Capítulo XVII. Del sexto privilegio de la virtud, que es la confianza y esperanza en la divina misericordia de que gozan los buenos, y de la vana y miserable confianza en que viven los malos
The Living Hope of the Just
True hope, formed by charity, serves as a vital source of strength and consolation for the believer amidst the trials of life.
The joy of a good conscience is joined to the joy of the trust and hope in which the good live. As the Apostle says, "Spe gaudentes, in tribulatione patientes," he counsels us to rejoice in hope and, through it, to be patient in our troubles, since hope tells us that in God we have a great helper and rewarder of our labors.✦ This is one of the great treasures of the Christian life; these are the Indies and inheritances of the children of God, and this is the common harbor and remedy for all the miseries of this life.1 But we must note—so we don't deceive ourselves—that just as there are two kinds of faith, one dead, which does no living works (the kind bad Christians have), and another living and formed by charity (the kind the just have, by which they do living works), so also there are two kinds of hope: one dead, which neither gives life to the soul, nor enlivens and strengthens it in its works, nor animates and consoles it in its hardships (the kind the wicked have), and another living, as Saint Peter calls it, which, as something that has life, also has living effects—namely, to animate us, console us, gladden us, and strengthen us on the road to heaven, and to give us courage and confidence in the midst of the world's hardships.✦2 Like the hope that blessed Susanna had, of whom it is said that, already sentenced to death and being led through the public streets to be stoned, still her heart was strong and confident in God. David had that same confidence when he said: Remember, Lord, the word you have given your servant, by which you gave me hope; for this strengthened and consoled me in the affliction of my hardships. This living hope produces many admirable effects in the soul where it dwells, and it does so all the more as it shares in the charity and love of God, which is what gives it life. Among these effects, the first is to strengthen a person on the path of virtue with the hope of the reward; because the firmer the pledges one has of this, the more gladly one passes through the hardships of the world, as all the saints with one voice testify.3 Saint Gregory says: "The virtue of hope so lifts our heart to the goods of eternity that it makes us not feel the evils of this mortal life." Origen says: "The hope of the glory to come gives rest to those who labor for it in this life, just as the hope of the crown eases the pain of the wounds a soldier receives in war." Saint Ambrose says: "Firm hope of the reward hides the hardships and steals the body away from dangers."4 Saint Jerome says: "Every work becomes light when its price is valued, and so the hope of the prize lessens the force of the labor." Chrysostom explains this same thing even more fully in these words: "If the fearsome waves of the sea don't discourage sailors, nor the rain of storms and winters discourage farmers, nor wounds and deaths discourage soldiers, nor blows and falls discourage wrestlers—when they fix their eyes on the deceptive hopes of what they seek—how much less should those who hope in the Kingdom of God feel their hardships?"5 So do not look, Christian, at how rough the path of the virtues is, but at where it ends; nor at how sweet the path of the vices is, but at the destination it has.» This saint puts it very well indeed: «For who would gladly walk a path of roses and flowers if it ends in death? And who would refuse a rough and difficult path if it ends in life?"
Scriptural Promises of Divine Aid
The author gathers various scriptural testimonies to demonstrate that those who place their hope in God are never abandoned.
But hope is useful not only for reaching this end we long for so much, but also for all the means required for it, and, in general, for all the needs and miseries of this life; because through it a person is helped in tribulations, defended in dangers, comforted in sorrows, aided in illness, and provided for in need, since through it we obtain God's favor and mercy, which helps us in everything. We have the clearest pledges and testimonies of this throughout the divine Scriptures, especially in the psalms of David. You'll hardly find a psalm that doesn't exalt this virtue and proclaim its fruits—which is, without a doubt, one of the greatest riches and consolations the good enjoy in this life. So you shouldn't think I'm being long-winded by listing some of these here, since the ones I leave unsaid are far more numerous than those I can recount. In the book of Kings, a prophet said to King Asa: The eyes of the Lord survey the whole earth and give strength to all who hope in him.✦6 Jeremiah says: The Lord is good to those who hope in him, and to the soul of the one who seeks him.✦ And in another place: The Lord is good, who strengthens his own in the time of tribulation, and knows all who hope in him—meaning he keeps account of them in order to help and aid them.✦ Isaiah says: If you turn back to me and remain quiet in me, you will be saved; in silence and hope will your strength be. By silence, he means the interior quiet and rest of the soul in the midst of trials, which is an effect of hope—hope that banishes from the soul all anxious care and disordered distress through the favor it expects from divine mercy.✦ Ecclesiasticus says: You who fear the Lord, trust in him, and you will not lose your reward. You who fear the Lord, put your hope in him, and his mercy will be your consolation and joy. Look, children, at all the nations of men, and know for certain that no one has ever put their hope in the Lord and had that hope come to nothing. Solomon says in Proverbs: Open your heart to the Lord and put your hope in him, for he will guide you and set your paths straight.✦ The prophet David says in a psalm: Let those who know your name put their hope in you, Lord, for you have never abandoned those who seek you.✦ In another, he says: I put my hope in you, Lord, so I will rejoice and take delight in your mercy. In another he says: Mercy will encircle those who put their hope in the Lord; and he is quite right to say "encircle," so as to show that he will guard them on every side, like a king surrounded by his people so that he may go more safely.✦ And in another psalm he takes this matter up at greater length, saying: Waiting, I waited for the Lord, and he looked after me, and he drew me out of the pit of misery and the mire in which I was stuck, and he set my feet on a firm rock, and straightened all my steps, and put a new song in my mouth and a hymn in praise of our God.✦7 The just will see this and put their hope in him. Blessed is the man who put his hope in the Lord and did not set his eyes on the world's vanities and deceptive follies; in those words you'll find still another marvelous effect of this virtue, which is to open the mouth and the eyes of the✦8 so that he may know by experience the goodness and fatherly providence of God, and sing a new song to him with a new delight and a new joy for the new gift received through the help he hoped for. At this rate, we would never finish bringing in verses, or even whole psalms, from this prophet, because the entire psalm 'Qui confidunt in Domino sicut mons Sion' speaks of this; likewise, the whole psalm 'Qui habitat in adiutorio Altissimi' is spent recounting the great fruits and benefits for those who hope in God and live under his protection. Regarding a line in this psalm that says, 'You are, Lord, my hope,' Saint Bernard writes: 'In anything I must do or not do, suffer or desire, you are, Lord, my hope.'✦ This is the cause of the fulfillment of all your promises; this is the chief reason and foundation of my hope. Let someone else plead his virtues, boast that he has borne the whole burden of the day and the heat, and say with the Pharisee that he fasted two days each week and that he isn't like other men; but I, Lord, will say with the Prophet: It is good for me to draw near to God and set my hope in him.✦✦ If rewards are promised to me, through you I will hope to obtain them; if battles rise against me, through you I hope I will conquer them; if the world rages against me, if the devil roars, if the flesh itself rises against the spirit, in you I will hope.✦ So then, this being so, why don't we cast off at once all these vain and deceitful hopes, and cling with all fervor and devotion to this hope so sure?' And further on, the same saint adds: 'Faith says: "God has prepared great and inestimable goods for his faithful."'✦ But hope says, "He has kept them for me."✦ And not content with that, it makes charity say, "Then I'll hurry to enjoy them."
