking mire of carnal pleasures. And what surpasses every misery is this: that the son of so noble a Father, raised to keep himself at God's table on the food of angels, still cannot get his fill of these base foods, so great is the scarcity of them.✦ Because there are so many dealers in this merchandise, they get in each other's way, and so they all go hungry. I mean that since so many are scrambling for it, there is bound to be a great deal of fighting among them; it's impossible for the pigs under the oak not to grunt and slash at one another over who gets the bigger share of the acorn. This is that miserable state and that hunger the Prophet also describes when he says: They wandered through waste and lonely places, and through vast barren plains and dry lands, perishing of thirst and hunger, until they came to collapse. So what is this hunger, and what is this thirst, if not the burning desire the wicked have for the things of the world? The more that desire is fed, the hotter it burns; the more it drinks, the thirstier it grows; and the more fuel they throw on it, the fiercer it blazes. O miserable people! And where does this burning thirst of yours come from, if not from this: you have abandoned the fountain of living waters, and you go off to drink from broken cisterns that cannot hold the water?✦ . The river of true happiness has failed you, and that’s why you wander lost through the deserts and the little puddles and murky pools of perishable goods, trying to quench your thirst.7 This was the scheme of that cruel Holofernes, who, when he besieged the city of Bethulia, ordered the channels that brought water into the city to be cut; and so the poor people under siege were left with nothing but a few little springs by the walls, where they stole a few tiny drops of water—more to wet their lips than to quench their thirst. So what else are you lovers of pleasures, hunters of honors, and friends of luxuries doing, once you've lost the spring of living waters, but going about drinking by stealth from those poor little springs of creatures you find at hand — which are better for wetting the lips and stoking the thirst than for quenching it?8 Oh, miserable creature! What are you doing — as the Prophet said — going the way of the Assyrians to drink murky, muddy water? . What water could be muddier than sensual pleasure, since it can't be consumed without a foul smell and a foul taste? For what worse smell is there than the disgrace of sin, and what worse taste than the remorse of conscience that comes from it — which, as a philosopher says so well, are two constant companions of carnal pleasure? And still more happens: since this appetite is blind and makes no distinction between what can and cannot be attained, and the force of desire often makes the hardest things look easy, from this is born the longing for many things it cannot reach—because there's nothing much worth desiring that doesn't have many other people hungering after it and chasing it, and many lovers and rivals defending it. And as the appetite wants and cannot have, covets and does not attain, hungers and has no one to feed it, and many times stretches out its arms in vain, and rises early in the morning, and nothing comes of it, and sometimes, already climbing the ladder, they throw it down from the walls and snatch from its hands what it seemed already to hold — from this come the dying and the bursting, the anguish and the tearing of itself to pieces within, at seeing itself so far from what it desires.✦ Because, since these two chief powers of the soul — the irascible and the concupiscible — are so ordered to each other that one serves the other, it is clear that as long as the concupiscible part has not attained what it desires, the irascible must at once come out for it, fretting and raging and throwing itself into every clash and danger it can, to give contentment to its sister when it sees her sad and discontent.9 So, from this confusion of desires, this interior restlessness is born. The apostle James calls it war when he says: 'Where do the wars and conflicts among you come from, if not from the cravings and appetites that wage war and fight in your souls, when you covet things and cannot attain them?'✦ .10 He calls it war for good reason, because of the natural struggle and contradiction between the spirit and the flesh, and between the desires of one side and the other.✦ Beyond this, another grief, even harder to bear, often occurs: people frequently obtain everything they thought would satisfy them, and though they are in a position where they could live as they please, they still get it into their heads that they need to chase some honor, title, position, rank, or something similar. If they seek it and don't get it, they grow sad and distressed, suffering more torment from that one trifle they lack than contentment from all they already possess. They live with this thorn—or rather, this perpetual scourge—their whole lives, which dilutes and drains away all their prosperity, turning it into smoke. This is what I call spiking the artillery—a common tactic in war. It is enough to make even a heavy, powerful gun useless, even if it remains as whole and large as before, because this single defect is enough to undo all its force.11 God uses this same device with the wicked so they might understand—if only they would open their eyes—that the happiness and contentment of the human heart is a gift from God. He gives it when and to whom He wants, without any of these outward trappings, and takes it away when He wants, simply by spiking the artillery, as we said: that is, by allowing some drain or outlet through which their prosperity pours away. So, even though they remain as rich and prosperous as they appear on the outside, this one secret lack leaves them as sad and discontented as if they had nothing. This is what He divinely meant through Isaiah, speaking against the pride and power of the king of the Assyrians, saying that He would put weakness in the midst of his fatness and fire under his glory to burn it up. From this, we can see how God knows how to bore a hole in a ship sailing prosperously, setting weakness in the midst of strength and misery in the midst of prosperity. The same is shown to us in the book of Job, where it is said that the giants groan under the waters; this shows that God has His depths and hardships for them, just as He does for the little ones who seem more exposed to the world's injuries. But Solomon made this far clearer when, among the great miseries of the world, he counted this as one of the greatest, saying: There is still another evil that I have seen under the sun, and it is very common in the world: You will see a man to whom God gave riches, and property, and honor, and his soul lacks none of all the goods he desires; and yet, for all that, God did not give him power to eat of what he has, but a stranger will swallow it up. So what does it mean that a man has no power to eat from what he has, if not that he never really gains the things he owns, nor has with them the contentment they could give him, because through one of these drains we spoke of, God ordains that all his happiness be poured away? From this, we can understand that just as true wisdom isn't given by dead letters but by God, so true peace and contentment aren't given by the world's riches and goods either, but by God. So, to get back to the point: if even those who have everything they want, yet lack God, live so discontented and out of sorts, what will become of those who lack everything? For each of these lacks is a hunger and a thirst that wears them down, and a thorn they carry driven into their heart. So what peace, what calm can there be in the soul where there is so much importunity, so much war, so much unrest of appetites and thoughts?12 The Prophet put it very well about such people: The heart of the wicked is✦13 like the sea when a storm is raging, which cannot rest.✦ For what sea, or what waves and winds, could be more furious than the passions and appetites of the wicked, which sometimes churn up seas and the world? It often happens that contrary winds rise on this sea—a different and greater kind of storm. The same appetites often fight among themselves, one against another, like opposing winds. What the flesh wants, honor does not; what honor wants, wealth does not; what wealth wants, reputation does not; and what reputation wants, laziness and the love of comfort do not. Consequently, desiring everything, they don't know what to want, and they don't even understand themselves or know what to pursue or let go, because their appetites collide—much like bad humors in complex diseases, where medicine can hardly find a path because what heals one humor harms another.14 This is the confusion of tongues at Babylon, and the contradiction against which the Prophet prays to God, saying: "Destroy, Lord, and divide their tongues, for I have seen wickedness and contradiction in the city."✦ What division of tongues, and what wickedness and contradiction is this, if not what happens in the heart of worldly people amid their diverse appetites, when those appetites collide, wanting contrary things, and one hating what another wants?

