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Chapter 20GuiaPec.1.20

Capítulo XVIII. Del séptimo privilegio de la virtud, que es la verdadera libertad de que gozan los buenos, y de la miserable y no conocida servidumbre en que viven los malos

The True Freedom of the Soul

The author introduces the privilege of true spiritual freedom, distinguishing it from the false freedom of those enslaved by their passions.

From all these privileges already named, and especially from the second and the fourth—the grace of the Holy Spirit and divine consolations—there follows another wonderful one that the good enjoy: the true freedom of the soul. The Son of God brought this freedom into the world, and by it He bears the name Redeemer of the human race, for having rescued it from the true and miserable slavery in which it lived and set it in true freedom. This is one of the chief goods this Lord brought into the world, one of the most outstanding benefits of the Gospel, and one of the chief effects of the Holy Spirit; for where this Spirit dwells, there true freedom is, as the Apostle says.✦ Finally, this is one of the great rewards promised in this life to the servants of God, as the Lord Himself promised those who wanted to begin serving Him: "If you remain in my words, you will truly be my disciples, and you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free."✦ And they answered: "We are children of Abraham, and we have never served anyone; how can you say that we will be free?"✦ The Lord answered: "Truly I tell you, whoever commits sin is a slave of sin."✦ And the slave doesn't remain in the house forever, but the son remains forever.✦ Therefore, if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed.✦ In these words, the Lord makes it clear that there are two kinds of freedom: a false one, which looks like freedom but isn't, and a true one, which is.✦ False is the freedom of those who, though free in body, have their soul captive and subject to the tyranny of their passions and sins—like Alexander the Great, who, though lord of the world, was a slave to his vices.1 But true is the freedom of those who have their soul free from all these tyrants, regardless of the body's state—whether free or captive. Such was the freedom of the apostle Saint Paul, who, though bound in chains, soared through heaven in spirit and set the world free with his letters and teaching. We call this freedom in the fullest sense, rather than the other, because of the two main parts of a human being, the soul is incomparably nobler and makes up almost the entire person, while the body is nothing more than the matter, the subject, or the case in which the soul is enclosed. It follows that the one who is truly free is the one whose principal part is free, and the one who is only falsely free is the one who, while keeping this part captive, leads his body about loose and free wherever he likes.2

The Miserable Bondage of Sin

A detailed exploration of the slavery of the wicked, using the allegory of a man enslaved to a base servant to illustrate the soul's subjection to disordered appetite.

I. On the bondage in which the wicked live And if you ask whose captive the person is who is held this way, I say he is captive to the ugliest, basest, and most abominable tyrant anyone could imagine: sin. For the most abominable thing in the world is the torment of hell; and worse and more abominable still is sin, which is the cause of that torment; and of this the wicked are servants and slaves, as you clearly saw in the Lord's words said above: Whoever commits sin is a slave and servant of sin. So, what bondage could be more miserable than this? And he is not only a servant of sin, but also of the chief stirrers and movers of sin—the devil, the world, and our own flesh corrupted by that same sin, with all the disordered appetites that spring from it. For whoever is a slave to a son is also a slave to the parents who begot him; and we know for certain that these three are the parents of sin, which is why they are called3 enemies of the soul, because they do her such great harm by taking her captive and handing her over to the power of such an abominable tyrant. Although all three agree on this, they do so with some differences. Because the first two make use of the third, which is the flesh, as of another Eve to deceive Adam; or as a very fitting instrument and arouser with which they move us toward every evil; and for that reason the Apostle more clearly calls it sin, giving the name of the effect to the cause, because it is what fans and stirs us toward every kind of sin.4 For the same reason, theologians call it fomes peccati, meaning the bait and nourishment of sin, because it is the oil and wood that keep the fire of sin burning.5 But we commonly call it sensuality, flesh, or concupiscence; which, in plainer terms, is our sense appetite, from which all the passions arise, insofar as it is corrupted and spoiled by sin—because this is the stoker and arouser, and like a spring, of all sins.6 And that is why the other two enemies especially make use of it, and of all its appetites, to wage war on us through it; which is why St. Basil said so wisely that «the chief weapons with which the devil made war on us were our desires»—because excessive attachment to the things we want makes us go after them by fair means or foul, and break through whatever stands in our way, even if it is forbidden by God's law; and from that all sins are born. This appetite is one of the primary tyrants to whom the wicked are subject, and as the Apostle says, they are sold as slaves. And he calls them here sold as slaves, not because through sin they lost the free will with which they were created—for free will was neither lost nor will ever be lost in its essence, no matter how many sins are committed—but because through sin free will was left, on the one hand, so weak, and the appetite, on the other, so strong, that for the most part the strong prevails against the weak, and the rope breaks at its thinnest point.7 So what is more painful to feel than to see how a man, who has a soul created in the image of God, enlightened with light from heaven, and an understanding that by its subtlety rises above all created things until it reaches God, should, scorning all these greatnesses, come to subject himself and be ruled by the furious impulse of his bestial appetite—and that appetite corrupted by sin and, above all, stirred and fanned by the devil?✦ What can you expect from this rule and this guidance but cliffs and disasters and falls and incomparable evils? And so that you may see more clearly how ugly this slavery is, I want to give you a very plain example of it. Imagine now that a man were married to a woman who possessed all the nobility, beauty, and good sense a woman can have; and that, while he was thus so well married, a mulatta—his servant and a powerful sorceress—envying this, gave him some potions that so scrambled his wits that, scorning his wife and pushing her into a corner of the house, he gave himself entirely over to the mulatta, seated her on his wife's dais, ate and slept with her, took counsel with her and handled all the affairs of his household through her, and at her command spent and wasted his whole estate on meals, parties, games, and the like; and, not content with that, his madness went so far that he forced his own wife to serve this wicked woman as a slave in everything she ordered her.8 Who could imagine a man’s delusion going that far? And if it did go that far, how astonished would those who found out about it be? What indignation they would feel against that wicked woman, what pity for the noble wife, and what complaints against the crazed husband! This seems outrageous, but what we are dealing with here is far greater, beyond all comparison. You must understand that within our very soul there are these two different women—spirit and flesh—which theologians also call by other names: the higher part and the lower part. The higher part is that part of our soul in which the will and reason reside—the natural light with which God created us—whose beauty and nobility are so great that through it man is the image of God, capable of God, and a brother to the angels.✦ And this is the noble wife God gave man in marriage, so that he might live with her, guiding all his affairs by her counsel—that is, by this heavenly light. But in the lower portion is the sense appetite we have already mentioned, which was given to us to desire what is needed for life and for the preservation of the human race—but only according to the measure and order that reason sets for it.9 And, this being so, the wretched man comes to grow so attached and so surrendered to the pleasures and desires of this10 a wicked woman—so that, abandoning the counsel of reason that should guide him, he ends up being ruled by her, doing whatever she tells him, which means putting all her evil desires and appetites into action.11 We see men who are so sensual, so unbridled, and so given over to the desires of their hearts that in almost everything, like beasts, they obey and follow those desires, with no regard for any law of justice or reason. What is this but handing over the entire government of one's life to that filthy, base slave of the flesh, busying oneself with every game, pastime, and pleasure she demands, while abandoning the counsel of that most noble and lawful wife, which is reason? What’s worse and more intolerable is that, not content with this, they make this same lady serve such a foul slave, keeping her busy night and day inventing and securing everything that suits the slave's pleasure and contentment. For when a man puts all his reason and understanding into devising so many inventions and styles of dress, buildings so elaborate, soups and dishes so exquisite, household furnishings, and dealings and business deals to obtain everything this requires, what is this but to wrench the soul away from the spiritual exercises that belong to its own nobility, and make it the slave, cook, and housekeeper of the one who was given to it as a captive? And when a carnal man, infatuated with a woman, puts all his reason and understanding—so he can overcome her chastity—into writing letters, composing sonnets full of wit and pointed sayings, and hunting down every mine and countermine these schemes require, what is he doing in this, if you think about it, but making her who was the lady serve the slave, and putting that heavenly and divine light to work searching out means for the baseness and appetites of the flesh?12 And when King David used so many kinds of devices to cover up the theft of Bathsheba—ordering her husband back from the war, inviting him to dinner, getting him drunk at the meal, and then giving him letters with instructions and schemes so that the innocent man would die—who was devising these plots if not the understanding and reason? And who was urging him to do them if not the perverse flesh, so it could cover up its pleasures or enjoy them more safely?13 These are all things that Seneca, though a pagan philosopher, found affronting and shameful, leading him to say: "I am greater, and born for greater things, than to be a slave of my flesh." So if the deception of that bewitched and ruined man would appall us, how much more should this appall us, through which so many greater goods are wasted and so many greater evils are gained?14 And though this is something at once so monstrous and so pitiful, and yet so common, we pass over it lightly, without anyone being stunned by such great disorder—because the world itself is so disordered. For, as Saint Bernard puts it so well, "The abominable stench of the vices is not felt, because there are so many of them." For just as in a land where everyone is born dark-skinned, darkness is not counted an insult, and where people are generally drunkards, drunkenness is not held a disgrace (though it's so base a thing)—so too, since this monstrosity is general throughout the whole world, there is scarcely anyone who recognizes it for what it is.15 All this, then, is enough to show us how miserable this servitude is, and along with that, to what a terrifying punishment humanity was condemned for sin—since through it, such a noble creature was handed over to such a base tyrant. Ecclesiasticus considered it just to pray that God free him from the disordered desires of the belly and from impurity, and not deliver him into the power of a shameless and unbridled soul—asking not to be handed over to some great executioner or tyrant, because he counted this appetite as exactly that.16

The Tyranny of Passion

The author provides concrete examples of how disordered passions, such as lust and avarice, act as tyrannical masters that strip a person of their dignity and reason.