Hope as a Spiritual Remedy
Hope acts as a divine medicine and shield, participating in God's power to protect and sustain the faithful.
See then, brother, how great the fruit of this virtue is, and for how many things it helps us. It's like a safe harbor where the just take refuge during a storm. It is like a very strong shield with which they defend themselves from the seas and waves of this age. It's like a storehouse of bread during a famine, where all the poor and needy come to ask for help. It is that tabernacle and shade that God promises through Isaiah to his chosen ones, so that in it they may hide and protect themselves from the heat of summer and from the rains and whirlwinds of winter—that is, from the prosperities and adversities of this world.✦ Finally, it is a medicine and a common remedy for all our ills, for it is true that everything we hope for from God justly, faithfully, and wisely we will obtain, provided it is something wholesome. That is why Cyprian says that “God’s mercy is the fountain of remedies, and hope is the vessel that gathers them, and the measure of the remedy will depend on the size of this vessel”; because on the fountain’s side, the water of mercy cannot run dry.9 It follows that, just as God told the children of Israel that every land on which they set their feet would be theirs, all the mercy on which a person sets the feet of his hope will be his. And according to this, whoever, moved by God, hopes for all things will obtain them all. In this, it seems that this hope is an imitation of God's virtue and power, and that it redounds to the glory of God himself. For, as Saint Bernard says so well, "nothing so clearly shows God's omnipotence as seeing that he is not only almighty himself, but that he also makes those who hope in him almighty in their own way." If not, tell me: Didn't the one who, from the earth, commanded the sun to stop in the sky share in this omnipotence—and the one who gave King Hezekiah the choice whether he wanted the same sun ordered to go back or go forward?✦✦ .10 This is what especially magnifies God's glory: making his own people so powerful. For if that proud king of the Assyrians boasted that the princes who served him were also kings like him, how much more can our Lord God glory in saying that those who serve him are also gods in their own way, since they share so much in his power?✦✦11
The Vain Confidence of the Wicked
In contrast to the hope of the just, the wicked rely on fragile, worldly supports that lead to inevitable confusion and ruin.
I. On the empty hope of the wicked This is the treasure of hope that the good enjoy, which the wicked lack. Although the wicked have hope, it isn't alive but dead, because sin has taken its life away; therefore, it doesn't produce in them the effects we've described. Just as nothing enlivens hope more than a good conscience, nothing tears it down and weakens it more than a bad one. A bad conscience, as we said, usually skulks in the shadows, fearing and distrusting because it knows it hasn't earned, but rather forfeited, the favor of divine grace.12 Of13 Just as a shadow follows the body wherever it goes, fear and distrust follow a bad conscience everywhere; and it seems that their confidence is exactly like their happiness—because they place their happiness in worldly goods, they also place their trust in them, glorying in them and turning to them for help when trouble comes.14 The Book of Wisdom describes this hope: The hope of the wicked is like a tuft of wool blown away by the wind, like thin foam dissolved by a wave, and like a wisp of smoke scattered by the air. Do you see, then, how vain this confidence is? For it has still worse harm than that, because it is not only vain, but also harmful and deceptive, as the Lord made clear through the prophet Isaiah when he said: Woe to you, children who forsake your Father, who took counsel—and not with me—and wove a web—and not with my Spirit—so as to add sins to sins; and you sent to Egypt to ask for help, and did not take counsel with me, hoping for aid in Pharaoh's strength and putting your trust in the shadow of Egypt!✦ And Pharaoh's strength will turn into confusion for you, and trust in the shadow of Egypt into disgrace.✦ They were all put to shame, trusting in a people that neither helped them nor did them any good; rather, it became for them a cause of even greater shame and confusion.✦ So far these are Isaiah's words; and he, not content with what he has said, returns in the next chapter to repeat this same rebuke, saying: Woe to those who go down to Egypt to ask for help, trusting in horses and putting their confidence in chariots because they are many, and in horsemen because they are very strong, and did not put their trust in the Holy One of Israel, nor seek the Lord!✦ For Egypt is man, and not God, and its horses are flesh, and not spirit; and the Lord will stretch out his hand, and the helper will fall, and the one who is helped as well, and both together will be put to shame and mocked.✦ So look here at the difference between the hope of the good and the hope of the wicked: the hope of the one is flesh, and the hope of the other is spirit; and if that is not enough, the hope of the one is man, and the hope of the other is God. From this it seems that the distance from God to man is the same as the distance from one hope to the other; and so with good reason the Prophet turns us away from the one hope and invites us to the other, saying: Do not put your trust in the princes of the earth, nor in the sons of men, who have no power to give salvation.✦15 Their lives will come to an end, and they will return to the same earth from which they were formed; on that day, every plan of those who trusted in them will perish.✦ Blessed is the person who has God for a helper and has set their hope in Him—the One who made the heavens, the earth, the sea, and everything in them.✦ And in another psalm the same prophet declares this same difference of hopes, saying: These trust in their chariots and horses, and we in the name of the Lord.✦ They were entangled and fell, but we rose up and stand firm.✦16 So see how well the fruit of trust matches the props and foundations it rests on: from the one follows a fall, and from the other, rising and victory.17 For this reason the former are rightly compared to that man in the Gospel who built his house on sand—which, at the first storm that rose, came crashing down—and the latter to the one who built his on living rock, and so it stood firm and secure against all the waters and whirlwinds of this life. And no less elegantly does the prophet Jeremiah declare this same difference, by another very beautiful comparison, in these words: Cursed is the man who trusts in another man, and the one who, turning his heart away from the Lord, makes weak flesh the arm and shelter of his life.✦18 For such a man will be like a wild little tree springing up in the desert, which won't see the good when it comes, but will instead waste away in perpetual drought and in salty, uninhabitable land.✦ But, on the contrary, he says this of the just man: Blessed is the man who puts his hope in the Lord, for He will be his helper.✦ Such a one will be like a tree planted beside the streams of water, which by the strength of the nearby moisture will spread its roots; and in the year of drought it is safe from the force of the summer heat, and its leaves will always stay green, and it will never stop bearing fruit.19 So far, these are the words of the Prophet. Tell me, I beg you: if people had any sense, what more would they need to see the difference that hope alone makes between the lot of the good and the lot of the wicked, and between the prosperity of the one and the other? What greater good can a tree have than to be planted in the way the Prophet paints it for us here?✦
The Necessity of God for the Soul
Human nature is inherently needy and incomplete without God; therefore, hope is the essential anchor for a life that would otherwise be lost.