The Blessed Quiet of the Just

The author contrasts the restlessness of the wicked with the peace and stability found by those who surrender their will to God.

II. On the inner peace and quiet in which good people live This, then, is the fate of the wicked. But the good are different: because they keep their appetites and desires so well governed; because they have their passions so tamed and mortified; because they have set their happiness not in these false and fleeting goods, but in God alone—the center of their happiness—and in those eternal and true goods that no one can take from them; because they treat self-love and their own flesh as a perpetual enemy, along with the whole gang of its appetites and desires; and because, finally, they have their will so resigned and placed in God's hands—from this it follows that none of these troubles unsettles or disturbs them enough to make them lose their peace. So this is one of the chief rewards, among many others, that God promises to those who love virtue; and all the divine Scriptures testify to this at every turn. The royal Prophet says: "Those who keep your law have great peace, Lord, and nothing can make them stumble."✦15 And through Isaiah the same Lord says: If only you had taken my ways to heart; for then your peace would have been like a full-flowing river, and your righteousness like the waters of the sea. And here he calls this peace a river because of the great power it has to quench the flames of our appetites, temper the heat of our cravings, water the barren, dry veins of our heart, and give refreshment to our souls.✦16 Solomon expressed the same thing divinely, though very briefly, saying: "When a man's ways have pleased God, he will make his enemies be at peace with him."✦ What enemies are these that make war on a man, if not his own passions and the bad inclinations of his flesh, which always fight against the spirit?✦ So these, the Lord says, he will bring to be at peace with him when, through the power of grace and of good habit, they come to be accustomed to the works of the spirit; and so they are at peace with him, because they no longer wage so cruel a war on him as they used to.17 Although virtue meets with strong opposition from the passions in its beginnings, once it reaches perfection, it works with great ease and gentleness, and with far less resistance. Finally, this is the peace that the prophet David, by another name, calls a breadth of heart, when he says: "You widened my steps under me, Lord, and my feet neither grew weak nor failed."✦18 With those words, the Prophet meant to show the difference between the path of the good and the path of the wicked. Because some go with hearts tight and anxious from the fears and cares they live under—like a traveler on a very narrow path between great ravines and sheer drops, afraid of falling at every step—but the other walks free and secure, like someone on a level, open road with nothing to fear.19 The just understand this far better by experience than by theory, because every one of them recognizes the difference in their own heart between the time they served the world and the time they offered themselves to God's service; because then, at every hardship that came, everything was anguish and sudden alarms, fears and tightness of heart; but after they left the world's path and transferred their20 heart to the love of eternal goods and placed all their happiness and trust in God, they ordinarily pass through all these things with a heart so open, so quiet, and so surrendered to God's will that they themselves are often so astonished at this change that it seems to them they are not who they once were, or that their hearts have been exchanged for them; so changed do they find themselves.21 In truth, they are themselves, yet they are not; because while they remain the same in nature, they are not the same in grace, since this change comes from it—even though no one can have clear evidence of it.22 This is what the Lord himself promises through Isaiah, saying:✦ When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; the rivers won't overwhelm you, and in the midst of the fire you won't be burned.✦ So what are these waters, if not the streams of this life's trials and the flood of countless miseries we face every day? And what is this fire, if not the burning of our flesh—that furnace of Babylon stoked by the ministers of Nebuchadnezzar, the demons, from which rise the flames of our disordered appetites and desires? So the one who, in the midst of these waters and these flames—where the whole world is generally in danger—perseveres without being burned: how could he not sense from this the presence of the Holy Spirit and the power of divine favor?23 This is the peace that, as the Apostle says, surpasses all understanding, because it is such a high and supernatural gift from God that the human mind by itself cannot grasp how a heart of flesh can remain quiet, peaceful, and consoled in the midst of the world's whirlwinds and storms.✦ But whoever feels this praises and acknowledges the Maker of these wonders, saying with the Prophet: Come and see the works of the Lord, and the wonders he has worked on the earth.✦ For he shattered the bow, broke the weapons, and burned the shields in the fire, saying: Lay down your arms, and live in peace and rest, so that you may see that I am God, exalted in heaven and on earth.✦✦24 So then, given this, what could be richer, sweeter, and more worth desiring than this quiet, this rest, this breadth and greatness of heart, and this blessed peace?

The Roots of Spiritual Peace

An explanation of the sources of interior peace, including virtue, mastery over passions, spiritual consolation, and trust in God.