II. So, if you want to understand the extent of this tyrant's power, you can clearly see it by looking at what the world has done and continues to do every day. And for this I don't want to set before your eyes the fables the poets invented, depicting for us that so famous Hercules who, after conquering and taming all the monsters of the world, they say was conquered by a woman's base love, laid down his club, and sat among her maids spinning with a distaff at his waist, because she ordered him to, and threatened him if he did not—which the poets wisely invented to signify by this the tyranny and power of this appetite; nor do I want to bring in here the ancient truths of the divine Scriptures, where Solomon is set before us, on the one hand filled with such great holiness and wisdom, and on the other worshiping idols and building temples for them to please his wives—which no less declares the tyranny of this passion—but the everyday examples that pass through our hands each day.17 Look, then, at what an adulterous woman will risk to obey a disordered appetite; because I want to take my example from this passion now, so that through it you may see the force of the others. She knows perfectly well that if her husband catches her, he will kill her, and in that same moment she will lose her life, her honor, her property, and her soul, along with everything else that can be lost in this world and the next—which is the greatest and most complete loss possible—and18 and that, along with this, she will leave her children, her parents, her siblings, and her whole family line dishonored and with a lasting source of grief; and even so, so great is the force of this appetite—or better said, the power of this tyrant—that it makes her go through all of this and swallow all these horrible drafts with the greatest ease, just to do what he commands. So what tyrant ever forced a captive he held to obey what he commanded at so great a risk? What harder and more miserable captivity do you want than this? So this is the state the wicked generally live in, as the Prophet clearly signified when he said: They sit in darkness and the shadow of death, suffering hunger and held prisoner in iron chains.✦ So what are these darknesses but the blindness the wicked live in—which we treated above—since they neither know themselves nor God as they ought, nor why they live, nor for what end they were created, nor the vanity of the things they love, nor even the captivity and slavery they live in? And what are these chains that hold them prisoner but the force of the attachments by which their hearts cling to the things they love in a disordered way? And what is this hunger they suffer but the insatiable appetite they have for countless things they never attain? So what greater captivity do you want than this? Let's look at this same thing through other examples. Fix your eyes on Amnon, David's firstborn son, who, after he set his own eyes on his sister Tamar, was so blinded by this darkness, so bound by these chains, and so tormented by this hunger that he came to lose eating, drinking, sleep, and health, and fell sick in bed under the force of this passion. Tell me: what kind of chains of attachment and fixation held his heart captive, if they made such an impression on his flesh and even his body's humors that they were enough to cause him such a serious illness?19 And so you don't think the cure for this illness is getting what you desire, look carefully at how much sicker and more ruined he was after he got what he wanted than he had been before; for Scripture says the hatred with which he later loathed his sister was far greater than the love he had felt for her earlier. So with the vice he did not end up free of passion; instead he traded it for a greater one.20 Is there any tyrant in the world who so turns and twists his prisoners, making them weave and unweave, walk and retrace the same roads like this? Such, then, are all who are tyrannized by this vice: they are barely masters of themselves, for they neither eat nor drink nor think nor speak nor dream of anything but it; and neither the fear of God, nor the soul, nor conscience, nor paradise, nor hell, nor death, nor judgment, nor even, at times, the very life and honor they love so much, has any power to turn them back from this path or break this chain. Well then, what shall I say of their jealousy, their fears, their suspicions, and the frights and dangers they live in night and day, risking their souls and their lives for these sweet pleasures?21 Is there any tyrant in the world who seizes a slave's body the way this vice seizes the heart? A slave is never so bound to his master's service that he doesn't still have plenty of time, day or night, to rest and attend to his own needs. But this vice, and others like it, is such that once they take hold of the heart, they grip it and drink it dry so completely that a man is left with almost no strength, skill, time, or understanding for anything else; and so Ecclesiasticus did not say in vain that women and wine rob the heart of the wise, for a man under this vice—however wise he may be—is left almost as out of his mind, and as unfit for everything proper to a man, as if he had drunk a whole vat of wine. To illustrate this, the poet tells the story of Queen Dido, who, the moment she was blinded by her passion for Aeneas, abandoned all the public works and city repairs.22 So neither the walls already begun went forward, nor did the young men train with arms, nor did the public officers attend to strengthening the harbors, or to the other provisions needed for the defense of the country. For this tyrant, he says, so seized all this woman's senses that she was left unfit for everything except that one care alone; and the more it took hold of her heart, the less strength it left her for everything else. Oh pestilential vice—destroyer of commonwealths, knife that cuts down good practices, death of the virtues, fog over fine minds, what estranges a man from himself, drunkenness of the wise, madness of the old, fury and fire of the young, and common plague of the human race! This same tyranny isn't limited to this vice; it exists in all the others as well. If not, set your eyes on the ambitious and vainglorious man who goes lost after the smoke of honor, and see how subject he lives to this desire, how hungry for glory, how diligent in chasing it—for he orders his whole life and all his affairs23 To this end—what shall I also say of the greedy miser, who is not only a slave but also an idolater of his money: whom he serves, whom he worships, whom he obeys in everything it commands, for whom he fasts and takes the bread from his own mouth, and whom, finally, he loves more than God, since for its sake he offends God a thousand times?✦✦24 In it he finds his rest, in it his glory, in it his hope, in it his whole heart and mind; with it he lies down, with it he rises, and he spends his whole life and all his senses dealing with it, forgetful of himself and of everything else.25 Of such a man, shall we say that he is master of his money, free to do with it as he wishes, or that he is its slave and captive—since he does not order the money for himself, but orders himself for the money, taking it from his mouth, and even from his soul, to put it into the money? So what greater captivity can there be than this? If you call someone a captive when they're locked in a dungeon or have their feet in stocks, how can the person whose soul is held prisoner by a disordered attachment to what they love not also be a captive? When this happens, no power in a person remains perfectly free, nor are they master of themselves; they become a slave to whatever they love in a disordered way. Because where their love is, there their heart is held captive, even though they don't lose their free will because of it. And it doesn't matter what kind of bonds hold you, if the best and greatest part of you is held; nor does it lessen the servitude of this prison that you are so willingly captive, because if it is a true prison, the more voluntary it is, the more dangerous it will be; for we see that the malice of poison is not lessened by its being very sweet, if it truly is poison. There can be no greater prison than one that pulls you in and holds you captive, causing you to shut your eyes to God, to the truth, to honesty, and to the laws of justice. It tyrannizes you so that, just as a drunkard isn't master of himself—the wine is—the person held this way isn't fully master of himself; his passion is. Yet, he doesn't lose his free will because of this. If captivity is torment, what greater torment is there than the one these miserable people suffer? Countless times they can neither attain what they desire, nor stop desiring it, nor figure out what to do or what path to take. In this perplexity, they end up saying what that poet said to a difficult woman: "I hate you and I love you at the same time; and if you ask me why, it's because I can neither live with you nor live without you."26 So, if they ever set out to break these chains and overcome these attachments, they immediately meet such great resistance that they often despair of victory, and so the miserable person goes and puts their feet back into the same chain. Does it seem to you, then, that this can be called torment and captivity? And if this were only a single chain, it would be less bad, because when a man is held by only one prison and is fighting only one enemy, he would have less reason to doubt he could overcome him. But what shall we say of the other prisons of attachments by which this wretched man is held?27 Because human life is subject to so many needs, all of these become chains and opportunities for covetous desires; they are great snares that seize our heart, though this is truer for some people than for others. Some people are so naturally clinging that they can barely free themselves from anything they once take hold of.28 Others are melancholy, and this temperament also makes them clinging and vehement in their desires.29 There are others who are faint-hearted, to whom all things seem great and worth high esteem and desire, however small they may be, because "to a little heart everything seems large, however little it is," as Seneca said. Others are by nature vehement in everything they desire—as women typically are, of whom a philosopher says that they either love or hate, because they don't know how to keep a middle course in their affections.30 All these people, then, suffer a very hard and harsh captivity under the force of the passions that hold them. If it's such a great misery to be bound by a single chain and slave to a single master, what must it be to be bound by so many chains and slave to so many masters—as the wicked person is, who has as many masters as the passions they obey and the vices they serve? So what greater misery is there than this? If a human being's dignity consists entirely of two things—reason and free will—what is more opposed to both than passion, which blinds the reason and drags free will along behind it? From this you can see how harmful and damaging any disordered passion is, for it topples a person from their seat of dignity, darkening their reason and perverting their free will; without those two things, a human being is not a human being, but a beast. This, then, brother, is the miserable servitude in which all the wicked live—as people who are ruled neither by God nor by reason, but by appetite and passion.

The Liberation Through Grace

The author explains how Christ's sacrifice breaks the yoke of the tyrant, using the figure of Adoni-Bezek to illustrate the reversal of spiritual captivity.

II. On the freedom in which the good live It was from this wretched bondage that the Son of God came to set us free; this is the freedom and victory the prophet Isaiah celebrates when he says: Lord, your redeemed will rejoice in you, just as farmers do when they gather the harvest, and as conquerors rejoice after taking the prize and dividing the spoils. For you, Lord, took from them the heavy yoke that pressed them down, the rod that struck them, and the tyrant's scepter that oppressed them with outrageous tribute. All these names—yoke, rod, and scepter—fit the tyranny and force of our appetite, because the devil, who is the prince of this world, uses it as his most fitting instrument to tyrannize people and subject them to sin. So from all this force and power the Son of God delivered us by the abundance of grace he won for us through the sacrifice of his death; which is why the Apostle says that our old self was crucified together with him; and here he calls 'old self' this appetite that became disordered through that first sin.31 For through that great sacrifice and the merit of his passion he obtains grace for us to subdue this tyrant and put him under our feet, and to make him suffer the penalty of retaliation—crucifying the one who once crucified us and taking captive the one who once held us captive; and so what Isaiah himself prophesied elsewhere comes true, when he said: They will take prisoner those who once imprisoned them, and they will subject their oppressors.32 Before grace, our sensual appetite held our spirit in tyranny, forcing it to serve its evil desires, as explained above. But once grace is received, the spirit is so helped by it that it prevails against this tyrant, subjects him, and makes him obey what is right. This was wonderfully prefigured in the death of Adoni-Bezek, king of Jerusalem, whom the children of Israel killed after first cutting off his hands and feet. When he saw himself in that state and remembered the cruelties and tyrannies he had practiced until then, he said, "Seventy kings, with their hands and feet cut off, used to eat under my table the crumbs that fell from it; and now I see that as I did, so God has done to me."✦33 Scripture adds that they took him just as he was to Jerusalem, and that he died there. This cruel tyrant is a figure of the prince of this world, who, before the coming of the Son of God, routinely maimed people, wrecking them and disabling them for the service of God. He cut off their hands so they wouldn't do good, and their feet so they wouldn't even desire it. Beyond that, he made them go about eating the poor little crumbs that fell from his table—the worldly and sensual pleasures with which this evil prince feeds his servants. Those pleasures are rightly called crumbs, not pieces of bread, because of the great scarcity with which this tyrant doles out these leftovers; he never gives them the fullness and abundance they desire. But after the Savior came into the world, he made this tyrant suffer the very penalty he used to inflict on others, cutting off his hands and feet—that is, undoing and shattering all his powers. His death is said to have occurred in Jerusalem because that is where the Savior of the world, by dying, killed the prince of this world. There, being crucified himself, he crucified the tyrant, bound him hand and foot, and stripped him of his power. Right after his most sacred Passion, people began to triumph over this tyrant, taking such mastery over the world, the devil, and all his vices and appetites that all the world's torments and allurements weren't enough to cast them down into a single mortal sin.