In its own way, that is the condition of the just person, for whom everything turns out well because they are planted beside the streams of the water of divine grace.✦ But by contrast, no worse lot can fall to a tree than to be barren and wild, set in bad soil, and out of the sight and care of human beings—so that by this the wicked may see that they can have no more miserable state in this life than to keep their eyes and heart turned away from God, who is a fountain of living waters, and fixed instead on the✦20 the supports of fragile and deceitful creatures—which is a desert land, dry and uninhabitable.21 From this, you'll see clearly how much the world deserves to be wept over, planted as it is in such bad soil—since it has set its hope on such weak supports, which isn't hope at all, but deceit and confusion, as was explained above. So tell me, I beg you: What greater misery can there be than this? What greater poverty is there than living without this kind of hope? If, through sin, man was left so poor and naked, as we discussed earlier, and hope in the divine mercy was so necessary for his remedy, what will become of him once this anchor he held onto is broken?✦ We see that all the other animals are born, in their own way, complete and provided with everything necessary for their life; but man, through sin, was left half undone, so that he has almost nothing of what he needs within himself—rather, everything has to come to him hauled in from outside and as alms by the hand of the divine mercy.22 So with this removed, what can his life be, if not lame, maimed, and full of a thousand defects?23 What is living without hope, if not living without God? So what was left to man of his old inheritance to live on without this support?24 What nation in the world is so barbarous that it has no knowledge of God at all, does not honor him in some way, and does not hope for some benefit from his providence?✦ When Moses was away from the children of Israel for only a short time, they thought they were without God, and, crude and coarse as they were, they cried out to Aaron, telling him to make them some god, because they did not dare go on without one; from which it seems that human nature itself, though it does not always know the true God, knows that it needs God, and though it may not know the cause of its weakness, it knows its weakness, and so it naturally seeks God as the remedy for it.✦ So it is that, just as ivy seeks the support of a tree to climb high, because it cannot do so by itself, and just as a woman naturally seeks the support and shelter of a man, because, as an imperfect creature, she understands her need of that support, so human nature itself, poor and needy as it is, seeks the shelter and protection of God.25 So then, this being so, what must the life of those people be who live in such sad widowhood and abandonment by God? I'd like to know: those who live this way—who do they turn to for comfort in their troubles? To whom do they turn for refuge in their dangers? Who do they look to for healing in their illnesses? Who do they confide their sorrows in? Who do they consult about their affairs? Who do they ask for help when they're in need? Who do they deal with?26 Who do they talk to? Who do they talk things over with? Who do they go to bed with? And who do they wake up with? And finally, how do people who don't have this resource get through all the trials of this life? If a body can't live without a soul, how can a soul live without God? For God is no less necessary to the one life than the soul is to the other. And if, as we said, living hope is the anchor of our life, how does anyone dare to enter the gulf of this stormy age without the help of that anchor?✦✦ And if we said that hope is the shield we use to defend ourselves against the enemy, how do people go about without this shield in the middle of so many enemies?✦ If hope is the staff that holds human nature up after that universal affliction, what will become of frail man without the support of this staff?27 So here it is made clear enough what separates the hope of the good from that of the wicked, and therefore what separates the lot of the one from the lot of the other: for the good have God as their defender and champion, and the wicked have the staff of Egypt—which, if you try to lean on it, will snap and drive into the hand of the one who rests on it. For the guilt a person commits by putting all his trust here is enough for God to cure it with the hard lesson of his fall, as He made known through Jeremiah, who, prophesying the destruction of the kingdom of Moab and its cause, says this: Because you trusted in your walls and in your treasures, you too will be taken and destroyed, and Chemosh—who is the god in whom you trust—will be carried off captive, and his priests and princes with him as well.✦28 So look for yourself at what kind of help this is: the very act of trusting in it and seeking it is to lose it. Let this be enough regarding this privilege of hope; although it seems identical to God's special providence toward his own, which we discussed earlier, it isn't—rather, it differs from it as an effect differs from its cause. For since the foundations and causes of this hope are many—such as the goodness and truth of God, and the merits of Christ, and so on one of the29 The main one is this fatherly providence, from which this confidence grows; because knowing that God has this care for them creates this confidence in them.30
Read the original Spanish
Con la alegría de la buena conciencia se junta la de la confianza y esperanza en que viven los buenos; de lo cual dice el Apóstol: Spe gaudentes, in tribulatione patientes, aconsejándonos que nos alegremos con la esperanza y con ella tengamos en las tribulaciones paciencia, pues tan grande ayudador y galardonador de nuestros trabajos nos dice ella que tenemos en Dios. Este es uno de los grandes tesoros de la vida cristiana, estas las Indias y patrimonios de los hijos de Dios, y este el común puerto y remedio de todas las miserias desta vida.
Mas aquí es de notar —porque no nos engañemos— que, así como hay dos maneras de fe: una muerta, que no hace obras de vida (cual es la de los malos cristianos), y otra viva y formada con caridad (cual es la que tienen los justos, con que hacen obras de vida), así también hay dos maneras de esperanza: una muerta, que ni da vida al ánima, ni la aviva y esfuerza en sus obras, ni la anima y consuela en sus trabajos (cual es la que tienen los malos), y otra viva, como la llama san Pedro, la cual, como cosa que tiene vida, tiene también efectos de vida, que son: animarnos, consolarnos, alegrarnos, y esforzarnos en el camino del cielo, y darnos aliento y confianza en medio de los trabajos del mundo. Como la tenía aquella bienaventurada Susana, de quien se dice que, estando ya sentenciada a muerte y llevándola por las calles públicas a apedrear, con todo esto su corazón estaba esforzado y confiado en Dios. Y tal era también la confianza que tenía David, cuando decía: Acuérdate, Señor, de la palabra que tienes dada a tu siervo, con la cual me diste esperanza, porque esta me esforzó y consoló en la aflicción de mis trabajos.