And if you go further and want to know where this heavenly gift comes from, I answer that it comes from all these other privileges of virtue we have spoken of; for just as in the chain of vices some are bound up with others that cause them, so on the ladder of the virtues some likewise depend on others in the same way, so that the highest, just as it bears more fruit from itself, also has more roots from which it grows; and so this blessed peace, which is one of the twelve fruits of the Holy Spirit, is born of these fruits and privileges we named; and especially it comes from virtue itself, of which it is the inseparable companion.✦ For just as virtue is naturally owed outward reverence and honor, so also it is owed interior peace, which is at once its fruit and its reward; because, since the war within comes from the pride and restlessness of the passions, as we have already said, once these are tamed and reined in by the same virtues whose work that is, the cause of all this turmoil and unrest ceases. This is one of the three things that make up the happiness of the Kingdom of Heaven on earth. As the Apostle says, "The kingdom of God is not eating or drinking, but righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit." In this context, righteousness refers to the same virtue and holiness we are discussing, which—along with the fruits of peace and joy in the Holy Spirit—forms the beginning of the blessedness that the just enjoy in this life.25 The Lord himself clearly states through Isaiah that this peace is the effect of virtue: "Peace will be the work of righteousness, and the fruit of that same righteousness will be silence and lasting security; and my people shall settle in the beauty of peace and in the dwellings of trust, and in a full and abundant rest." Here, he calls that interior peace "silence," which is the rest and quiet of the passions that used to disturb the silence of the soul with their cries and anxious desires. Second, this peace is born from freedom and mastery over the passions, which we discussed earlier. Just as a land experiences peace and calm once it has been conquered, brought under rule, and its inhabitants subdued—allowing everyone to settle under their own fig tree and vine without fear or suspicion of enemies—so too, after the passions of our soul have been conquered and brought under rule (which, as we said, are the cause of all its unrest), there follows an interior silence and a wonderful peace, by which the soul lives quietly, free from the war and nagging opposition of these disturbances. So that, just as they, when they were mistresses and had taken hold of the person,26 they used to overturn and throw everything into turmoil—so now, when a person is free from their tyrannies and holds them captive, there is no one left to turn the house upside down like that and disturb his peace. Third, this peace also springs from the greatness of the spiritual consolations we treated above; with them, even the desires and affections of our appetite are so satisfied and lulled that for that time they stay quiet and content with the share that falls to them of these leftovers from the higher portion of the soul—because there the concupiscible part is content with that sovereign delight it receives in God, and the irascible part grows still when it sees its sister satisfied and content; and so the whole person remains quiet and at rest through this participation and delight in the Supreme Good.27 Fourth, this peace also springs from the inward witness and joy of a good conscience, which we discussed above—something that brings great quiet and rest to the soul of a just person, though it doesn't make that soul perfectly secure, so they won't grow careless and lose the holy spur of fear. Finally, this peace is born from the trust the good have in God, which we have also discussed; because this especially keeps them calm and comforted even in the middle of the storms of this life, since they are held fast by the anchors of hope—that is, by trusting that they have God as father, as champion, as defender, and as shield, under whose protection they live, with good reason, at peace, singing with the Prophet: In peace I will both sleep and rest, because you, Lord, have secured my life with the hope of your mercy. For from this comes the peace of the just and the remedy for all their ills; because what reason does anyone who has such a champion have to be distressed?28

Read the original Spanish

Deste privilegio susodicho, que es la libertad de los hijos de Dios, se sigue otro no menor, que es la paz y sosiego interior en que viven los tales. Para cuyo entendimiento es de saber que hay tres maneras de paz: una con los prójimos, otra con Dios y otra consigo mismo. La paz con los prójimos es estar en gracia y amistad con ellos, sin querer mal a nadie; la cual tenía David, cuando decía: Con los que aborrecían la paz era yo pacífico, y cuando les hablaba con mansedumbre, me hacían guerra sin causa; esta paz nos encomienda el apóstol san Pablo, amonestándonos que trabajemos todo lo posible, a lo menos cuanto es de nuestra parte, por tener paz con todos los hombres. La segunda paz, que es con Dios, consiste también en la gracia y amistad de Dios, que se alcanza por medio de la justificación, la cual reconcilia el hombre con Dios y hace que Dios ame al hombre y el hombre a Dios, sin que haya guerra ni contradicción de parte a parte; de la cual dijo el Apóstol: Pues estamos ya justificados mediante la fe y amor, por Cristo nuestro Salvador, por el cual alcanzamos esta gracia, tengamos paz con Dios. La tercera paz es la que el hombre tiene consigo mismo; de lo cual nadie se debe maravillar, pues nos consta que en un mismo hombre hay dos hombres tan contrarios entre sí, como son el interior y el exterior, que son espíritu y carne, pasiones y razón; las cuales no sólo hacen guerra cruel y contradicción al espíritu, mas también inquietan con sus apetitos y deseos encendidos, y con su hambre canina, a todo el hombre; con lo cual perturban la paz interior, que es el sosiego y reposo de nuestro espíritu.

I. De la guerra y desasosiego interior de los malos

Esta es, pues, la guerra y desasosiego continuo en que generalmente viven todos los hombres carnales; porque, como ellos por una parte carezcan de gracia, que es el freno con que se mortifican las pasiones, y por otra tengan tan desenfrenado y suelto su apetito, que apenas saben qué cosa sea resistirlo en nada, de aquí nace que viven con infinitas maneras de deseos de cosas diversas: unos de honras, otros de oficios, otros de privanzas, otros de dignidades, otros de hacienda, otros de tales y tales casamientos, y otros de diversas maneras de pasatiempos y deleites. Porque este apetito es como un fuego insaciable que nunca dice basta; o como una bestia tragadora que jamás se harta; o como aquella sanguijuela chupadora de sangre, de quien dice Salomón que tiene dos hijas, las cuales siempre dicen: Daca, daca. Esta sanguijuela es el apetito insaciable de nuestro corazón; y estas dos hijas suyas son, por una parte, la necesidad, y por otra, la codicia: de las cuales, la una es como sed verdadera, la otra como falsa; y no menos aflige la una que la otra; puesto caso que la una sea necesidad verdadera y la otra falsa. De donde nace que ni los pobres ni los ricos, si son malos, tienen sosiego, porque en los unos la necesidad y en los otros la codicia siempre está solicitando el corazón y diciendo: Daca, daca. Pues ¿qué descanso, qué reposo, qué paz puede tener el hombre, estando estos dos solicitadores perpetuos llamando a la puerta y pidiéndole infinitas cosas que no está en su mano dárselas? ¿Qué reposo podría tener el corazón de una madre si viese diez o doce hijos en derredor de sí dando voces y pidiéndole pan, sin tenerlo? Pues esta es una de las principales miserias de los malos, los cuales, como dice el Salmista, están pereciendo de hambre y de sed, y desfalleciendo su ánima en ellos. Porque, como esté tan apoderado dellos el amor propio, cuyos son estos deseos, y tengan puesta toda su felicidad en estos bienes visibles, de aquí nace esta sed y hambre canina que tienen de aquellas cosas en que piensan que consiste esta felicidad; y, como no todas veces pueden alcanzar lo que desean, porque se lo defienden otros más golosos, o más poderosos, de aquí vienen a perturbarse y congojarse; de la manera que hace el niño goloso y regalado, que, cuando le niegan lo que pide, llora y patea y está para reventar.

Porque, así como es árbol de vida el cumplimiento del deseo, según dice el Sabio, así no hay otro mayor desabrimiento que desear, y no alcanzar lo deseado, porque esto es como perecer de hambre, y no tener qué comer. Y es lo bueno que, mientras más se les defiende lo que desean, más les crece con esta prohibición el deseo; y con el deseo no cumplido, el tormento; y así andan siempre en una rueda viva, sin reposo.