The Sources of Spiritual Liberty

The final section details the causes of spiritual freedom—grace, divine consolation, and the mortification of the flesh—concluding with a call to praise God for this liberation.

III. Of the causes from which this freedom comes You might well ask where such a marvelous victory and freedom come from. To this I say that, after God, it comes first of all—as we have already said—from divine grace, which, through the virtues that flow from it, so calms and tempers the fury of our passions that it doesn't let them prevail against reason. So, just as snake-charmers often use certain words to charm serpents so that they harm no one—so that, though still alive, they are not venomous, and though they have poison, they do not harm with it—so too this divine grace so charms these venomous serpents of our passions that, while they remain alive and whole in their natural being, they are not so in the malice of their poison, for they are no longer able, as they once were, to poison our life.34 This the prophet Isaiah divinely signified when he said: The nursing child shall rejoice over the holes of the serpent; and the one already weaned shall safely put his hand into the basilisk's den.✦35 They shall do no harm and shall not kill throughout my holy mountain, for the earth✦36 will be full of the knowledge of God, as with the waters of the sea that cover it.✦ So it's clear that the Prophet is not speaking here of material snakes, but of spiritual ones—our passions and evil inclinations—which, when they run wild, are enough to poison the world; nor is he speaking of bodily children, but of spiritual ones. Among these, the one who is just beginning to serve God, and still needs milk to grow, is called a nursing child; and the weaned one is the one already further along, who can walk on his own two feet and eat bread with its crust.✦ Speaking of both, he says of the first group that they will rejoice to see how, even while living among these spiritual snakes, they will take no deadly harm from them by consenting to sin, thanks to the power of divine grace. But of the latter—those already weaned and advanced on the path of God—he says they will put their hand into the basilisk's den, meaning that God will protect them even amid greater dangers. In them, the promise of the psalm will be fulfilled: You will walk upon the serpent and the basilisk, and you will set your feet upon the lion and the dragon. These are the ones who, putting their hands into the basilisk's den, will take no harm, because the abundance of grace poured out over the earth will so enchant these snakes that they will have no power to harm the children of God.✦✦ The Apostle explained this same thing even more clearly and without metaphors when, after discussing at great length the tyranny of our appetites and our flesh, he finally cried out: Wretched man that I am!✦ Who will free me from this body of death?✦ .37 He answers himself in a single word, saying: The grace of God that is given to us through Christ.✦ In that passage, he doesn't mean by the body of death this body subject to natural death, which we all await, but rather what he elsewhere calls the body of sin—our poorly inclined appetite. From this, as from a body, come the members of all the disordered passions and desires that lead us to sin.✦✦ And from just such a body, as from a cruel tyrant, the Apostle says the grace given through Christ sets us free, as has been said.✦ The second and most important reason is the great joy and spiritual consolation that the righteous enjoy, as we explained earlier. This joy so quenches the thirst of all their desires that by it they easily overcome and cast off every appetite and craving; and once they have found this fountain of every good, they at once lose their anxious hunger for all other goods, as the Lord made clear to the Samaritan woman when he said: Whoever drinks the water I will give—which is divine grace—will never thirst again.38 Saint Gregory says the same in a homily: "Whoever has fully known the sweetness of the heavenly life immediately abandons everything they once loved through the senses. They leave behind what they possessed and give away what they were hoarding. Their heart catches fire with longing for heaven; everything on earth displeases them, and all that once seemed beautiful now looks ugly, because only the radiance of this precious pearl shines in their soul." In this way, once the vessel of our heart is filled with this heavenly drink and the thirst of our soul is quenched, the heart has no reason to hunger after or chase the perishable goods of this life. It is set free from the chains of attachment; for where there is no desire and no love, there is no chain and no prison. In this way, the heart that has found the Lord of all discovers that it, too, in its own measure, is lord of all, since it holds every other good gathered up in this one good.39 Along with these two favors of God that help us toward this freedom, there is also joined the diligence and care the good take to subject the flesh to the spirit and the passions to reason, by which those passions little by little come to mortify themselves, grow used to what is good, and lose a great deal of the fury and force they once had. For, as Saint Chrysostom says, "if wild beasts, used to dealing with human beings, come over time to lose their natural fierceness and put on the gentleness and mildness of human beings"—which is why the poet said that "time and habit made lions obey human beings"—how surprising is it that our natural passions, used to obeying reason, should little by little become reasonable and tame: that is, come to share somewhat in the condition of the spirit and of reason, and take delight in its works?40 And if practice and good habit are enough for this, how much more will grace be enough, when aided by that same habit? So from this it comes about that God's servants often take more pleasure—if one may put it that way—even with the senses, in recollection, silence, spiritual reading, prayer, meditation, and other such exercises than they ever would have taken in games, hunting, and all the world's conversation and pastimes, which they count as torment; so much so that even the flesh itself comes to hate what it once loved, and to find pleasure and contentment in what it once hated.41 And this is so thoroughly true that often, as Saint Bonaventure says in the prologue of The Goad of the Love of God, the lower part of our soul delights so much in the exercises of42 prayer and conversation with God that it suffers torment when some just impediment draws it away from them. This is what the Prophet meant when he said: 'I will praise the Lord, because he gave me understanding; and also because at night my reins rebuke me'—or as another translator put it, 'they teach me.'43 This is certainly a remarkable work of divine grace, because by 'the reins' commentators understand the lower affections and movements of the human person, which, as we have already said, usually serve as goads and awakeners of sin. By the power of grace, these often no longer urge us toward evil as they once did; instead, they sometimes help us toward the good. They no longer serve the devil, in whose camp they once fought, but rather, switching to Christ's side, they turn their weapons against the enemy. You can see this in many exercises of the spiritual life, but especially in the affection of contrition and sorrow for sins, in which the lower portion of our soul also has its share, grieving and shedding tears over them. And for this reason the holy prophet says that at night—when the just usually examine their conscience at the end of the day and weep for their faults, and when this prophet says elsewhere that he swept his spirit with this exercise—then his reins rebuked him; because, with the bitter displeasure he felt in this part of his soul for having offended God, he was chastened and taught a hard lesson not to go back and commit what had hurt him so much; and so with good reason he gives thanks to the Lord, because not only the higher part of his soul (where reason sits) invited him to the good, but also its lower part, which commonly tends to be an incentive and awakener of evil.44 Even though this is true in its own way—and even though it is a great glory of Christ's redemption that, as the most perfect Redeemer, he redeemed and freed us most perfectly—no one should grow careless or trust in their own flesh, however mortified it may be, while living in this mortal life. These, then, are the primary reasons for this marvelous freedom, which leads, among other things, to a new knowledge of God and a confirmation of the faith and religion we profess, just as the Lord Himself clearly testifies through Ezekiel: People will know that I am God when I break the chains of their yoke and free them from the hands of those who held them under tyranny.✦ This yoke, as we have already said, was sensuality—or the disordered appetite for sin—which dwells within our flesh, oppresses us, and subjects us to sin; the chains of this yoke are the evil inclinations by which the devil seizes us and drags us after him. These are all the stronger the more they are hardened by bad habit, as Saint Augustine confesses of himself: "I was held captive not by iron, but by my own will, which was harder than iron." My enemy held my will in his hands, and out of me he had made a chain against me, with which he kept me captive. For from my perverse will my evil desire was born, and from evil desire vice, and from the continuation of vice habit—and this was the chain with which the devil held my heart captive." So when someone finds himself bound in this way, as this same saint did, and after trying many times to escape this captivity finds the way out as hard as he did—when, after turning back to God, he sees these chains broken and these passions mortified, finds himself free and master of his appetites, and sees under his feet the yoke that once rested on his shoulders—what is he to do but conclude that it is God who broke such chains and took that heavy yoke from his neck? What is he to do but praise God with the Prophet, saying: You have broken my bonds, Lord; to you I will offer a sacrifice of praise and call upon your holy name?✦ .

Read the original Spanish

De todos estos privilegios susodichos, y señaladamente del segundo y del cuarto, que es de la gracia del Espíritu Santo y de las consolaciones divinas, se sigue otro maravilloso de que gozan los buenos, que es la verdadera libertad del ánima; la cual el Hijo de Dios trajo al mundo, y por la cual tiene apellido de Redentor del género humano, por haberlo rescatado de la verdadera y miserable servidumbre en que vivía y puesto en verdadera libertad. Este es uno de los principales bienes que este Señor trajo al mundo, y uno de los más señalados beneficios del Evangelio, y uno de los principales efectos del Espíritu Santo; porque, donde este Espíritu mora, ahí está la verdadera libertad, como dice el Apóstol. Finalmente, este es uno de los grandes premios que en esta vida se prometen a los siervos de Dios, como el mismo Señor lo prometió a unos que le querían comenzar a servir, diciendo: Si vosotros permaneciéredes en mis palabras, seréis de verdad mis discípulos y conoceréis la verdad, y la verdad os librará. Y respondiendo ellos: Hijos somos de Abrahán, y nunca servimos a nadie; ¿cómo dices tú ahora que seremos libres? Respondió el Señor: En verdad os digo que quienquiera que comete pecado es siervo del pecado. Y el siervo no permanece en la casa para siempre, mas el hijo permanece siempre. Y, por tanto, si el Hijo os librare, seréis de verdad libres.