Pues esta esperanza viva obra muchos y muy admirables efectos en el ánima donde mora; y tanto más, cuanto más participa de la caridad y amor de Dios, que es el que le da vida. Entre los cuales efectos, el primero es esforzar al hombre en el camino de la virtud con la esperanza del galardón; porque, cuanto más firmes prendas tiene desto, tanto más alegremente pasa por los trabajos del mundo, como todos los santos a una voz testifican. San Gregorio dice: «La virtud de la esperanza de tal manera levanta nuestro corazón a los bienes de la eternidad, que nos hace no sentir los males de esta mortalidad». Orígenes dice: «La esperanza de la gloria advenidera da descanso a los que por ella trabajan en esta vida; así como mitiga el dolor de las heridas que el soldado recibe en la guerra la esperanza de la corona». San Ambrosio dice: «La esperanza firme del galardón esconde los trabajos y hurta el cuerpo a los peligros». San Jerónimo dice: «Toda obra se hace liviana cuando se estima el precio della, y así la esperanza del premio diminuye la fuerza del trabajo». Esto mismo explica Crisóstomo aún más copiosamente por estas palabras. «Si las temerosas ondas de la mar no desmayan a los marineros, ni la lluvia de las tempestades e inviernos a los labradores, ni las heridas y muertes a los soldados, ni los golpes y caídas a los luchadores, cuando ponen los ojos en las esperanzas engañosas de lo que por esto pretenden, mucho menos habían de sentir los trabajos los que esperan en el Reino de Dios.
No mires, pues, oh cristiano, que el camino de las virtudes es áspero, sino dónde va a parar; ni que el de los vicios es dulce, sino el paradero que tiene». Dice, por cierto, muy bien este santo: «Porque ¿quién irá de buena gana por un camino de rosas y flores, si va a parar en la muerte? ¿Y quién rehusará un camino áspero y dificultoso, si va a parar a la vida?»
Mas no sólo sirve la esperanza para alcanzar este tan deseado fin, sino también para todos los medios que para él se requieren; y, generalmente, para todas las necesidades y miserias desta vida; porque por ella es el hombre socorrido en sus tribulaciones, defendido en sus peligros, consolado en sus dolores, ayudado en sus enfermedades, proveído en sus necesidades; pues por ella se alcanza el favor y misericordia de Dios, que para todas las cosas nos ayuda. Desto tenemos evidentísimas prendas y testimonios en todas las Escrituras divinas, mayormente en los salmos de David, porque apenas se hallará salmo que no engrandezca esta virtud y predique los frutos della; lo cual, sin duda, es una de las mayores riquezas y consolaciones que los buenos tienen en esta vida. Por lo cual no se me debe tener por prolijidad referir aquí algunas dellas, pues es cierto que muchas más son las que callo, que las que podré referir. En el libro de los Reyes dijo un profeta al rey Asá: Los ojos del Señor contemplan toda la tierra y dan fortaleza a todos los que esperan en él. Jeremías dice: Bueno es el Señor a los que esperan en él y al ánima del que lo busca. Y en otro lugar: Bueno es el Señor, el cual esfuerza a los suyos en el tiempo de la tribulación, y conoce a todos los que esperan en él; esto es, tiene cuenta con ellos para socorrerlos y ayudarlos. Isaías dice: Si os volviéredes a mí y estuviéredes en mí quietos, seréis salvos; en silencio y esperanza estará vuestra fortaleza; y entiende aquí por silencio la quietud y reposo interior del ánima en medio de los trabajos, que es efecto de la esperanza, la cual destierra della toda solicitud y congoja desordenada con el favor que espera de la misericordia divina. El Eclesiástico dice: Los que teméis al Señor, fiaos dél, y no perderéis vuestro galardón.
Los que teméis al Señor, esperad en él, y su misericordia será vuestra consolación y alegría. Mirad, hijos, a todas las naciones de los hombres, y sabed cierto que nadie esperó en el Señor que le saliese en vano su esperanza. Salomón, en sus Proverbios, dice: Descubre tu corazón al Señor y espera en él, porque él te guiará y enderezará tus caminos. El profeta David, en un salmo, dice: Esperen, Señor, en ti los que conocen tu nombre, porque nunca desamparaste a los que te buscan. En otro dice: Yo, Señor, esperé en ti, y así me alegraré y gozaré en tu misericordia. En otro dice: A los que esperan en el Señor cercará la misericordia; y dice muy bien cercará, para dar a entender que por todas partes los guardará, así como el rey que está cercado de su gente, para que vaya más seguro. Y en otro salmo prosigue más a la larga esta materia, diciendo: Esperando, esperé en el Señor, y él miró por mí, y sacome del lago de la miseria y del lodo en que estaba atollado, y asentó mis pies sobre una firme piedra, y enderezó todos mis pasos, y puso en mi boca un cantar nuevo y un himno en alabanza de nuestro Dios. Verán esto los justos y esperarán en él.
Bienaventurado el varón que puso su esperanza en el Señor y no puso sus ojos en las vanidades y locuras engañosas del mundo; en las cuales palabras hallarás aún otro efecto maravilloso desta virtud, que es abrir la boca y los ojos del
hombre para conocer por experiencia la bondad y providencia paternal de Dios, y cantarle un cantar nuevo con un nuevo gusto y nueva alegría por el nuevo beneficio recibido con el socorro esperado. No acabaríamos a este paso de traer versos, y aun salmos enteros, deste profeta, porque todo el salmo Qui confidunt in Domino sicut mons Sion desto habla; y asimismo todo el salmo Qui habitat in adiutorio Altissimi se gasta en contar los grandes frutos y provechos de los que esperan en Dios y viven debajo de su protección. Donde, sobre una palabra deste salmo, que dice: Tú eres, Señor, mi esperanza, escribe san Bernardo así: «Para cualquier cosa que deba yo hacer o no hacer, sufrir o desear, tú eres, Señor, mi esperanza. Esta es la causa del cumplimiento de todas tus promesas, esta es la principal razón y fundamento de mi esperanza. Alegue otro sus virtudes, gloríese que ha sufrido todo el peso del día y del calor, diga con el fariseo que ayunó dos días cada semana y que no es él como los otros hombres; mas yo, Señor, diré con el Profeta: Bueno es a mí allegarme a Dios y poner en él mi esperanza. Si se me prometen premios, por vos esperaré que los alcanzaré; si se levantaren contra mí batallas, por vos espero que las venceré; si se embraveciere contra mí el mundo, si bramare el demonio, si la misma carne se levantare contra el espíritu, en vos esperaré. Pues, siendo esto así, ¿por qué no desechamos luego de nosotros todas estas vanas y engañosas esperanzas, y no nos apegamos con todo fervor y devoción a esta esperanza tan segura?» Y más abajo añade el mismo santo, diciendo: «La fe dice: “Grandes y inestimables bienes tiene Dios aparejados para sus fieles”.
Mas la esperanza dice: “Para mí los tiene guardados”. Y no contenta con esto, hace a la caridad que diga: “Pues yo me daré prisa por gozarlos”».
Cata aquí, pues, hermano, cuán grande sea el fruto desta virtud y para cuántas cosas nos aprovecha. Ella es como un puerto seguro adonde se acogen los justos en el tiempo de la tormenta. Es como un escudo muy fuerte con que se defienden de los mares y ondas deste siglo. Es como un depósito de pan en tiempo de hambre, adonde acuden todos los pobres y necesitados a pedir socorro. Es aquel tabernáculo y sombra que promete Dios por Isaías a sus escogidos, para que en él se escondan y defiendan de los calores del verano y de las lluvias y torbellinos del invierno; esto es, de las prosperidades y adversidades deste mundo. Es, finalmente, una medicina y común remedio de todos nuestros males, pues es verdad que todo lo que justa, fiel y sabiamente esperáremos de Dios, alcanzaremos, siendo cosa saludable.