Este es aquel estado miserable que significó muy altamente el Salvador en aquella parábola del hijo pródigo, de quien dice que, salido de la casa de su padre, se fue a una región muy lejos, donde hubo una grande hambre, de la cual alcanzó a él tanta parte, que la necesidad le hizo venir a guardar puercos, siendo hijo de tan noble padre; y, lo que es más, que deseaba henchir el vientre de aquel manjar vil que comían los puercos, y no había quien se lo diese. ¿Con qué otros colores se pudiera pintar más al propio todo el discurso y miserias de la vida de los malos? ¿Quién es este hijo pródigo que sale de la casa de su padre, sino el miserable pecador que se aparta de Dios, y se derrama por los vicios, y usa mal de todos los beneficios divinos? ¿Qué región es esta de tanta hambre, sino este mundo miserable, donde es tan insaciable el apetito de los mundanos, que jamás se ven hartos ni contentos con las cosas que poseen, sino que siempre andan como los lobos hambrientos, deseando y suspirando por más? ¿Y cuál es, si piensas, el oficio en que estos entienden toda la vida, sino en apacentar puercos, que es en buscar hartura y contentamiento para sus apetitos sucios y deshonestos? Si no, párate a mirar los pasos que da un hombre muy verde y muy metido en el mundo, desde la mañana hasta la noche, y aun desde la noche hasta la mañana, y hallarás que todo se le va en buscar cómo apacentar y deleitar alguno destos sentidos bestiales: o la vista, o el gusto, o el oído, o el tacto, o los demás, como unos puros discípulos de Epicuro, y no de Cristo, como si no tuviesen más que solos cuerpos de bestias, como si no creyesen que hay otro fin, sino para deleites sensuales; así, en ninguna otra cosa entienden sino —hoy aquí, mañana allí— andar a caza de gustos y pasatiempos con que apacentar algunos destos sentidos. ¿Qué otra cosa son sus gulas, sus fiestas, sus banquetes, sus regalos, sus camas, sus músicas, sus conversaciones, sus vistas y sus salidas, sino andar buscando pasto para este linaje de puercos? Ponle tú a eso el nombre que quisieres, llámalo gentileza o grandeza, o si quisieres cortesanía, que en el vocabulario de Dios no se llama eso sino apacentar puercos.

Porque, así como los puercos son un linaje de animales que se huelgan con el cieno hediondo, y se apacientan de manjares viles y sucios, así los corazones de los tales no se deleitan sino con el cieno sucio y hediondo de los deleites carnales.

Y lo que excede a toda miseria es que el hijo de tan noble padre, criado para mantenerse en la mesa de Dios con manjares de ángeles, aun no puede hartarse destos manjares tan viles, según es grande la carestía dellos. Porque, como son tantos los merchantes desta mercadería, los unos se impiden a los otros, y así se quedan todos ayunos. Quiero decir que, como son tantos los que andan a la rebatiña, no puede dejar de haber entre ellos mucha contienda; ni es posible que los puercos, debajo de la encina, no gruñan y se den de navajadas unos a otros sobre quién tendrá más parte en la bellota.

Este es aquel estado miserable y aquella hambre que describe también el Profeta, cuando dice: Anduvieron por lugares yermos y solitarios, y por grandes páramos y sequedades, pereciendo de sed y hambre, hasta venir a desfallecer. Pues ¿qué hambre es esta y qué sed, sino el apetito encendido que los malos tienen de las cosas del mundo? El cual, mientras más se cumple, más enciende, y mientras más bebe, más sed padece, y mientras más leña le echan, más arde. ¡Oh gente miserable! , ¿y de dónde os nace esta sed tan encendida, sino de que habéis desamparado la fuente de las aguas vivas, y os vais a beber a los aljibes rotos, que no pueden retener las aguas? . Faltoos el río de la verdadera felicidad, y por eso andáis perdidos por los desiertos, y por los charquillos y lagunas turbias de los bienes perecederos a matar la sed. Artificio fue este de aquel cruel Holofernes, que, cuando cercó la ciudad de Betulia, mandó cortar los caños por do entraba el agua a la ciudad, y así no les quedaron a los pobres cercados sino unas fuentezuelas junto a los muros, donde a hurto bebían algunas gotillas de agua, más para untar los labios, que para matar la sed.

Pues ¿qué otra cosa hacéis los amadores de deleites, los cazadores de honras, los amigos de regalos, después que perdisteis la vena de las aguas vivas, sino andar bebiendo a hurto de esas pobres fuentezuelas de las criaturas que halláis a mano, que más son para untar los labios y atizar la sed, que para matarla? ¡Oh miserable criatura! , ¿en qué andas —como dijo el Profeta— por el camino de los asirios a beber agua turbia y cenagosa? . ¿Qué agua puede ser más cenagosa que el deleite sensual, pues no se puede beber sin mal olor y mal sabor? Porque ¿qué peor olor que la infamia del pecado, y qué peor sabor que el remordimiento de conciencia que dél procede, que, como dice muy bien un filósofo, son dos perpetuos compañeros del deleite carnal?

Y acaece aún más: que, como este apetito sea ciego, y no haga diferencia de lo que se puede o no puede alcanzar, y muchas veces la fuerza del deseo haga parecer fácil lo que es más difícil, de aquí nace desear muchas cosas que no puede alcanzar, porque no hay cosa mucho para desear que no tenga otros muchos deseosos que anden en pos della, y muchos amadores y contendores que la defiendan. Y

como el apetito quiere, y no puede, codicia, y no alcanza, tiene hambre, y no hay quien le dé de comer, y muchas veces tiende los brazos en balde, y madruga de mañana, y nada le sucede, y a veces, subiendo ya por la escala, le derriban de los muros abajo y le quitan de las manos lo que parece que ya tenía, de aquí procede el morir y el reventar, y el congojarse y despedazarse dentro de sí mismo por verse tan alejado de lo que desea. Porque, como estas dos tan principales fuerzas del ánima, que son irascible y concupiscible, están entre sí de tal manera ordenadas, que la una sirve a la otra, claro está que, mientras la parte concupiscible no alcanzare lo que desea, luego la irascible ha de salir por ella, congojándose y embraveciéndose y poniéndose a todos los encuentros y peligros que pudiere, por dar contentamiento a su hermana, cuando la ve triste y descontenta. Pues de esta confusión de deseos nace este desasosiego interior de que tratamos, el cual llama guerra el apóstol Santiago, cuando dice: ¿De dónde proceden las guerras y las contiendas que hay entre vosotros, sino de las codicias y apetitos que militan y pelean en vuestras ánimas, cuando codiciáis las cosas, y no podéis alcanzarlas? . Y llámala guerra, con mucha razón, por la lucha y contradicción natural que hay entre el espíritu y la carne, y los deseos de la una parte y de la otra.