En las cuales palabras manifiestamente da el Señor a entender que hay dos maneras de libertad: una falsa, que parece libertad, y no lo es, y otra verdadera, que lo es. Falsa es la de aquellos que, teniendo el cuerpo libre, tienen el ánimo cautivo y sujeto a la tiranía de sus pasiones y pecados; como era la de Alejandro Magno, que, siendo señor del mundo, era esclavo de sus vicios. Mas verdadera es la de aquellos que tienen el ánima libre de todos estos tiranos, como quiera que esté el cuerpo, ora suelto, ora cautivo; cual era la del apóstol san Pablo, que, estando preso en una cadena, con el espíritu volaba por el cielo, y con sus cartas y doctrina libertaba el mundo.

La razón de llamar esta a boca llena libertad, y la otra no, es porque, como entre las dos partes principales del hombre el ánima sea sin comparación más noble y casi el todo del hombre, y el cuerpo no sea más que la materia, y el sujeto o la caja en que está el ánima encerrada, de aquí nace que aquel se debe decir de verdad libre: que tiene esta tan principal parte libre; y aquel falsamente libre: que, teniendo ésta cautiva, el cuerpo trae por do quiere suelto y libre.

I. De la servidumbre en que viven los malos

Y, si preguntares de quién es cautivo el que desta manera lo es, digo que lo es del más feo, torpe y abominable tirano de cuantos se pueden imaginar, que es el pecado. Porque la más abominable cosa que hay en el mundo es el tormento del infierno; y peor y más abominable es el pecado, que es causa de ese tormento; y deste son siervos y esclavos los malos, como claramente lo viste en las palabras del Señor, arriba dichas: Quienquiera que comete pecado, esclavo es y siervo del pecado. Pues ¿qué servidumbre puede ser más miserable que esta?

Y no sólo es siervo del pecado, mas también de los principales atizadores y movedores del pecado, que son el demonio, el mundo y nuestra propia carne corrompida por el mismo pecado, con todos los apetitos desordenados que della proceden. Porque quien es esclavo de un hijo, también lo es de los padres que lo engendraron; y cónstanos que estos tres son los padres del pecado, por lo cual se llaman

enemigos del ánima, porque le hacen tan grande mal como es cautivarla y entregarla en poder deste tan abominable tirano.

Y, aunque todos tres de consuno concuerden en esto, pero con alguna diferencia. Porque los dos primeros se sirven del tercero, que es la carne, como de otra Eva para engañar a Adán; o como de un muy propio instrumento y despertador con que nos mueven a todo mal; por la cual causa el Apóstol más claramente la llama pecado, poniendo el nombre del efecto a la causa, porque ella es la que nos atiza y mueve a todo género de pecados. Y por la misma razón la llaman los teólogos fomes peccati, que quiere decir cebo y nutrimento del pecado, porque es el aceite y la leña con que se sustenta el fuego del pecado. Mas nosotros comúnmente le llamamos sensualidad, carne o concupiscencia; que, por términos más claros, es nuestro apetito sensitivo, de quien nacen todas las pasiones, en cuanto corrompido y estragado por el pecado, porque este es el atizador y despertador y como un manantial de todos los pecados. Y por esto señaladamente se sirven dél, y de todos sus apetitos, los otros dos enemigos para hacernos guerra por él; por lo cual divinamente dijo san Basilio que «las principales armas con que nos hacía guerra el demonio eran nuestros deseos»; porque la demasiada afición de las cosas que deseamos nos hace procurarlas a tuerto o a derecho, y romper por todo lo que se nos pone delante, aunque sea prohibido por la ley de Dios; de donde nacen todos los pecados.

Pues este tal apetito es uno de los más principales tiranos a quien están los malos sujetos y, como dice el Apóstol, vendidos por esclavos. Y llámalos aquí vendidos como esclavos, no porque por el pecado perdiesen ellos el libre albedrío con que fueron criados (porque ni se perdió ni se perderá jamás, cuanto a su esencia, por más pecados que se hagan), sino porque por el pecado quedó, por una parte, este libre albedrío tan flaco, y por otra, el apetito tan fuerte, que por la mayor parte prevalece lo fuerte contra lo flaco, y quiebra la soga por lo más delgado.

Pues ¿qué cosa más para sentir que ver cómo teniendo el hombre un ánima criada a imagen de Dios, esclarecida con lumbre del cielo, y un entendimiento que sube con su delicadeza sobre todo lo criado hasta llegar a Dios, que, menospreciadas todas estas grandezas, venga a sujetarse y regirse por el ímpetu furioso de su apetito bestial, y este, corrompido por el pecado, y sobre todo, movido y atizado por el demonio? ¿Qué se puede esperar deste regimiento y desta guía, sino despeñaderos y desastres y caídas y males incomparables?

Y, porque más claramente veas la fealdad de esta servidumbre, quiero traerte para esto un ejemplo muy palpable. Imaginemos ahora que estuviese un hombre casado con una mujer, en quien cupiese toda la nobleza, hermosura y discreción que en una mujer puede caber; y que, estando él así muy bien casado, una mulata, criada suya y grande hechicera, teniendo envidia desto, le diese algunos bebedizos con los cuales de tal manera le trastornase el seso, que, despreciada la mujer y puesta a un rincón de casa, se entregase todo a la mulata, y la hiciese asentar en el estrado de su mujer, y con ella comiese y durmiese, y se aconsejase y tratase todos los negocios de su casa, y por su mandamiento gastase y disipase toda la hacienda en comidas, fiestas y juegos, y cosas semejantes; y no contento con esto, llegase su desatino a tales términos que obligase a su propia mujer a servir como esclava a esta mala mujer en todo lo que ella le mandase. ¿Quién podría pensar que hasta aquí llegase el embaucamiento de un hombre? Y, si hasta aquí llegase, ¿cómo extrañarían esto los que lo supiesen? ¡Qué indignación tendrían contra aquella mala hembra, y qué compasión de la noble mujer, y qué quejas del desatinado marido! Indignísima cosa parece esta; pero mucho mayor es, sin comparación, la que al presente tratamos. Porque has de saber que dentro de nuestra misma ánima hay estas dos diferentes mujeres, que son espíritu y carne, las cuales por otros nombres llaman los teólogos porción superior e inferior. Porción superior es aquella parte de nuestra ánima en que está la voluntad y la razón, que es la lumbre natural con que Dios nos crió, cuya hermosura y nobleza es tan grande, que por ella es el hombre imagen de Dios, capaz de Dios y hermano de los ángeles.

Y esta es la noble mujer con que casó Dios al hombre, para que hiciese vida con ella, guiando todas sus cosas por su consejo, que es por esta lumbre celestial. Mas en la porción inferior está el apetito sensitivo, de que habemos tratado, que nos fue dado para apetecer las cosas necesarias a la vida y a la conservación de la especie humana; mas esto, por la tasa y orden que por la razón le fuese puesta. Y, siendo esto así, el malaventurado del hombre de tal manera viene a aficionarse y entregarse a los gustos y deseos desta

mala mujer, que, desamparando el consejo de la razón, por quien debiera guiarse, viene a regirse por ella, haciendo cuanto le dice, que es poniendo por obra todos sus malos deseos y apetitos. Porque hombres vemos tan sensuales, tan desenfrenados y tan entregados a los deseos de su corazón, que casi en todas las cosas, como unas bestias, le obedecen y siguen, sin tener cuenta con ley de justicia ni de razón. Pues ¿qué es esto, sino entregar todo el gobierno de su vida a la sucia y torpe esclava de la carne, empleándose en todos los juegos y pasatiempos y deleites que ella pide, desamparando el consejo de la nobilísima y legítima mujer, que es la razón?

Y lo que peor y más intolerable es que, no contentos con esto, hacen a esta misma señora que sirva a esta tan mala esclava, y que se desvele noche y día inventando y procurando todo lo que conviene para el gusto y contentamiento della. Porque, cuando un hombre emplea toda su razón y entendimiento en trazar tantas invenciones y maneras de atavíos, de edificios tan curiosos, de potajes y guisados tan exquisitos, de aderezos de casa, y de tratos y negocios para granjear todo lo que para esto se requiere, ¿qué es esto, sino desquiciar el ánima de los ejercicios espirituales de su propia nobleza, y hacer que sea esclava, cocinera y despensera de quien le fue dada por cautiva? Y, cuando un hombre carnal, aficionado a una mujer, para vencer su castidad emplea toda su razón y entendimiento en escribir cartas, en componer sonetos llenos de agudeza y sentencias, y en buscar todas las minas y contraminas que para estos tratos se requieren, ¿qué hace en esto, si piensas, sino servir a la esclava la que era señora, ocupándose aquella lumbre celestial y divina en buscar medios para las vilezas y apetitos de la carne? Y, cuando el rey David usó de tantas maneras de medios para encubrir el hurto de Betsabé, mandando venir al marido de la guerra, y convidándolo a cenar, y emborrachándolo en la cena, y después dándole cartas con avisos e industrias para que el inocente muriese, estas trazas, ¿quién las hacía, sino el entendimiento y la razón? ; ¿y quién instigaba a hacerlas, sino la carne perversa, para encubrir o gozar más a su salvo de sus deleites? Cosas son todas estas de que Séneca, con ser filósofo gentil, se afrentaba y avergonzaba, y así decía: «Mayor soy y para mayores cosas nacido, que para ser esclavo de mi carne». Pues, si nos espantara el embaucamiento de aquel hombre enhechizado y perdido, ¿cuánto más nos debe espantar esto, por lo cual tantos mayores bienes se desperdician y tantos mayores males se ganan?