Λ Por donde dice Cipriano que «la misericordia de Dios es la fuente de los remedios, y que la esperanza es el vaso que los coge, y que, según la cantidad deste vaso, así será la del remedio»; porque por parte de la fuente no puede el agua de la misericordia faltar. De suerte que, así como dijo Dios a los hijos de Israel que toda la tierra sobre que pusiesen sus pies sería suya, así toda la misericordia sobre que el hombre llegare a poner los pies de su esperanza será suya. Y, según esto, el que movido de Dios esperare todas las cosas, todas las alcanzará.
En lo cual parece que esta esperanza es una imitación de la virtud y poder de Dios, la cual redunda en gloria del mismo Dios. Porque, como dice muy bien san Bernardo, «no hay cosa que tanto declare la omnipotencia de Dios, como ver que no sólo él es todopoderoso, mas que también hace en su manera todopoderosos a los que esperan en él». Si no, dime: ¿No participaba desta omnipotencia el que desde la tierra mandaba al sol que se parase en el cielo, y el que daba a escoger al rey Ezequías si quería que mandase al mismo sol volver atrás o pasar adelante? . Esto es lo que señaladamente engrandece la gloria de Dios: hacer los suyos tan poderosos. Porque, si se gloriaba aquel soberbio rey de los asirios diciendo que los príncipes que le servían eran también reyes como él, ¿cuánto más se puede gloriar nuestro Señor Dios diciendo que también son dioses en su manera los que le sirven a él, pues tanto participan de su poder?
I. De la esperanza vana de los malos
Este es, pues, el tesoro de la esperanza de que gozan los buenos, del cual carecen los malos; porque, aunque tienen esperanza, no la tienen viva, sino muerta, porque el pecado le quitó la vida, y así no obra en ellos estos efectos que habemos dicho; porque, así como ninguna cosa hay que más avive la esperanza, que la buena conciencia, así una de las cosas que más la derriba y desmaya es la mala; pues esta, como dijimos, ordinariamente anda a sombra de tejados, y así teme y desconfía, por entender que no tiene merecido, sino desmerecido el favor de la divina gracia. De
donde, así como la sombra sigue al cuerpo doquiera que va, así el temor y la desconfianza acompañan a la mala conciencia por doquiera que anda; en lo cual parece que, cual es su felicidad, tal es su confianza; porque, así como tiene su felicidad en los bienes del mundo, así en ellos tiene su confianza, pues en ellos se gloría y a ellos se socorre en el tiempo de la tribulación. De la cual esperanza hallamos escrito en el libro de la Sabiduría: La esperanza del malo es como el pelito de lana que se lleva el viento, y como la espuma delgada que deshace la ola, y como el vapor del humo que esparce el aire. ¿Ves, pues, cuán vana es esta confianza?
Pues aún más mal tiene que este, porque no sólo es vana, sino también perjudicial y engañosa, como lo significó el Señor por el profeta Isaías, diciendo: ¡Ay de vosotros, hijos desamparadores de vuestro Padre, que tomastes consejo, y no conmigo, y urdisteis una tela, y no con mi espíritu, para añadir pecados a pecados; e enviastes a Egipto a pedir socorro, y no tomastes consejo conmigo, esperando ayuda en la fortaleza de Faraón y poniendo vuestra confianza en la sombra de Egipto! Y volvérseos ha la fortaleza de Faraón en confusión, y la confianza en la sombra de Egipto, en ignominia. Todos quedaron confundidos, esperando en el pueblo que no los socorrió ni les aprovechó nada; antes les fue materia de mayor vergüenza y confusión. Hasta aquí son palabras de Isaías, el cual, no contento con lo dicho, torna en el capítulo siguiente a repetir esta misma reprehensión, diciendo: ¡Ay de aquellos que van a Egipto a pedir socorro, esperando en sus caballos y teniendo confianza en sus carros, porque son muchos, y en sus caballeros, porque son muy esforzados, y no pusieron su confianza en el Santo de Israel, ni buscaron al Señor! Porque Egipto es hombre, y no dios, y sus caballos son carne, y no espíritu, y el Señor extenderá su mano, y caerá el ayudador y también el que es ayudado, y unos y otros serán juntamente confundidos y burlados.
Cata aquí, pues, la diferencia que hay entre la esperanza de los buenos y de los malos, porque la de los unos es carne, y la de los otros es espíritu; y, si esto es poco, la de los unos es hombre, y la de los otros es Dios. Por do parece que, lo que va de Dios a hombre, eso va de esperanza a esperanza; por lo cual con mucha razón nos aparta el Profeta de la una esperanza y nos convida a la otra, diciendo: No queráis confiar en los príncipes de la tierra ni en los hijos de los hombres, que no son parte para dar salud. Acabarse ha la vida dellos y volverse han en la misma tierra de que fueron formados, y en este día perecerán todos los pensamientos de los que confiaban en ellos. Bienaventurado el varón que tiene a Dios por su ayudador y en él tiene puesta su esperanza, el cual hizo el cielo, la tierra, la mar y todo lo que en ellos es. Y en otro salmo declara el mismo profeta esta misma diferencia de esperanzas, diciendo: Estos confían en sus carros y caballos, y nosotros en el nombre del Señor. Ellos se enlazaron y cayeron, mas nosotros nos levantamos y estamos en pie. Mira, pues, cuán bien responde aquí el fruto de la confianza a los estribos y fundamentos della, pues de la una se sigue la caída, y de la otra, levantamiento y vitoria.
Por lo cual con mucha razón se comparan los unos con aquel hombre del Evangelio que edificó su casa sobre arena, la cual, a la primera tempestad que se levantó, dio consigo en tierra; y los otros, con el que la edificó sobre peña viva, y por eso estuvo firme y segura contra todas las aguas y torbellinos desta vida. Y no menos elegantemente declara el profeta Jeremías, por otra muy hermosa comparación, esta misma diferencia, por estas palabras: Maldito sea el hombre que confía en otro hombre y el que, apartando su corazón del Señor, pone la carne flaca por brazo y amparo de su vida. Porque este tal será como el arbolillo silvestre que nace en el desierto, que no verá el bien cuando viniere, sino antes estará desmedrado en perpetua sequedad y en tierra salobre e inhabitable. Mas, por el contrario, del varón justo dice luego así: Bendito sea el varón que tiene su esperanza en el Señor, porque él será su ayudador. Este tal será como un árbol plantado par de las corrientes de las aguas, que con la virtud del humor vecino extenderá sus raíces, y en el año de la sequedad está seguro de la fuerza del estío, y sus hojas estarán siempre verdes, y nunca dejará de dar fruto. Hasta aquí son palabras del Profeta. Pues dime, ruégote: ¿Qué más era menester, si tuviesen los hombres seso, para ver la diferencia que hay, sólo por parte de la esperanza, entre la suerte de los buenos y de los malos, y entre la prosperidad de los unos y de los otros? ¿Qué mayor bien puede tener un árbol que estar plantado de la manera que aquí nos lo pinta el Profeta?