Y aun acaece en este género de cosas otra más para sentir, y es que muchas veces vienen los hombres a alcanzar todo lo que parece que bastaba para tener el contentamiento que ellos habían deseado, y, estando en tal estado que podrían, si quisiesen, vivir a su placer, con todo esto, viene a metérseles en la cabeza que les conviene pretender tal manera de honra, o de título, o de lugar, o de precedencia, o de cosa semejante; la cual, si procuran y no alcanzan, vienen a entristecerse y congojarse, y recibir mayor tormento con aquella nonada que les falta, que contentamiento con todo cuanto les queda; y así viven con esta espina, o por mejor decir, con este perpetuo azote toda la vida, que les agua y vierte toda su prosperidad y se la convierte en humo. Esto llamo yo enclavar la artillería, que es cosa que suelen hacer los enemigos en la guerra; lo cual basta para que un tiro muy grueso y muy poderoso no sea de provecho, quedándose tan entero y tan grande como de antes; porque sólo esta bastó para deshacer toda su fuerza. Y deste mismo artificio usa Dios con los malos, para que clarísimamente entiendan —si ellos quisiesen abrir los ojos— que la felicidad y contentamiento del corazón humano es dádiva de Dios; y que él la da cuando quiere y a quien quiere, sin ninguno destos aparatos, y la quita cuando quiere, con sólo enclavar, como dijimos, la artillería; que es permitiendo alguno destos desaguaderos y vertederos de su prosperidad. Por donde, quedándose tan ricos y tan prósperos en lo que parece por defuera, por sola esta falta secreta viven tan tristes y descontentos, como si nada tuvieran. Y esto es lo que divinamente significó por Isaías, hablando contra la soberbia y potencia del rey de los asirios, diciendo que él pondría flaqueza en medio de su grosura, y fuego debajo de su gloria, con el cual ardiese. Para que por aquí se vea cómo sabe Dios dar un barreno al navío que prósperamente navegaba, y poner flaqueza en medio de la fortaleza, y miseria en medio de la prosperidad. Lo mismo también nos es significado en el libro de Job, donde se dice que los gigantes gimen debajo de las aguas; para que se vea que también para estos tiene Dios sus honduras y sus trabajos, como para los pequeñuelos, que parecen estar más sujetos a las injurias del mundo. Pero muy más claramente significó esto Salomón, cuando entre las grandes miserias del mundo contó esta por una de las mayores, diciendo: Hay aún otro mal que vi debajo del sol, y muy común en el mundo: Veréis un hombre a quien Dios dio riquezas, y hacienda, y honra, y ningún bien falta a su ánima de todos los que desea; y, con todo esto, no le dio poder para comer lo que tiene, sino que otro extraño se lo tragará.

Pues ¿qué es no tener el hombre poder para comer de lo que tiene, sino no lograr las cosas que posee, ni tener con ellas aquel contentamiento que ellas le pudieran dar, porque con un desaguadero de estos, que dijimos, ordena Dios que se vierta toda su felicidad? Para que por aquí se entienda que, así como la verdadera sabiduría no la dan letras muertas, sino Dios, así la verdadera paz y contentamiento tampoco lo dan las riquezas y bienes del mundo, sino Dios.

Pues, tornando al propósito, si aun los que tienen todas las cosas que desean, no teniendo a Dios, viven tan descontentos y desabridos, ¿qué harán aquellos a quien todas las cosas faltan, pues cada una destas faltas es un hambre y una sed que los fatiga, y una espina que traen hincada en su corazón? Pues ¿qué paz, qué sosiego puede haber en el ánima donde hay tanta importunidad, tanta guerra, tanto desasosiego de apetitos y pensamientos? Muy bien dijo el Profeta de los tales: El corazón del malo es

como la mar cuando anda en tormenta, que no puede reposar. Porque ¿qué mar ni qué olas y vientos pueden ser más furiosos, que las pasiones y apetitos de los malos, las cuales suelen a veces revolver mares y mundo? Y aun acontece muchas veces levantarse en este mar vientos contrarios, que es otro linaje de tormenta mayor. Ca muchas veces los mismos apetitos pelean entre sí unos contra otros, como vientos contrarios; porque lo que quiere la carne, no quiere la honra, y lo que quiere la honra, no quiere la hacienda, y lo que quiere la hacienda, no quiere la fama, y lo que quiere la fama, no quiere la pereza y el amor del regalo; y así acaece que, deseándolo todo, no saben qué desearse, y aun ellos mismos no se entienden, ni saben qué tomar ni qué dejar, por encontrarse los apetitos unos con otros; como hacen los malos humores en las enfermedades complicadas, donde apenas halla la medicina lo que deba hacer, porque lo que es saludable contra un humor, es contrario para otro. Esta es aquella confusión de las lenguas de Babilonia, y aquella contradicción contra la cual el Profeta hace oración a Dios, diciendo: Destruye, Señor, y divide sus lenguas, porque vi mal y contradicción en la ciudad. Pues ¿qué división de lenguas, y qué maldad y contradicción es esta, sino la que pasa en el corazón de los hombres mundanos entre la diversidad de sus apetitos, cuando se encuentran unos con otros, deseando cosas contrarias, y aborreciendo uno lo que quiere otro?

II. De la paz y sosiego interior en que viven los buenos

Esta es, pues, la suerte de los malos; mas los buenos, por el contrario, como tienen tan bien gobernados sus apetitos y deseos; como tienen tan domadas y mortificadas sus pasiones; como tienen puesta su felicidad, no en estos falsos y perecederos bienes, sino en solo Dios, que es el centro de su felicidad, y en aquellos eternos y verdaderos bienes que nadie les puede quitar; como tienen por enemigo perpetuo el amor propio y su carne propia, con toda la cuadrilla de sus apetitos y deseos; y como tienen, finalmente, su voluntad tan resignada y puesta en las manos de Dios, de aquí nace que ninguna destas molestias los inquieta y perturba de tal manera, que les haga perder su paz.