Y con ser esta una cosa, por una parte tan monstruosa y tan lastimera, y por otra tan usada, pasamos por ella ligeramente, sin que nadie pasme de tan gran desorden, por estar el mundo tan desordenado. Porque, como dice muy bien san Bernardo, «no se siente el hedor abominable de los vicios, por ser tantos los que son». Porque, así como en la tierra donde todos nacen prietos no se tiene por injuria la negrura, y donde todos generalmente son beodos no se tiene por deshonrada la embriaguez (siendo cosa tan vil), así, como en todo el mundo generalmente haya esta monstruosidad, apenas hay quien la conozca por tal. Todo esto, pues, bastantemente nos declara cuán miserable sea esta servidumbre, y, juntamente con esto, a cuán espantable pena fue el hombre condenado por el pecado, pues por él fue entregada una criatura tan noble a un tan torpe tirano. Y por tal lo tenía el Eclesiástico cuando hacía oración a Dios pidiéndole que lo librase de los deseos desordenados del vientre y de la deshonestidad, y que no lo entregase en poder de un ánima desvergonzada y desenfrenada; como quien pide no ser entregado a algún grande verdugo o tirano, porque por tal tenía él este apetito.

II. Pues, ya, si quieres saber qué tan grande sea la potencia deste tirano, puédeslo claramente colegir considerando lo que ha hecho el mundo y hace cada día. Y no quiero para esto ponerte ante los ojos las fábulas que los poetas fingieron, representándonos aquel tan famoso Hércules, el cual, después de vencidos y domados todos los monstruos del mundo, dicen que, vencido del amor torpe de una mujer, dejada la maza, se asentaba entre sus criadas a hilar con una rueca en la cinta, porque ella se lo mandaba, y amenazábale si no lo hacía —lo cual sabiamente fingieron los poetas para significar por aquí la tiranía y potencia deste apetito—; ni tampoco quiero traer aquí las verdades antiguas de las Escrituras divinas, donde se nos propone un Salomón, por una parte lleno de tan grande santidad y sabiduría, y por otra, adorando los ídolos y edificándoles templos por complacer a sus mujeres —que no menos declara la tiranía desta pasión—; sino los ejemplos cuotidianos que nos pasan por las manos cada día. Mira, pues, a lo que se pone una mujer adúltera por obedecer a un apetito desordenado; porque en esta pasión quiero ahora poner ejemplo, para que por esta se vea la fuerza de las otras. Sabe esta muy bien que, si el marido la topare con el hurto en las manos, la matará, y que en un mismo punto perderá la vida, la honra, la hacienda y el alma, con todo lo demás que en este mundo y en el otro se puede perder (que es la mayor y más universal pérdida de cuantas hay); y

que, juntamente con esto, dejará a sus hijos y padres y hermanos y todo su linaje deshonrado y con perpetua materia de dolor; y, con todo esto, es tan grande la fuerza deste apetito, o por mejor decir, la potencia deste tirano, que le hace pasar por todo esto y beber todos estos tragos tan horribles con grandísima facilidad, por hacer lo que él le manda. Pues ¿qué tirano obligó jamás a un cautivo que tuviese a obedecer con tan grande riesgo a lo que él le mandase? ¿Qué más duro y miserable cautiverio quieres, que este?

Pues en este estado generalmente viven los malos, como claramente lo significó el Profeta, cuando dijo: Asentados están en tinieblas y sombra de muerte, padeciendo hambre y estando presos con cadenas de hierro. Pues ¿qué tinieblas son estas, sino la ceguedad en que viven los malos, de que arriba tratamos, pues ni conocen a sí ni a Dios como conviene, ni para qué viven, ni para qué fin fueron criados, ni la vanidad de las cosas que aman, ni el mismo cautiverio y servidumbre en que viven? ¿Y qué cadenas son estas con que están presos, sino las fuerzas de las aficiones con que están sus corazones aferrados con las cosas que desordenadamente aman? ¿Y qué hambre es esta que padecen, sino el apetito insaciable que tienen de infinitas cosas que no alcanzan? Pues ¿qué mayor cautiverio quieres que este?

Veamos esto mismo por otros ejemplos. Pon los ojos en Amnón, hijo primogénito de David, el cual, después que puso los suyos en su hermana Tamar, de tal manera se cegó con estas tinieblas y se prendió con estas cadenas y se afligió con esta hambre, que vino a perder el comer, el beber, el sueño, la salud, y caer en la cama enfermo con la fuerza desta pasión. Pues dime: ¿Qué tales eran las cadenas de la afición y aprehensión con que estaba su corazón cautivo, pues tal impresión hicieron en la carne y en los mismos humores del cuerpo, que bastaron para causarle tan grande enfermedad? Y, porque no pienses que la cura desta dolencia es alcanzarse lo que se desea, mira bien cómo quedó más enfermo y más perdido, después que alcanzó lo que deseaba, de lo que estaba antes; porque muy mayor dice la Escritura que fue el odio con que aborreció después a la hermana, que el amor que antes le había tenido. De manera que no quedó con el vicio libre de pasión, sino trocola por otra mayor. Pues ¿hay tirano en el mundo que así vuelva y revuelva sus prisioneros, y así les haga tejer y destejer, andar y desandar los mismos caminos?

Tales, pues, son todos los que están tiranizados deste vicio, los cuales apenas son señores de sí mismos, pues ni comen, ni beben, ni piensan, ni hablan, ni sueñan, sino en él; sin que ni el temor de Dios, ni el ánima, ni la conciencia, ni paraíso, ni infierno, ni muerte, ni juicio, ni aun a veces la misma vida y honra que ellos tanto aman, sea parte para revocarlos deste camino, ni romper esta cadena. Pues ¿qué diré de los celos destos, de los temores, de las sospechas, y de los sobresaltos y peligros en que andan noche y día, aventurando las almas y las vidas por estas golosinas? ¿Hay, pues, tirano en el mundo que así se apodere del cuerpo de su esclavo, como este vicio del corazón? Porque nunca un esclavo está tan atado al servicio de su señor, que no le queden muchos ratos de día y de noche en que huelgue y entienda en lo que le cumple. Mas tal es este vicio, y otros semejantes, que, después que se apoderan del corazón, de tal manera lo prenden y se lo beben todo, que apenas le queda al hombre valor, ni habilidad, ni tiempo, ni entendimiento para otra cosa; por lo cual, no en balde dijo el Eclesiástico que las mujeres y el vino robaban el corazón de los sabios, porque casi tan alienado queda un hombre con este vicio, por sabio que sea, y tan inhábil para todas las cosas que son propias de hombre, como si hubiese bebido una cuba de vino. Y, para significar esto, el ingenioso poeta finge de aquella famosa reina Dido que, en el punto que se cegó con la afición de Eneas, luego desistió de todos los públicos ejercicios y reparos de la ciudad. De manera que ni los muros comenzados iban adelante, ni la juventud ejercitaba las armas, ni los oficiales públicos entendían en fortalecer los puertos, ni en los otros pertrechos necesarios para defensión de la patria. Porque, este tirano, de tal manera dice que prendió todos los sentidos desta mujer, que para todo quedó inhábil, sino sólo para aquel cuidado; el cual, cuanto más se apoderó del corazón, tanto menos le dejó de valor para todo lo demás.

¡Oh vicio pestilencial, destruidor de las repúblicas, cuchillo de los buenos ejercicios, muerte de las virtudes, niebla de los buenos ingenios, enajenamiento del hombre, embriaguez de los sabios, locura de los viejos, furor y fuego de los mozos, y común pestilencia del género humano!

Y no sólo en este vicio, mas en todos los otros hay esta misma tiranía. Si no, pon los ojos en el ambicioso y vanaglorioso, que anda perdido por el humo de la honra, y mira cuán sujeto vive a este deseo, cuán apetitoso de gloria, cuán diligente en procurarla, pues toda la vida y todas las cosas ordena

para este fin ¿Qué diré también del avariento codicioso, que no sólo es esclavo, sino también idólatra de su dinero, a quien sirve, a quien adora, a quien obedece en todo cuanto le manda, por quien ayuna y se quita el pan de la boca, y a quien, finalmente, ama más que a Dios, pues por él mil veces ofende a Dios? En él tiene su descanso, en él su gloria, en él su esperanza, en el todo su corazón y pensamiento; con él se acuesta, con él se levanta, y toda la vida y todos los sentidos emplea en tratar dél, olvidado de sí y de todo lo ál. De este tal, ¿diremos que es señor del dinero, para hacer dél lo que quisiere, o esclavo y cautivo dél, pues no ordena el dinero para sí, sino a sí para el dinero, quitándolo de la boca, y aun del ánima, para ponerlo en él?

Pues ¿qué mayor cautiverio puede ser que este? Porque, si llamáis cautivo al que está encerrado en una mazmorra, o al que tiene los pies en el cepo, ¿cómo no estará preso el que tiene el ánima presa con la afición desordenada de lo que ama? Porque, cuando esto hay, ninguna potencia queda al hombre perfectamente libre, ni es señor de sí mismo, sino esclavo de aquello que desordenadamente ama; porque donde está su amor, allí está preso su corazón, aunque no se pierda por ello su libre albedrío. Y no hace al caso con qué género de ataduras estés preso, si la mejor y mayor parte de ti lo está; ni disminuye la servidumbre de esta prisión que estés tan voluntariamente preso, porque, si ella es verdadera prisión, tanto será más peligrosa, cuanto fuere más voluntaria; pues vemos que no disminuye la malicia del veneno ser muy dulce, si él es de verdad veneno. Y no puede ser mayor prisión, que la que de tal manera tira de ti y te tiene preso, que te hace cerrar los ojos a Dios, a la verdad, a la honestidad y a las leyes de justicia; y de tal manera te tiene tiranizado, que, así como el beodo no es señor de sí mismo, sino el vino, así el que desta manera está preso no es del todo señor de sí mismo, sino su pasión; aunque no por esto pierda su libre albedrío. Y, si el cautiverio es tormento, ¿qué mayor tormento que el que uno de estos miserables padece, pues infinitas veces ni puede alcanzar lo que desea, ni quiere dejar de desearlo, ni sabe qué se haga, ni qué camino se tome? Y, con esta perplejidad, viene a decir lo que el otro poeta dijo a una mujer mal acondicionada: «Aborrézcote y ámote juntamente; y si me preguntares la causa, la causa es porque ni puedo vivir contigo, ni puedo pasar sin ti». Pues, ya si alguna vez acomete a romper estas cadenas y vencer estas aficiones, halla luego tan grande resistencia, que muchas veces desespera de la vitoria, y así se torna el miserable otra vez a meter de pies en la misma cadena.