Pues tal es, en su manera, el estado del justo, a quien todas las cosas suceden prósperamente, por estar plantado par de las corrientes del agua de la divina gracia. Mas, por el contrario, ninguna peor suerte puede caber a un árbol que ser infructuoso y silvestre, y estar en mala tierra, y fuera de la vista y culto de los hombres; para que por aquí vean los malos que no pueden tener en esta vida otro más miserable estado, que tener desviados sus ojos y corazón de Dios, que es fuente de aguas vivas, y tenerlos puestos en los
arrimos de las criaturas frágiles y engañosas, que es la tierra desierta, seca e inhabitable. Por donde verás muy bien cuán digno de ser llorado es el mundo, que en tan mala tierra está plantado, pues en tan flacos estribos tiene puesta su esperanza, que no es esperanza, sino engaño y confusión, como arriba se declaró.
Pues dime, ruégote: ¿Qué mayor miseria puede ser que esta? , ¿qué mayor pobreza que vivir sin esta manera de esperanza? Porque, si el hombre quedó por el pecado tan pobre y tan desnudo, como arriba tratamos, y para su remedio era tan necesaria la esperanza de la divina misericordia, ¿qué será dél, quebrada esta áncora en la cual se sostenía? Vemos que todos los otros animales nacen, en su manera, perfectos y proveídos de todo lo necesario para su vida; mas el hombre, por el pecado, quedó medio deshecho, de tal manera que casi ninguna cosa de las que ha menester tiene dentro de sí, sino que todo le ha de venir de acarreo y de limosna por mano de la divina misericordia. Pues, quitada esta de por medio, ¿qué tal podrá ser su vida, sino coja y manca y llena de mil defectos? ¿Qué cosa es vivir sin esperanza, sino vivir sin Dios? Pues ¿qué le quedó al hombre de su antiguo patrimonio para vivir sin este arrimo? ¿Qué nación hay en el mundo tan bárbara, que no tenga alguna noticia de Dios, y que no le honre con alguna manera de honra, y que no espere algún beneficio de su providencia?
Un poco de tiempo que se ausentó Moisés de los hijos de Israel, pensaron que estaban sin Dios, y, como rudos y groseros, dieron voces a Aarón, diciendo que les hiciese algún dios, porque no se atrevían a caminar sin él; a lo cual, parece que la misma naturaleza humana, aunque no siempre conoce al verdadero Dios, conoce que tiene necesidad de Dios, y aunque no conozca la causa de su flaqueza, conoce su flaqueza, y por eso naturalmente busca a Dios para remedio della. De suerte que, así como la yedra busca el arrimo del árbol para subir a lo alto, porque por sí no puede, y así como la mujer naturalmente busca el arrimo y sombra del varón, porque, como animal imperfecto, entiende la necesidad que tiene de este arrimo, así la misma naturaleza humana, como pobre y necesitada, busca la sombra y amparo de Dios. Pues, siendo esto así, ¿cuál será la vida de los hombres que viven en tan triste viudez y desamparo de Dios?
Querría saber: Los que desta manera viven, ¿con quién se consuelan en sus trabajos? , ¿a quién se acogen en sus peligros? , ¿con quién se curan en sus enfermedades? , ¿a quién dan parte de sus penas? , ¿con quien se aconsejan en sus negocios? , ¿a quién piden socorro en sus necesidades? , ¿con quién tratan? , ¿con quién conversan?
, ¿con quién platican? , ¿con quién se acuestan? , ¿y con quién se levantan? , y, finalmente, ¿cómo pasan por todos los trances desta vida los que no tienen este recurso? Si un cuerpo no puede vivir sin ánima, ¿cómo un ánima puede vivir sin Dios? ; pues no es menos necesario Dios para la una vida, que el ánima para la otra. Y, si, como arriba dijimos, la esperanza viva es el áncora de nuestra vida, ¿cómo osa nadie entrar en el golfo de este siglo tan tempestuoso sin el socorro desta áncora? Y, si la esperanza decíamos que era el escudo con que nos defendemos del enemigo, ¿cómo andan los hombres sin este escudo en medio de tantos enemigos?
Si la esperanza es el báculo con que se sostiene la naturaleza humana después de aquella general dolencia, ¿qué será del hombre flaco sin el arrimo deste báculo?
Queda, pues, aquí, bastantemente declarado lo que va de la esperanza de los buenos a la de los malos, y, por consiguiente, lo que va de la suerte de los unos a la de los otros, pues los unos tienen a Dios por defensor y valedor, y los otros, el báculo de Egipto, que, si os quisiéredes afirmar sobre él, quebrarse ha y entrarse ha por la mano del que estriba sobre él; porque basta la culpa que el hombre comete en poner aquí toda su confianza, para que Dios la cure con el desengaño de su caída, como él lo significó por Jeremías, el cual, profetizando la destruición del reino de Moab, y la causa della, dice así: Porque tuviste confianza en tus muros y en tus tesoros, tú también serás presa y destruida, y Camós —que es el Dios en quien confías— será llevado cautivo, y sus sacerdotes y príncipes también con él. Mira, pues, ahora tú cuál sea este linaje de socorro, pues el mismo confiar en él y procurarlo es perderlo.
Esto baste cuanto a este privilegio de la esperanza; el cual, aunque parece ser el mismo que el de la providencia especial de Dios para con los suyos, de que arriba tratamos, pero no lo es, antes se diferencia dél, como efecto de su causa. Porque, como sean muchos los fundamentos y causas desta esperanza, cuales son la bondad, y la verdad de Dios, y los méritos de Cristo, etc. , uno de los
principales es esta paternal providencia, de la cual procede esta confianza; porque saber que tiene Dios este cuidado dellos causa esta confianza en ellos.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Rom.12.12 — Rejoice in hope; endure in affliction; persevere in prayer.
- ↩Jas.2.17 — So also faith, if it does not have works, is dead by itself.
- ↩2Chr.16.9 — For the eyes of the LORD range throughout the whole earth, to strengthen those whose hearts are fully his. You have acted foolishly in this matter; therefore from now on you will have wars.
- ↩Lam.3.25 — The LORD is good to those who wait for him, to the soul that seeks him.