Pues este es uno de los principales galardones, entre otros muchos, que promete Dios a los amadores de la virtud; lo cual nos testifican a cada paso todas las Escrituras divinas. El Profeta real dice: Mucha paz tienen, Señor, los que guardan vuestra ley, y no hay cosa que los escandalice. Y por Isaías dice el mismo Señor: Ojalá hubieras tenido en cuenta mis caminos; porque fuera tu paz como un río caudaloso, y tu justicia como las aguas de la mar; y llama aquí esta paz río, por la gran virtud que ella tiene para apagar las llamas de nuestros apetitos, y templar el ardor de nuestras codicias, y regar las venas estériles y secas de nuestro corazón, y dar a nuestras ánimas refrigerio. Lo mismo también significó divinamente, aunque con grande brevedad, Salomón, diciendo: Cuando hubieren agradado a Dios los caminos del hombre, él hará que sus enemigos tengan paz con él. Pues ¿qué enemigos son estos que hacen guerra al hombre, sino sus propias pasiones y malas inclinaciones de su carne que pelea siempre contra el espíritu? Pues estas dice el Señor que hará venir a tener paz con él, cuando por virtud de la gracia y de la buena costumbre vienen a habituarse a las obras del espíritu, y así tienen paz con él, porque no le hacen tan cruel guerra como antes solían. Porque, aunque la virtud en sus principios sienta grande contradicción en las pasiones, después que llega a su perfección obra con gran suavidad y facilidad, y con mucha menor contradicción. Finalmente, esta es aquella paz que, por otro nombre, llama el profeta David anchura de corazón, cuando dice: Ensanchaste, Señor, mis pasos debajo de mí, y no se enflaquecieron ni debilitaron mis pies.

Por las cuales palabras quiso el Profeta declarar la diferencia que hay del camino de los buenos al de los malos. Porque los unos andan con los corazones apretados y congojosos, por los temores y cuidados con que viven; como el caminante que va por una senda muy estrecha entre grandes barrancos y despeñaderos, temiendo caer a cada paso; mas el otro camina holgado y seguro, como el que va por un camino llano y espacioso, que no tiene por qué temer. Esto entienden mucho mejor los justos por la práctica, que por la teórica, porque todos ellos reconocen la diferencia que hay de su corazón en el tiempo que sirvieron al mundo y en el que se ofrecieron al servicio de Dios; porque entonces, a cada ocasión de trabajos, todo eran congojas y sobresaltos, y temores y apretamientos de corazón; mas, después que dejado el camino del mundo trasladaron su

corazón al amor de los bienes eternos y pusieron toda su felicidad y confianza en Dios, pasan ordinariamente por todas estas cosas con un corazón tan ancho, tan quieto y tan rendido a la voluntad de Dios, que muchas veces ellos mismos se espantan tanto de esta mudanza, que les parece no ser ellos los que antes eran, o que les han trocado los corazones; tan mudados se hallan. Y a la verdad son ellos, y no son ellos; porque, aunque sean ellos cuanto a la naturaleza, no son ellos mismos cuanto a la gracia, pues de ella procede esta mudanza; aunque nadie pueda tener evidencia de ella.

Esto es lo que promete el mismo Señor por Isaías, diciendo. Cuando pasares por las aguas, estaré contigo, y los ríos no te cubrirán, y en medio del fuego no te quemarás. Pues ¿qué aguas son estas, sino los arroyos de las tribulaciones desta vida y el diluvio de las miserias innumerables que cada día se ofrecen en ella? ¿Y qué fuego es este, sino el ardor de nuestra carne, que es aquel horno de Babilonia que atizan los ministros de Nabucodonosor, que son los demonios, de donde se levantan las llamas de nuestros desordenados apetitos y deseos? Pues el que en medio destas aguas y destas llamas, en que todo el mundo generalmente peligra, persevera sin quemarse, ¿cómo no barruntará por aquí la presencia del Espíritu Santo y la virtud del favor divino? Esta es aquella paz que, como dice el Apóstol, sobrepuja todo sentido, porque ella es un tan alto y tan sobrenatural don de Dios, que no puede el entendimiento humano por sí solo entender cómo sea posible que un corazón de carne esté quieto, y pacífico, y consolado, en medio de los torbellinos y tempestades del mundo.

Mas el que esto siente alaba y reconoce al hacedor destas maravillas, diciendo con el Profeta: Venid y ved las obras del Señor, y las maravillas que ha obrado en la tierra. Ca él hizo pedazos el arco, y quebró las armas, y los escudos quemó en el fuego, diciendo: Dejad las armas, y vivid en paz y reposo, para que veáis cómo yo soy Dios, ensalzado en el cielo y en la tierra. Pues, siendo esto así, ¿qué cosa más rica, más dulce y más para ser deseada, que esta quietud, este reposo, esta anchura y grandeza de corazón y esta bienaventurada paz?

Y, si pasares más adelante y quisieres saber cuáles sean las causas de do procede este don celestial, a esto respondo que procede de todos estotros privilegios de la virtud, que habemos dicho; porque, así como en la cadena de los vicios unos están trabados con otros, que son causa de ellos, así en la escala de las virtudes unas también tienen esta misma dependencia de las otras, de tal modo que la más alta, así como produce de sí más fruto, así tiene más raíces de donde nace; y así esta bienaventurada paz, que es uno de los doce frutos del Espíritu Santo, nace de estos frutos y privilegios que dijimos; y señaladamente procede de la misma virtud, cuya compañera indivisible ella es. Porque, así como a la virtud naturalmente se debe reverencia y honra exterior, así también se le debe la paz interior, la cual juntamente es fruto y premio de ella; porque, como la guerra interior proceda de la soberbia y desasosiego de las pasiones, como ya dijimos, estando éstas domadas y enfrenadas con las mismas virtudes que este oficio tienen, cesa la causa de todos estos bullicios y desasosiegos. Y esta es una de las tres cosas en que consiste la felicidad del Reino del Cielo en la tierra, del cual dice el Apóstol: El Reino de Dios no es comer ni beber, sino justicia, paz y alegría en el Espíritu Santo; donde por la justicia, según la costumbre de la lengua hebrea, se entiende la misma virtud y santidad de que aquí tratamos, en la cual, juntamente con estos dos frutos admirables, que son paz y alegría en el Espíritu Santo, consiste la felicidad y bienaventuranza comenzada, de que los justos gozan en esta vida. Y, que esta paz sea efecto de la virtud, dícelo el mismo Señor claramente por Isaías, así: La paz será obra de la justicia, y el fruto de esa misma justicia será el silencio y seguridad perpetua; y asentarse ha mi pueblo en la hermosura de la paz y en las moradas de la confianza, y en un descanso harto y abundoso. Y llama aquí silencio a la misma paz interior, que es el reposo y quietud de las pasiones que perturbaban con sus clamores y deseos congojosos el reposo y silencio del ánima.