¿Parécete, pues, que se puede llamar tormento y cautiverio este?

Y, si fuese esta una sola cadena, menos mal sería, porque, estando el hombre preso con una sola prisión, y peleando con un solo enemigo, menos desconfiaría de vencerlo. Mas ¿qué diremos de otras prisiones de aficiones con que este miserable está preso? Porque, como la vida humana está sujeta a tantas maneras de necesidades, todas estas son cadenas y motivos de codicias, porque son grandes lazos con que se prende nuestro corazón; aunque esto sea más en unos que en otros. Porque hay algunos hombres naturalmente tan aprehensivos, que apenas pueden desasirse de lo que una vez aprehenden. Otros hay melancólicos, a quien también hace aprehensivos y vehementes en sus deseos este humor. Otros hay pusilánimes, a quien todas las cosas parecen grandes y dignas de ser muy estimadas y deseadas, por pequeñas que sean, porque «al corazón pequeño todo le parece grande, por poco que sea», como Séneca dijo. Otros hay naturalmente vehementes en todas las cosas que desean, como son ordinariamente las mujeres, las cuales dice un filósofo que aman o aborrecen, porque no saben tener medio en sus aficiones. Todos estos, pues, padecen muy duro y áspero cautiverio con la fuerza de las pasiones que los cautivan.

Pues, si tan grande miseria es estar preso con una sola cadena y ser esclavo de un solo señor, ¿qué será estar preso con tantas cadenas y ser esclavo de tantos señores, como lo es el malo, el cual tantos señores tiene, cuantas son las pasiones a que obedece y los vicios a que sirve?

Pues ¿qué mayor miseria que esta? Si toda la dignidad del hombre, en cuanto hombre, consiste en dos cosas, que son razón y libre albedrío, ¿qué cosa más contraria a lo uno y a lo otro, que la pasión, que ciega la razón y lleva tras sí el libre albedrío? Por donde verás cuán perjudicial y dañosa sea cualquiera desordenada pasión, pues así derriba al hombre de la silla de su dignidad, escureciéndole la razón y pervirtiéndole el libre albedrío; sin las cuales dos cosas el hombre no es hombre, sino bestia. Esta es, pues, hermano, la miserable servidumbre en que viven todos los malos, como gente que no se rige por Dios ni por razón, sino por apetito y pasión.

II. De la libertad en que viven los buenos

Pues desta tan miserable servidumbre nos vino a librar el Hijo de Dios; y esta es la libertad y vitoria que celebra el profeta Isaías, cuando dice: Alegrarse han, Señor, en ti tus redimidos, como los labradores cuando cogen el fruto de sus labranzas, y como se alegran los vencedores, después de tomada la presa, cuando reparten los despojos. Porque tú, Señor, quitaste de encima dellos el yugo pesado que los apremiaba, y la vara que los hería, y el cetro del tirano que con tributos desaforados los oprimía. Todos estos nombres de yugo, de vara, de cetro convienen a la tiranía y fuerza de nuestro apetito, porque dél, como de muy propio instrumento, se aprovecha el demonio —que es el príncipe deste mundo— para tiranizar los hombres y sujetarlos al pecado. Pues de toda esta fuerza y potencia nos libró el Hijo de Dios con la abundancia de la gracia que con el sacrificio de su muerte nos ganó; por lo cual dice el Apóstol que nuestro viejo hombre fue juntamente crucificado con él; y llama aquí viejo hombre este apetito que se desordenó por aquel primer pecado. Porque por aquel gran sacrificio y mérito de su pasión nos alcanza gracia para sojuzgar este tirano y ponerlo debajo de los pies, y hacerlo pasar por la pena del talión, crucificando a quien antes nos crucificaba y cautivando a quien antes nos tenía cautivos; y así viene a cumplirse lo que el mismo Isaías en otra parte profetizó, diciendo: Prenderán a los que antes los prendían, y sujetarán a sus opresores. Porque, antes de la gracia, nuestro apetito sensual traía sujeto y tiranizado a nuestro espíritu, haciéndolo servir a sus malos deseos, como arriba se declaró; mas, recibida la gracia, de tal manera es ayudado por ella, que prevalece contra este tirano, y le sujeta y hace obedecer a lo que es razón.

Esto fue maravillosamente figurado en la muerte de Adoni Bézec, rey de Jerusalén, a quien mataron los hijos de Israel, cortándole primero los pies y las manos; el cual, como así se viese y se acordase de las crueldades y tiranías que hasta allí había usado, dijo estas palabras: Setenta reyes, cortados los pies y las manos, comían debajo de mi mesa las migajas que della caían; y ahora veo que de la manera que yo lo hice, así lo ha hecho Dios conmigo. Y añade la Escritura que lo llevaron así como estaba a Jerusalén, y que ahí murió. Este tan cruel tirano figura es del príncipe de este mundo, el cual, antes de la venida del Hijo de Dios, generalmente mancaba los hombres de pies y manos, destrozándolos e inhabilitándolos para servir a Dios, cortándoles las manos para no hacer bien, y los pies para no desearlo; y demás desto, haciéndoles andar comiendo las migajuelas pobres que de su mesa caían, que son los deleites mundanales y sensuales con que este mal príncipe apacienta a sus servidores; los cuales con mucha razón se llaman migajas, y no pedazos de pan, por la escaseza grande con que este tirano reparte a los suyos estos relieves, pues nunca se los da en la hartura y abundancia que ellos desean. Mas, después que el Salvador vino al mundo, hizo pasar a este tirano por la pena que él daba a los otros, cortándole los pies y las manos, esto es, deshaciendo y quebrantando todas sus fuerzas; cuya muerte señaladamente se dice que fue en Jerusalén, porque ahí fue donde el Salvador del mundo, muriendo, mató al príncipe deste mundo, y donde, siendo él crucificado, le crucificó y ató de pies y manos y le quitó su poder; y así, luego después de su sacratísima Pasión, comenzaron los hombres a triunfar deste tirano, enseñoreándose tan poderosamente del mundo, del demonio y de todos sus vicios y apetitos, que todos los tormentos y halagos del mundo no fueron bastantes para derribarlos en un pecado mortal.

III. De las causas de do procede esta libertad

Preguntarás, por ventura, de dónde procede esta tan maravillosa vitoria y libertad. A esto digo que, después de Dios, procede primeramente, como ya dijimos, de la divina gracia, la cual, mediante las virtudes que della proceden, de tal manera adormece y templa el furor de nuestras pasiones, que no las deja prevalecer contra la razón. Por donde, así como los encantadores suelen con algunas palabras encantar las serpientes para que no hagan mal a nadie, de manera que, estando vivas, no son ponzoñosas, y teniendo veneno, no dañan con él, así también esta divina gracia de tal modo encanta estas ponzoñosas serpientes de nuestras pasiones, que, estándose ellas vivas y enteras en el ser de naturaleza, no lo están en la malicia de la ponzoña, pues no bastan, como antes hacían, para emponzoñar nuestra vida. Lo cual divinamente significó el profeta Isaías cuando dijo: Alegrarse ha el niño de teta sobre los agujeros de la serpiente; y el que estuviere ya destetado meterá seguramente la mano en la cueva del basilisco. No harán mal ni matarán en todo mi santo monte, porque la tierra

estará llena del conocimiento de Dios, como de las aguas del mar que la cubre. Pues claro está que no habla aquí el Profeta de las serpientes materiales, sino de las espirituales, que son nuestras pasiones y malas inclinaciones, que, cuando se desmandan, bastan para emponzoñar el mundo; ni tampoco habla de niños corporales, sino espirituales, entre los cuales se llama niño de teta el que comienza a servir a Dios, que aún ha menester leche para criarse; y destetado, el que está ya más aprovechado, que pueda andar por su pie y comer pan con corteza. Pues, tratando de los unos y de los otros, dice de los primeros que se alegrarán de ver cómo estando en compañía destas espirituales serpientes, por virtud de la divina gracia no recibirán de ellas daño mortal, consintiendo en el pecado; mas de los postreros, que están ya destetados y adelantados en el camino de Dios, dice que meterán la mano en la cueva del basilisco, esto es, que los guardará Dios aun entre mayores peligros, porque en ellos se cumplirá aquella promesa del salmo, que dice: Sobre la serpiente y basilisco andarás, y pondrás los pies sobre el león y el dragón; pues estos son los que, metiendo las manos en la cueva del basilisco, no recibirán daño, porque la abundancia de la gracia que se derramará sobre la tierra, de tal manera encantará estas serpientes, que no sean parte para hacer daño a los hijos de Dios.

Esto mismo aún más claramente y sin metáforas explicó el Apóstol, cuando, después de haber tratado muy copiosamente de la tiranía de nuestros apetitos y de nuestra carne, al cabo exclamó diciendo: ¡Miserable de mí! , ¿quién me librará del cuerpo desta muerte? . Responde él mismo en una palabra, diciendo: La gracia de Dios que se nos da por Cristo. En el cual lugar no entiende él por el cuerpo de muerte este cuerpo sujeto a la muerte natural que todos esperamos, sino el que en otro lugar llama el cuerpo de pecado, que es nuestro apetito mal inclinado; del cual, como de un cuerpo, proceden los miembros de todas las pasiones y deseos desordenados que nos llevan a pecar. Y deste tal cuerpo, como de un cruel tirano, dice el Apóstol que nos libra la gracia que se da por Cristo, como está dicho.