- ↩Nah.1.7 — The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of trouble; and he knows those who take refuge in him.
- ↩Isa.30.15 — For thus says the Lord GOD, the Holy One of Israel: 'In returning and rest you shall be saved; in quietness and trust shall be your strength.' But you were unwilling,
- ↩Prov.3.5-Prov.3.6 — Trust in the LORD with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. Prov.3.6 — In all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make straight your paths.
- ↩Ps.9.11 — And those who know your name put their trust in you, for you, O LORD, have not forsaken those who seek you.
- ↩Ps.32.10 — Many are the sorrows of the wicked, but whoever trusts in the LORD, steadfast love surrounds him.
- ↩Ps.40.1-Ps.40.3 — For the choirmaster. Of David. A Psalm. Ps.40.2 — I waited patiently for the LORD, and he inclined to me and heard my cry. Ps.40.3 — He lifted me out of the roaring pit, out of the miry clay, and set my feet upon a rock, making my steps firm.
- ↩Ps.40.4 — And he has put a new song in my mouth, a hymn of praise to our God. Many will see and fear, and will trust in the LORD.
- ↩Ps.90.9 — For all our days have passed away in your wrath; we finish our years like a sigh.
- ↩Matt.20.12 — saying, 'These last ones worked one hour, and you made them equal to us, who bore the burden of the day and the scorching heat.'
- ↩Luke.18.11-Luke.18.12 — The Pharisee, standing by himself, prayed these things toward himself: 'God, I thank you that I am not like the rest of people—robbers, evildoers, adulterers—or even like this tax collector.' Luke.18.12 — I fast twice a week; I give a tenth of all that I get.
- ↩Gal.5.17 — For the flesh desires what is contrary to the Spirit, and the Spirit what is contrary to the flesh; these are opposed to each other, so that you may not do the things you wish.
- ↩1Cor.2.9 — But as it is written: What no eye has seen, nor ear heard, nor the heart of man conceived—all that God has prepared for those who love him.
- ↩1Cor.2.9 — But as it is written: What no eye has seen, nor ear heard, nor the heart of man conceived—all that God has prepared for those who love him.
- ↩Isa.4.5-Isa.4.6 — Then the LORD will create over every dwelling place of Mount Zion and over her assemblies a cloud by day and smoke and the glow of a flaming fire by night; for over all the glory there will be a canopy. Isa.4.6 — And there will be a shelter for shade by day from the heat, and for refuge and hiding place from the storm and from the rain.
- ↩Josh.10.12-Josh.10.13 — Then Joshua spoke to the LORD on the day when the LORD gave the Amorites over to the sons of Israel, and he said before the eyes of Israel: Sun, stand still over Gibeon, and moon, over the Valley of Aijalon. Josh.10.13 — Then the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, until the nation took vengeance on its enemies. Is this not written in the Book of Jashar? And the sun stood still in the middle of the sky, and did not hasten to go down for an entire day.
- ↩2Kgs.20.8-2Kgs.20.11;Isa.38.7-Isa.38.8 — Hezekiah said to Isaiah, "What will be the sign that the LORD will heal me, that I will go up to the house of the LORD on the third day?" 2Kgs.20.9 — And Isaiah said, "This is the sign to you from the LORD, that the LORD will do the thing that he has spoken: shall the shadow go forward ten steps, or go back ten steps?" 2Kgs.20.10 — Hezekiah replied, "It is an easy thing for the shadow to extend ten steps; no, let the shadow turn back ten steps." 2Kgs.20.11 — Then Isaiah the prophet called to the LORD, and He brought back the shadow on the steps that had gone down on the steps of Ahaz, ten steps backward. Isa.38.7 — And this is the sign to you from the LORD: the LORD will do this thing that he has spoken. Isa.38.8 — Behold, I will reverse the shadow on the steps of Ahaz, which has gone down on the staircase of the sun, by ten steps backward. And the sun returned ten steps on the steps by which it had gone down.
- ↩Isa.10.8 — For he will say, 'Are not my princes all kings?'
- ↩Ps.82.6;John.10.34 — I said, "You are gods, sons of the Most High, all of you; John.10.34 — Jesus answered them, "Is it not written in your Law, 'I said, you are gods'?"
- ↩Isa.30.1-Isa.30.3 — Oh, rebellious children, declares the LORD, who carry out a plan, but not from me, and who pour out a libation, but not of my Spirit, in order to heap sin upon sin. Isa.30.2 — Those who go down to Egypt, and have not asked my counsel, to take refuge in the stronghold of Pharaoh, and to shelter in the shadow of Egypt! Isa.30.3 — And Pharaoh's strength will be your shame, and your refuge in Egypt's shadow will be your disgrace.
- ↩Isa.30.3 — And Pharaoh's strength will be your shame, and your refuge in Egypt's shadow will be your disgrace.
- ↩Isa.30.5 — All the people were put to shame; they brought no benefit to them — not for help and not for profit, but for shame and also for disgrace.
- ↩Isa.31.1 — Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help, who rely on horses, trusting in chariots because they are many, and in horsemen because they are very strong, but do not look to the Holy One of Israel, and do not seek the LORD.
- ↩Isa.31.3 — But the Egyptians are mere mortals, not God; their horses are flesh, not spirit. When the LORD stretches out their hand, the helper will stumble and the helped will fall, and together they will all come to an end.
- ↩Ps.146.3 — Do not put your trust in princes, in a son of man, in whom there is no salvation.
- ↩Ps.146.4 — When his spirit departs, he returns to the earth; on that very day his plans perish.
- ↩Ps.146.5-Ps.146.6 — Blessed is the one whose help is the God of Jacob, whose hope is in the LORD his God. Ps.146.6 — the Maker of heaven and earth, the sea and all that is in them—the one who keeps faith forever,
- ↩Ps.20.7 — Now I know that the LORD saves his anointed; he will answer him from his holy heavens with the saving power of his right hand.
- ↩Ps.20.8 — These trust in chariots, and these in horses, but we call upon the name of the LORD our God.
- ↩Jer.17.5 — Thus says the LORD: Cursed is the man who trusts in man, who makes flesh his arm, and whose heart turns away from the LORD.
- ↩Jer.17.6 — He shall be like a tamarisk in the Arabah, and he shall not see when good comes, but shall dwell in the scorched places of the wilderness, in a salt land that is uninhabited.
- ↩Jer.17.7;Ps.146.5 — Blessed is the man who trusts in the LORD, and the LORD is his confidence. Ps.146.5 — Blessed is the one whose help is the God of Jacob, whose hope is in the LORD his God.
- ↩Jer.17.8;Ps.1.3 — He will be like a tree planted by water, sending out its roots by the stream; it will not fear when heat comes, and its leaves will be green; in the year of drought it will not cease to bear fruit. Ps.1.3 — He is like a tree planted by streams of water, which yields its fruit in season, and whose leaf does not wither; and whatever he does prospers.