Lo segundo, nace esta paz de la libertad y señorío de las pasiones, de que arriba tratamos. Porque, así como después de conquistada y señoreada una tierra, y sujetados los moradores de ella, luego hay en ella paz y tranquilidad, y cada uno se asienta debajo de su higuera y de su parra sin temor ni recelo de enemigos, así después de conquistadas y señoreadas las pasiones de nuestra ánima, que son, como dijimos, la causa de todos sus desasosiegos, luego se sigue en ella un silencio interior y una paz admirable, con que vive quieta y libre de la guerra y contradicción importuna destas perturbaciones. De manera que, así como ellas, cuando eran señoras y estaban apoderadas del hombre,

lo revolvían y alteraban todo, así ahora, cuando el hombre está libre de las tiranías de ellas y las tiene cautivas, no tiene quien desta manera le revuelva la casa y le perturbe la paz.

Lo tercero, nace también esta paz de la grandeza de las consolaciones espirituales, de que arriba tratamos; con las cuales, de tal manera se satisfacen y adormecen hasta los deseos y afectos de nuestro apetito, que por entonces están quietos y satisfechos con la parte que les cabe destos relieves de la porción superior del ánima; porque allí la parte concupiscible se da por contenta con aquel soberano gusto que recibe en Dios, y la irascible se quieta, viendo a su hermana satisfecha y contenta; y así queda todo el hombre quieto y sosegado con esta participación y gusto del Sumo bien.

Lo cuarto, nace también esta paz del testimonio y alegría interior de la buena conciencia, de que arriba tratamos, que da grande quietud y descanso al ánima del justo, aunque no la asegure perfectamente, porque no se descuide y pierda el estímulo santo del temor.

Últimamente, nace esta paz de la confianza que los buenos tienen en Dios, de que también tratamos; porque esta señaladamente les hace estar quietos y consolados aun en medio de las tormentas desta vida, por estar aferrados con las áncoras de la esperanza, que es por confiar que tienen a Dios por padre, por valedor, por defensor y por escudo, debajo de cuyo amparo con mucha razón viven quietos, cantando con el Profeta: En paz juntamente dormiré y descansaré, porque tú, Señor, aseguraste mi vida con la esperanza de tu misericordia. Ca desta nace la paz de los justos y el remedio de todos sus males; porque ¿qué razón tiene para congojarse quien tiene tal valedor?

Scripture echoes

  1. ↩Rom.8.21 — that the creation itself also will be set free from its bondage of decay into the freedom of the glory of the children of God.
  2. ↩Prov.30.15 — The leech has two daughters: 'Give! Give!' Three things are never satisfied; four never say, 'Enough!'
  3. ↩Prov.30.15 — The leech has two daughters: 'Give! Give!' Three things are never satisfied; four never say, 'Enough!'
  4. ↩Prov.30.15 — The leech has two daughters: 'Give! Give!' Three things are never satisfied; four never say, 'Enough!'
  5. ↩Ps.107.5 — Hungry and thirsty, their soul fainted within them.
  6. ↩Prov.13.12 — Hope deferred makes the heart sick, but a desire fulfilled is a tree of life.
  7. ↩Luke.15.11-Luke.15.16 — And he said, "A certain man had two sons." Luke.15.12 — And the younger of them said to his father, 'Father, give me the share of the estate that falls to me.' And he divided his livelihood between them. Luke.15.13 — And not many days later, the younger son, having gathered everything together, departed to a distant country, and there he squandered his property by living recklessly. Luke.15.14 — And after he had spent everything, a severe famine struck that region, and he began to be in want. Luke.15.15 — And he went and attached himself to one of the citizens of that country, and he sent him to his fields to feed pigs. Luke.15.16 — He longed to fill his stomach with the pods that the pigs were eating, and no one gave him anything.
  8. ↩Luke.15.14 — And after he had spent everything, a severe famine struck that region, and he began to be in want.
  9. ↩Luke.15.15 — And he went and attached himself to one of the citizens of that country, and he sent him to his fields to feed pigs.
  10. ↩Luke.15.15 — And he went and attached himself to one of the citizens of that country, and he sent him to his fields to feed pigs.
  11. ↩Ps.78.25 — Man ate the bread of the mighty; provisions he sent them to the full.
  12. ↩Jer.2.13 — For my people have committed two evils: they have forsaken me, the fountain of living waters, and hewn out for themselves cisterns, broken cisterns that cannot hold the water.
  13. ↩Ps.127.2;Jas.4.2 — It is futile for you—rising early, staying late, eating the bread of anxious toil—for so He gives sleep to His beloved. Jas.4.2 — You desire and do not have; you murder and covet and cannot obtain; you fight and wage war. You do not have, because you do not ask.
  14. ↩Jas.4.1-Jas.4.2 — What is the source of wars and fighting among you? Is it not from your pleasures that wage war in your members? Jas.4.2 — You desire and do not have; you murder and covet and cannot obtain; you fight and wage war. You do not have, because you do not ask.
  15. ↩Gal.5.17 — For the flesh desires what is contrary to the Spirit, and the Spirit what is contrary to the flesh; these are opposed to each other, so that you may not do the things you wish.
  16. ↩Isa.57.20-Isa.57.21 — But the wicked are like the tossing sea, for it cannot be still; its waters churn up mire and mud. Isa.57.21 — There is no peace, says my God, for the wicked.
  17. ↩Isa.57.20 — But the wicked are like the tossing sea, for it cannot be still; its waters churn up mire and mud.
  18. ↩Ps.55.9;Ps.55.10 — I would hurry my escape from the raging wind, from the storm. Ps.55.10 — Devour them, O Lord, divide their tongues, for I have seen violence and strife in the city.
  19. ↩Ps.119.165 — Great peace have those who love your law, and there is no stumbling block for them.
  20. ↩Isa.48.18 — Oh that you had listened to my commandments! Then your peace would have been like a river, and your righteousness like the waves of the sea.
  21. ↩Prov.16.7 — When a person's ways please the LORD, He makes even his enemies to be at peace with him.
  22. ↩Gal.5.17 — For the flesh desires what is contrary to the Spirit, and the Spirit what is contrary to the flesh; these are opposed to each other, so that you may not do the things you wish.
  23. ↩Ps.18.36;2Sam.22.37 — You gave me the shield of your salvation, and your right hand upheld me, and your humility made me great. 2Sam.22.37 — You enlarge my steps beneath me, and my ankles have not wavered.
  24. ↩Isa.43.2 — When you pass through the waters, I am with you; and through the rivers, they shall not overwhelm you. When you walk through fire, you shall not be burned, and the flame shall not consume you.
  25. ↩Isa.43.2 — When you pass through the waters, I am with you; and through the rivers, they shall not overwhelm you. When you walk through fire, you shall not be burned, and the flame shall not consume you.
  26. ↩Phil.4.7 — And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus.
  27. ↩Ps.46.8;Ps.46.9 — The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah. Ps.46.9 — Come, behold the works of the LORD, who has made desolations in the earth.
  28. ↩Ps.46.9;Ps.46.10 — Come, behold the works of the LORD, who has made desolations in the earth. Ps.46.10 — He puts an end to wars to the ends of the earth; he breaks the bow and shatters the spear; he burns the chariots with fire.
  29. ↩Ps.46.10;Ps.46.11 — He puts an end to wars to the ends of the earth; he breaks the bow and shatters the spear; he burns the chariots with fire. Ps.46.11 — Be still, and know that I am God. I will be exalted among the nations; I will be exalted in the earth.
  30. ↩Gal.5.22-Gal.5.23 — But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, Gal.5.23 — gentleness, self-control; against such things there is no law.