Después de la cual, la segunda y muy principal causa es la grandeza de la alegría y de las consolaciones espirituales de que los justos gozan, según que arriba declaramos. La cual de tal manera apaga la sed de todos sus deseos, que con esto fácilmente vencen y despiden de sí todos los apetitos y deseos; y, hallada esta fuente de todos los bienes, luego pierden el apetito congojoso de todos los otros bienes, como el Señor lo declaró a la mujer samaritana, diciendo: Quien bebiere del agua que yo daré, que es la divina gracia, nunca jamás padecerá sed. Lo cual dice san Gregorio en una homilía, por estas palabras: «El que perfectamente ha conocido la dulcedumbre de la vida celestial, luego desampara todas las cosas que sensualmente amaba, deja lo que poseía, derrama lo que allegaba, enciéndesele el corazón con deseo del cielo, desagrádale todo lo que hay en la tierra y parécele feo todo lo que antes le era hermoso, porque sólo el resplandor desta preciosa margarita reluce en su ánima». Pues, desta manera, lleno el vaso de nuestro corazón deste licor celestial, y apagada con él la sed de nuestra ánima, no tiene por qué andar hambreando y procurando los bienes perecederos desta vida, y así queda libre de las cadenas de las aficiones dellos; porque donde no hay deseo ni amor, no hay cadena ni prisión. Y, desta manera, el corazón que vino a hallar al Señor de todo se halla él también en su manera señor de todo, pues tiene resumidos los otros bienes en este bien.

Con estos dos favores de Dios que para esta libertad nos ayuda, se junta también la diligencia y cuidado que los buenos tienen de sujetar la carne al espíritu, y las pasiones a la razón, con la cual vienen ellas poco a poco a mortificarse y habituarse a lo bueno y a perder muy gran parte del furor y brío que antes tenían. Porque, como dice san Crisóstomo, «si las bestias fieras, acostumbradas a tratar con los hombres, vienen por tiempo a perder su natural fiereza y envestirse de la blandura y mansedumbre de los hombres» —por donde dijo el poeta que «el tiempo y la costumbre hacía a los leones obedecer a los hombres»—, ¿qué mucho es que nuestras pasiones naturales, acostumbradas a obedecer a la razón, vengan poco a poco a razonarse y domesticarse, esto es, a participar en algo la condición del espíritu y de la razón, y holgar con las obras della? Y, si para esto basta el uso y la buena costumbre, ¿cuánto más bastará la gracia, ayudada con la misma costumbre?

Pues de aquí nace que muchas veces los siervos de Dios sensualmente —si decir se puede— huelgan más con el recogimiento, y con el silencio, y con la lección, y oración, y meditación, y con otros tales ejercicios, que nunca holgaran con el juego, y con la caza, y con todas las conversaciones y recreaciones del mundo, las cuales ellos tienen por tormento; de tal manera que aun la misma carne viene a aborrecer lo que antes amaba, y tomar gusto y contentamiento en lo que antes aborrecía. Lo cual es en tanta manera verdad, que muchas veces, como dice san Buenaventura en el prólogo del Estímulo del Amor de Dios, se deleita tanto la parte inferior de nuestra ánima en los ejercicios de la

oración y comunicación con Dios, que recibe tormento cuando por algún justo impedimento la apartan de allí. Y esto es lo que quiso significar el Profeta cuando dijo: Alabaré yo al Señor, porque me dio entendimiento; y también porque de noche mis renes me reprehenden; o como trasladó otro intérprete, me enseñan. Esta es, cierto, una señalada obra de la divina gracia, porque por las renes entienden aquí los exponedores los afectos y movimientos inferiores del hombre, que suelen ser, como ya dijimos, estímulos y despertadores de pecar; los cuales, por virtud de la gracia, muchas veces no sólo no nos incitan al mal de la manera que solían, mas antes a veces ayudan al bien; y no sólo no sirven al demonio, en cuyos reales servían, mas antes, pasándose a los de Cristo, vuelven las armas contra el enemigo. Lo cual, aunque en muchos ejercicios de vida espiritual se pueda ver, pero señaladamente en el afecto de la contrición y dolor de los pecados, en el cual tiene también su parte la porción inferior de nuestra ánima, afligiéndose y derramando lágrimas por ellos. Y por esto dice el santo profeta que, de noche, cuando suelen los justos al cabo del día examinar su conciencia y llorar sus culpas, cuando este profeta dice en otra parte que barría su espíritu con este ejercicio, entonces le reprehendían sus renes; porque, con el desabrimiento que en esta parte de su ánima sentía por haber ofendido a Dios, quedaba castigado y escarmentado para no volver a cometer lo que tanto le había dolido; por lo cual, con mucha razón da gracias al Señor, porque no sólo la parte superior de su ánima (donde está la razón) le convidaba al bien, mas también la parte inferior della, que comúnmente suele ser incentivo y despertador de mal.

Λ Mas, aunque esto en su manera sea verdad (y sea esta una grande gloria de la redención de Cristo, que, como perfectísimo Redentor, perfectísimamente nos redimió y libertó), no por eso debe nadie descuidarse ni fiarse de su carne, por muy mortificada que esté, mientras vive en esta vida mortal.

Estas, pues, son las causas principales desta maravillosa libertad, de la cual, entre otros efectos, se sigue un nuevo conocimiento de Dios y una confirmación de la fe y religión que profesamos, como claramente lo testifica el mismo Señor por Ezequiel, diciendo: Conocerán los hombres que soy Dios, cuando quebrare las cadenas del yugo dellos y los librare de las manos de los que los tenían tiranizados. Este yugo ya dijimos que era la sensualidad o apetito desordenado de pecar, que dentro de nuestra carne mora, y nos oprime y sujeta al pecado; las cadenas deste yugo son las malas inclinaciones con que el demonio nos prende y lleva tras sí, las cuales son tanto más fuertes, cuanto más confirmadas están con la mala costumbre, como san Agustín lo confiesa de sí mismo, diciendo: «Preso estaba yo, no con hierro, sino con mi propia voluntad, que era más dura que el hierro. Mi querer tenía en sus manos mi enemigo, y de mí había hecho cadena contra mí, con la cual me tenía preso. Porque de mi perversa voluntad nació mi mal deseo, y del mal deseo el vicio, y de la continuación del vicio la costumbre, y esta era la cadena con que el demonio tenía preso mi corazón». Pues, cuando algún hombre se vio de esta manera preso como se vio este mismo santo, y probando muchas veces salir deste cautiverio halló tan dificultosa la salida como él mismo la halló, cuando después de vuelto a Dios ve quebradas estas cadenas y mortificadas estas pasiones, y se halla libre y señor de sus apetitos, y ve puesto debajo de sus pies el yugo que tenía sobre sus hombros, ¿qué ha de hacer, sino conjeturar por aquí que es Dios el que quebró tales cadenas y quitó aquel yugo tan pesado de su cerviz? ¿Qué ha de hacer, sino alabar a Dios con el Profeta, diciendo: Quebraste, Señor, mis ataduras; a ti sacrificaré sacrificio de alabanza e invocaré tu santo nombre? .

Scripture echoes

  1. ↩2Cor.3.17 — Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom.
  2. ↩John.8.31-John.8.32 — So Jesus said to the Jews who had believed him, 'If you remain in my word, you are truly my disciples.' John.8.32 — And you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free.
  3. ↩John.8.33 — They answered him, "We are descendants of Abraham, and we have never been enslaved to anyone. How can you say, 'You will become free'"?
  4. ↩John.8.34 — Jesus answered them, 'Truly, truly, I say to you, everyone who practices sin is a slave to sin.'
  5. ↩John.8.35 — The slave does not remain in the house forever; the Son remains forever.
  6. ↩John.8.36 — So if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed.
  7. ↩John.8.31-John.8.36 — So Jesus said to the Jews who had believed him, 'If you remain in my word, you are truly my disciples.' John.8.32 — And you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free. John.8.33 — They answered him, "We are descendants of Abraham, and we have never been enslaved to anyone. How can you say, 'You will become free'"? John.8.34 — Jesus answered them, 'Truly, truly, I say to you, everyone who practices sin is a slave to sin.' John.8.35 — The slave does not remain in the house forever; the Son remains forever. John.8.36 — So if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed.
  8. ↩Gen.1.26-Gen.1.27 — Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, according to our likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth." Gen.1.27 — So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.
  9. ↩Gen.1.26-Gen.1.27 — Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, according to our likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth." Gen.1.27 — So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.
  10. ↩Ps.107.10;Isa.9.2 — Those who sat in darkness and the shadow of death, prisoners in misery and iron, Isa.9.2 — The people walking in darkness have seen a great light; on those living in a land of deep shadow, light has shone.
  11. ↩Col.3.5;Eph.5.5 — Put to death, therefore, the parts of you that belong to the earth: sexual immorality, impurity, passion, evil desire, and greed, which is idolatry. Eph.5.5 — For this you know, recognizing that no sexually immoral or impure person, nor any greedy person (who is an idolater), has an inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God.
  12. ↩Matt.6.24;Luke.16.13 — No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and money. Luke.16.13 — No servant can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon.
  13. ↩Judg.1.7 — And Adoni-bezek said, 'Seventy kings, with their thumbs and big toes cut off, were gathering scraps under my table. As I have done, so God has repaid me.' And they brought him to Jerusalem, and he died there.
  14. ↩Isa.11.8 — And a nursing child shall play over the hole of the asp, and over the adder's den the weaned child shall put his hand.
  15. ↩Isa.11.9 — They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain, for the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea.
  16. ↩Isa.11.9 — They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain, for the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea.
  17. ↩Isa.11.8;1Cor.3.1-1Cor.3.2;Heb.5.12-Heb.5.14 — And a nursing child shall play over the hole of the asp, and over the adder's den the weaned child shall put his hand. 1Cor.3.1 — And I, brothers, was not able to speak to you as spiritual people, but as fleshly, as infants in Christ. 1Cor.3.2 — I gave you milk to drink, not solid food, for you were not yet able. But indeed, even now you are not able, Heb.5.12 — For though by this time you ought to be teachers, you still need someone to teach you the basic principles of the oracles of God. You need milk, not solid food. Heb.5.13 — For everyone who lives on milk is unskilled in the word of righteousness, for he is an infant. Heb.5.14 — But solid food is for the mature, for those whose faculties have been trained by constant practice to distinguish good from evil.
  18. ↩Isa.11.8 — And a nursing child shall play over the hole of the asp, and over the adder's den the weaned child shall put his hand.
  19. ↩Isa.11.9 — They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain, for the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea.
  20. ↩Rom.7.24 — Wretched man that I am! Who will rescue me from this body of death?
  21. ↩Rom.7.24 — Wretched man that I am! Who will rescue me from this body of death?
  22. ↩Rom.7.25 — Thanks be to God through Jesus Christ our Lord! So then, I myself with my mind serve the law of God, but with my flesh, the law of sin.
  23. ↩Rom.7.24 — Wretched man that I am! Who will rescue me from this body of death?
  24. ↩Rom.6.6 — We know this: our old self was crucified with him, so that the body of sin might be rendered powerless, that we might no longer be enslaved to sin.
  25. ↩Rom.7.25 — Thanks be to God through Jesus Christ our Lord! So then, I myself with my mind serve the law of God, but with my flesh, the law of sin.
  26. ↩Ezek.34.27 — And the tree of the field will yield its fruit, and the land will give its produce, and they will be on their own soil in security. And they will know that I am the LORD, when I break the bars of their yoke and deliver them from the hand of those who enslaved them.
  27. ↩Ps.116.16-Ps.116.17;Ps.116.16-Ps.116.17 — O LORD, I am your servant; I am your servant, the son of your maidservant. You have loosed my bonds. Ps.116.17 — To you I will offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving, and in the name of the LORD I will call. Ps.116.16 — O LORD, I am your servant; I am your servant, the son of your maidservant. You have loosed my bonds. Ps.116.17 — To you I will offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving, and in the name of the LORD I will call.