- ↩Jer.17.8;Ps.1.3 — He will be like a tree planted by water, sending out its roots by the stream; it will not fear when heat comes, and its leaves will be green; in the year of drought it will not cease to bear fruit. Ps.1.3 — He is like a tree planted by streams of water, which yields its fruit in season, and whose leaf does not wither; and whatever he does prospers.
- ↩Jer.17.5-Jer.17.6 — Thus says the LORD: Cursed is the man who trusts in man, who makes flesh his arm, and whose heart turns away from the LORD. Jer.17.6 — He shall be like a tamarisk in the Arabah, and he shall not see when good comes, but shall dwell in the scorched places of the wilderness, in a salt land that is uninhabited.
- ↩Heb.6.19 — This hope we have as an anchor for the soul, both sure and steadfast, and which enters into the inner place behind the veil.
- ↩Rom.1.19-Rom.1.21 — because what can be known about God is plain among them, for God made it plain to them. Rom.1.20 — For since the creation of the world, his invisible attributes have been clearly perceived, being understood through the things that have been made: both his eternal power and divine nature. So they are without excuse. Rom.1.21 — For although they knew God, they did not glorify him as God or give him thanks, but they became futile in their reasonings, and their senseless hearts were darkened.
- ↩Exod.32.1 — When the people saw that Moses was slow to come down from the mountain, they gathered against Aaron and said to him, 'Come, make us gods who will go before us. As for this Moses, the man who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we do not know what has happened to him.'
- ↩1Pet.1.3 — Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to his great mercy has given us new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead.
- ↩Heb.6.19 — This hope we have as an anchor for the soul, both sure and steadfast, and which enters into the inner place behind the veil.
- ↩Eph.6.16 — In all circumstances, take up the shield of faith, with which you will be able to extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one.
- ↩Jer.48.7 — Because you have trusted in your works and in your treasures, you also shall be taken captive; and Chemosh shall go into exile, his priests and his officials together.
Notes
- 1 ↩"Indias" is Granada's Golden Age metaphor for vast New World wealth; rendered as "Indies" to keep that historical figure rather than flattening it to generic riches.
- 2 ↩Spanish «formada con caridad» echoes the scholastic «fides formata caritate» (faith formed by charity); charity is kept here as the theological virtue that gives living form to faith and hope.
- 3 ↩«prendas» rendered as “pledges” (sure tokens/guarantees of the reward), not material jewelry.
- 4 ↩«hurta el cuerpo a los peligros» kept as vivid personification: hope “steals” the body from dangers (makes them unfelt / draws one past them), not literal theft.
- 5 ↩Source sentence opens with a quotation mark and ends mid-period without a closing quote; translation preserves the open Chrysostom citation that continues in the next section.
- 6 ↩Granada cites this as from the book of Kings to King Asa; the wording matches 2 Chronicles 16:9 in the Asa narrative. The English keeps 'book of Kings' to follow the Spanish source.
- 7 ↩"Esperando, esperé" preserves the intensive Hebrew-style construction (waiting I waited / I waited patiently); "sacome" is the enclitic sacóme, "he drew me out."
- 8 ↩The Spanish clause ends mid-phrase at the section break ("los ojos del"); the sense continues in the next section with "hombre…".
- 9 ↩Spanish vaso rendered as vessel (container that draws and holds water); cantidad deste vaso as capacity/size, governing how much remedy is received.
- 10 ↩Source sentence is only a bare period (likely a segmentation artifact). No recoverable Spanish clause to translate.
- 11 ↩"dioses en su manera" kept as "gods in their own way" to preserve Granada's participatory sense, not ontological equality with God.
- 12 ↩Spanish 'anda a sombra de tejados' is an idiom for living furtively or in hiding (literally, walking in the shade of rooftops); rendered as 'skulks in the shadows' to keep the furtive moral force. The next section continues this image with the shadow that follows the body.
- 13 ↩Source sentence is only the preposition/fragment 'De'. Neighboring sections use full heading forms such as 'De la esperanza vana de los malos'; this may be a truncated heading, catchword, or segmentation artifact.
- 14 ↩Sentence begins with lowercase 'donde' after a truncated previous fragment ('De'); rendered as the consecutive 'De donde' / 'Hence' that the join implies.
- 15 ↩salud here is biblical deliverance/salvation, not physical health; rendered 'salvation'.
- 16 ↩se enlazaron can mean were bound, snared, or tripped; rendered 'entangled' to keep the psalm image of collapse under false trust.
- 17 ↩estribos is figurative (props/supports; literally stirrups). Paired with fundamentos as the base on which trust leans.
- 18 ↩«pone la carne flaca por brazo y amparo» follows Jer 17:5's «flesh as his arm»; rendered as making weak flesh the arm and shelter of one's life to keep both brazo (strength/reliance) and amparo (protection).
- 19 ↩«humor vecino» = neighboring moisture/sap, not modern «humor»; «par de» = beside; «estío» = summer heat.
- 20 ↩The Spanish sentence is cut off mid-clause at section end ("y tenerlos puestos en los"); the next section completes it with the frail, deceptive supports of creatures.
- 21 ↩Spanish arrimos means supports/props (or stays one leans on); rendered 'props' to match the continuing tree/soil metaphor from GuiaPec.1.19.19 and the later flacos estribos.
- 22 ↩de acarreo y de limosna: acarreo marks provision carried in from outside (not native to the person); limosna is alms. Rendered as external, dependent gift rather than self-possession.
- 23 ↩esta points back to divine mercy / the hope that sustains man; quitada esta de por medio = once that support is removed from between him and ruin.
- 24 ↩arrimo continues the chapter's prop/support imagery for what one leans on; here the true support is hope in God's mercy (not the fragile creaturely props of the preceding section).
- 25 ↩«animal imperfecto» is scholastic/Aristotelian language for woman as an incomplete living being relative to man; rendered here as «imperfect creature» to keep the technical sense without modern English «animal».
- 26 ↩Spanish tratan con can mean deal with, have dealings with, or keep company with; rendered as 'deal with' to distinguish from the following conversan.
- 27 ↩"Aquella general dolencia" names the universal wound of the Fall (original sin) that left human nature needing support; rendered as "that universal affliction" to keep both the medical image and the shared scope without archaism.
- 28 ↩Spanish báculo de Egipto is the biblical reed-staff image (a support that breaks and wounds the hand that leans on it), not a literal shepherd's crook.
- 29 ↩Fragment only: source continues in GuiaPec.1.19.28 as 'principales es esta paternal providencia...' ('chief ones is this fatherly providence...').
- 30 ↩Continues the previous fragment (GuiaPec.1.19.27.s3: “, uno de los”); full sense: “one of the principal ones is this fatherly providence….”
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