Notes

  1. 1 ↩The Spanish expands Rom 5:1–2 with 'fe y amor' and 'por Cristo nuestro Salvador, por el cual alcanzamos esta gracia'; standard Pauline wording is justification by faith yielding peace with God, through whom we also have access into this grace.
  2. 2 ↩'las cuales' most naturally tracks the passions (and the fleshly side) as the agents of war against the spirit, though the sentence pairs interior/exterior, spirit/flesh, and passions/reason.
  3. 3 ↩Spanish 'Daca, daca' is archaic for 'dame, dame' (Give, give), echoing Proverbs 30:15 on the horseleach and her daughters.
  4. 4 ↩'hambre canina' rendered as 'ravenous hunger' (literally 'canine hunger'); 'goloso y regalado' as 'spoiled, greedy' to capture both craving and indulgence.
  5. 5 ↩Spanish 'Y es lo bueno que' is ironic here (literally 'and the good thing is that'); rendered as 'And the worst of it is that' to keep the aggravating force without stiff archaism.
  6. 6 ↩"muy verde" here means raw/worldly with youthful appetite, not merely inexperienced; rendered "still green" to keep the source image without modern slang coloring.
  7. 7 ↩Faltoos = 'os faltó': the river of true happiness was wanting / failed you; rendered as failed you to keep the personal second-person force.
  8. 8 ↩regalos rendered as luxuries/comforts (Golden Age sense of pampered ease), not gifts.
  9. 9 ↩Irascible and concupiscible are scholastic names for the soul's spirited (combative) and desiring appetites; kept as technical terms rather than paraphrased away.
  10. 10 ↩Source sentence is only a period ('.'); likely a segmentation artifact after the James quotation in s3.
  11. 11 ↩"Enclavar la artillería" is the military image of spiking a cannon (disabling it by driving a spike into the touch-hole) so that a still-intact gun can no longer fire.
  12. 12 ↩importunidad: relentless, harassing pressure of desires (not mere inconvenience).
  13. 13 ↩Sentence is incomplete in this section; the quotation continues in the following section (stormy sea image).
  14. 14 ↩Archaic Spanish 'Ca' rendered as causal 'For' (explanatory/causal force). 'Hacienda' as wealth/estate; 'regalo' as soft comfort/luxury rather than a gift.
  15. 15 ↩escandalice rendered as 'make them stumble' (biblical scandal/offense sense); could also be 'offend them' or 'cause them scandal'.
  16. 16 ↩justicia rendered as 'righteousness' in the Isaiah quote (standard for this biblical sense); virtue/virtud in the explanation means power/capacity of peace, not moral virtue alone.
  17. 17 ↩estas refers to the passions and bad inclinations of s5; 'por virtud de' rendered as 'through the power of' rather than a bare instrumental 'by virtue of'.
  18. 18 ↩anchura de corazón rendered as 'breadth of heart' (interior spaciousness/freedom); enflaquecieron/debilitaron as grew weak/failed, preserving the doubled verb pair.
  19. 19 ↩Granada inverts the usual Gospel narrow/wide-road image: here the wicked are the constricted, cliff-edge walkers, and the good (with the 'breadth of heart' from the previous section) walk the wide, easy path.
  20. 20 ↩Source sentence is truncated mid-clause at 'trasladaron su'; the continuation is supplied by the following section (GuiaPec.1.21.20.s1: 'corazón al amor de los bienes eternos...'). Translation stops where the printed section stops.
  21. 21 ↩Spanish 'corazón tan ancho' continues the contrast with the tight, constricted heart of the wicked earlier in the chapter; rendered 'open' for natural English while keeping the sense of interior spaciousness.
  22. 22 ↩'Evidencia' here is taken as clear/demonstrative certainty of the change (or of the grace that produces it), not empirical 'evidence' in a modern scientific sense.
  23. 23 ↩Spanish 'barruntará' means to sense or have an inkling of; rendered as 'sense' rather than a stronger claim of certainty.
  24. 24 ↩Archaic Spanish connective 'Ca' (= for/because) rendered as causal 'For', continuing the Prophet's speech about God ending war.
  25. 25 ↩Spanish justicia is rendered righteousness in the quoted apostolic line (standard for Rom 14:17) and explained in the surrounding prose as virtue and holiness, matching Granada's Hebrew-usage gloss.
  26. 26 ↩Sentence is incomplete at section boundary; apodosis continues in GuiaPec.1.21.25.s1.
  27. 27 ↩Scholastic powers of the sensitive appetite: the concupiscible (desiring) and irascible (combative) parts; the irascible is personified as sister to the concupiscible. Spanish relieves means leftovers/overflow from a richer table, here the surplus that reaches the lower appetite from the soul's higher portion.
  28. 28 ↩Archaic connective 'Ca' rendered as causal 'For' (equivalent to 'porque'/'for'); 'valedor' kept as 'champion' to match s1 (protector/advocate).

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