Notes

  1. 1 ↩Spanish ánimo here names the interior person enslaved by passion; rendered as soul to keep the chapter's body/soul contrast clear (cf. ánima in s3).
  2. 2 ↩Spanish idiom a boca llena means roundly / without reservation / in the full sense of the word; rendered here as 'in the fullest sense.'
  3. 3 ↩Sentence ends mid-clause at the section break; the predicate continues in GuiaPec.1.20.7 ('enemigos del ánima…').
  4. 4 ↩Spanish «poniendo el nombre del efecto a la causa» is metonymy: Paul names the flesh «sin» because it causes sin, not because the flesh itself is formally a sinful act.
  5. 5 ↩«fomes peccati» kept as the traditional scholastic term; Granada glosses it as bait/nourishment of sin (tinder, fuel, or kindling of sin).
  6. 6 ↩«apetito sensitivo» rendered as «sense appetite» (scholastic sensitive appetite), not mere modern «sensual desire»; the clause «en cuanto corrompido y estragado por el pecado» limits the charge to the appetite as damaged by sin.
  7. 7 ↩Libre albedrío is rendered free will (not free choice alone): the claim is that sin does not destroy free will's essence, but weakens it relative to disordered appetite.
  8. 8 ↩Spanish mulata kept as mulatta: period term for a mixed-race woman; Granada uses it as the low servant-sorceress foil to the noble wife in the allegory that follows (flesh vs spirit).
  9. 9 ↩«apetito sensitivo» rendered as «sense appetite» (scholastic sensitive appetite); «tasa y orden» as measure and order imposed by reason.
  10. 10 ↩Source sentence is truncated mid-phrase at «desta»; next section (GuiaPec.1.20.13.s1) continues with «mala mujer…». Translation preserves the break as printed.
  11. 11 ↩This sentence continues the unfinished clause of GuiaPec.1.20.12.s3 ('...los gustos y deseos desta'). The que is taken as resultative: he becomes so attached that he abandons reason and is ruled by the sensitive appetite personified as the 'wicked woman'.
  12. 12 ↩«minas y contraminas» is military siege imagery (mines and countermines) applied to seduction; rendered as mine and countermine to keep the metaphorical force.
  13. 13 ↩Source sentence begins with a leading semicolon (; ¿y quién…), treated as a coordinated follow-up to s4 rather than as independent punctuation.
  14. 14 ↩«aquel hombre enhechizado y perdido» is kept as that bewitched and ruined man; in context it names the person enslaved by fleshly delusion, not a specific prior named figure beyond the general portrait in the chapter.
  15. 15 ↩"prietos" / "negrura": period ethnographic analogy for habituation (custom dulling moral perception). Rendered as "dark-skinned" / "darkness" to keep the source's contrast without modernizing the argument away.
  16. 16 ↩"ánima desvergonzada y desenfrenada" keeps "soul" (not "person"/"spirit") for the interior moral agent; "deshonestidad" rendered as "impurity" (sexual unchastity), not mere "dishonesty."
  17. 17 ↩amor torpe: rendered as "base love" for shameful/lustful passion, not affectionate love; apetito/pasión continue the chapter's tyrant metaphor for disordered desire.
  18. 18 ↩con el hurto en las manos: idiomatic "caught red-handed"; hacienda rendered as "property" (estate/wealth). Sentence ends mid-period with y, continued in GuiaPec.1.20.17.
  19. 19 ↩"Afición y aprehensión" rendered as attachment and fixation: disordered affection gripping the heart and seizing the mind. "Humores" kept as bodily humors (period medical physiology), not modern moods.
  20. 20 ↩Source "trocola" read as early-modern "trocóla" (he exchanged it / traded it away); sense confirmed by the contrast with "libre de pasión" and "por otra mayor."
  21. 21 ↩golosinas: literally sweets/dainties; here figurative for the seductive pleasures of the vice under discussion.
  22. 22 ↩afición here is disordered romantic/erotic attachment (passion), not a positive affection.
  23. 23 ↩Source sentence ends mid-clause at 'ordena'; the following section begins 'para este fin…', which may complete the thought ('orders… for this end'). Translation follows the supplied section boundary without inventing the missing complement.
  24. 24 ↩Opening 'para este fin' continues the previous section's unfinished clause ('...ordena para este fin'); kept here as packaged in the source sentence.
  25. 25 ↩Read 'en el todo su corazón' as the parallel 'en él todo su corazón' (in it, his whole heart), matching the preceding 'en él' series; 'lo ál' is archaic for 'everything else'.
  26. 26 ↩The quoted couplet echoes Catullus 85 (odi et amo) and the later proverbial expansion 'nec tecum possum vivere nec sine te'; here applied to disordered attachment, not to a biblical text.
  27. 27 ↩aficiones rendered as attachments (disordered affections), not mere hobbies or fondnesses.
  28. 28 ↩aprehensivos: not modern 'anxious,' but seizing/clinging firmly of mind and will (from aprehender).
  29. 29 ↩humor kept in the humoral sense (melancholic temperament), not modern mood/wit.
  30. 30 ↩Source includes a period generalization about women (ordinariamente las mujeres); rendered faithfully without modernizing the claim away.
  31. 31 ↩Spanish 'viejo hombre' rendered as 'old self' (Pauline idiom in modern English Bibles); Granada equates it with the appetite disordered by original sin.
  32. 32 ↩'pena del talión' rendered as 'penalty of retaliation' (lex talionis: the oppressor receives the treatment he once gave).
  33. 33 ↩The Spanish calls Adoni-Bezek "king of Jerusalem" (Judges 1); the biblical narrative takes him to Jerusalem after defeat. Rendered as the source states.
  34. 34 ↩Grace does not destroy the passions' natural being (ser de naturaleza) but neutralizes their malicious venom (malicia de la ponzoña)—a nature-and-grace distinction to preserve, not flatten into mere self-control.
  35. 35 ↩"Alegrarse ha" is archaic future (se alegrará). Rendered with solemn uncontracted future for quoted Scripture; "niño de teta" kept as nursing child, matching the Isaiah image and the spiritual sense developed in the next section.
  36. 36 ↩Printed sentence is incomplete at section break; completion continues in GuiaPec.1.20.34.s1 ("will be full of the knowledge of God...").
  37. 37 ↩Source unit is only a terminal period after the Romans 7:24 quotation; no independent clause to translate.
  38. 38 ↩Granada glosses Christ's water as divine grace ("que es la divina gracia"), folding John 4 into the grace argument rather than leaving the quotation bare.
  39. 39 ↩'resumidos' rendered as 'gathered up' / summed and contained in this one good, not modern 'summarized'.
  40. 40 ↩"envestirse de" rendered as "put on" (clothe themselves in); "razonarse y domesticarse" as "become reasonable and tame," preserving the domestication metaphor from the beast analogy; "holgar con" as "take delight in."
  41. 41 ↩Spanish 'sensualmente' here means with the sensory appetite / lower faculties (not lustfully); the parenthetical 'if one may put it that way' marks the deliberate paradox that the senses themselves come to delight in spiritual exercises.
  42. 42 ↩Source sentence is truncated mid-phrase at 'en los ejercicios de la'; the continuation appears to open the next section (GuiaPec.1.20.39.s1: 'oración y comunicación con Dios...'). Rendered only the supplied span.
  43. 43 ↩Spanish renes (biblical 'reins/kidneys') is kept as 'reins' because s3 hangs the exposition on that term as the seat of the lower affections.
  44. 44 ↩barría su espíritu: kept as 'swept his spirit,' reflecting the Vulgate image of scouring/sweeping the spirit in night examination (cf. Ps 77:6 Vulg. scopebam spiritum meum).

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