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Capítulo XIV. Del tercero privilegio de la virtud, que es la lumbre y el conocimiento sobrenatural que da nuestro Señor a los virtuosos

The Gift of Divine Illumination

Grace heals the darkened understanding, bestowing the gifts of the Holy Spirit as a divine anointing.

The third privilege granted to virtue is a special light and wisdom that our Lord communicates to the just; this comes from the same grace we spoke of, just as all the others do. The reason for this is that, since it belongs to grace to heal nature—just as it heals the appetite and the will made sick by sin—it also heals the understanding, which was no less darkened.1 by that same sin, so that with the one a person may understand what he ought to do, and with the other be able to do it. In keeping with this, Saint Gregory says in the Moralia: "It's a punishment—one given for sin—that a person can't carry out what he understood, and it was also a punishment not to understand it." That's why the Prophet said: The Lord is my light against ignorance, and he is my salvation against powerlessness.2 In the one he teaches him what he ought to desire, and in the other he gives him strength so that he can attain it; and both the one and the other belong to the same grace. To this end, besides the habit of faith and of infused prudence that light up our understanding so we may know what we are to believe and what we are to do, the gifts of the Holy Spirit are added. Among them, four belong to the understanding: the gift of wisdom, to give us knowledge of the highest things; the gift of knowledge, for the lower ones; the gift of understanding, to penetrate the divine mysteries; and the gift of counsel, so we know how to conduct ourselves in the perplexities that so often arise in this life.✦3 All these rays and splendors come from grace, which for that reason is called in the divine Scriptures an anointing, which—as Saint John says—teaches us all things. For just as oil, among other liquids, especially serves to feed a flame and to heal wounds, so this divine anointing does both, healing the wounds of our will and lighting up the darkness of our understanding. And this is that oil, more precious than all balsams, of which holy King David was so proud when he said: You anointed my head, Lord, with abundance of oil. It's clear that he wasn't speaking here of a material head or material oil, but of the spiritual head, which is the highest part of our soul (where the understanding is, as Didymus declares on this passage), and of the spiritual oil, which is the light of the Holy Spirit by which this lamp is sustained.4 So this holy king had a great abundance of the light of this oil—which he himself confesses in another psalm, where he says that God had made known to him the uncertain and hidden things of His wisdom.

Grace as the Light of the Will

Divine light is not merely speculative but practical, moving the will toward virtue and reforming the soul.

There is another reason for this as well. Because, since the work of grace is to make a person virtuous, and that can only happen by leading him to sorrow and repentance for his past life, love of God, hatred of sin, desire for the goods of heaven, and contempt for the world, it's clear that the will can never have these and other such affections unless the understanding has a proportionate light and knowledge to awaken them; for the will is a blind power that cannot take a step unless the understanding goes ahead of it, lighting its way and showing it the good or evil in all things, so that according to these it attaches itself to them or turns away from them. For this reason, Saint Thomas says that as the love of God grows in the soul of the just person, the knowledge of God's goodness and beauty grows in the same proportion. If one grows a hundred degrees, the other grows just as many, because whoever loves much knows many reasons for love in the thing they love, and whoever loves little knows few. And what is clearly understood of the love of God is also understood of fear, and of hope, and of hatred of sin; for no one will hate it above all things unless he understands that it is so great an evil that it deserves to be hated above them all. So, just as the Holy Spirit wants these effects to be in the soul of the just person, he must also want there to be causes that produce them; just as, wanting there to be a diversity of effects on earth, he also wanted there to be diversity in the causes and influences of heaven. Beyond this, if it's true that grace lodges God in the soul of the just person, as we explained earlier, and God—as Saint John often says—is a light that enlightens everyone who comes into this world, it's clear that the purer and cleaner He finds that soul, the more His divine light will shine within it, just as the sun's rays do in a highly polished, clean mirror. This is why Saint Augustine calls God "the wisdom of the purified soul," because He enlightens such a soul with the rays of His light, teaching it what it needs for its salvation. But why should it be a surprise that He does this with human beings, since He does the same in His own way with every other creature? Through instinct from the Author of nature, they know everything that serves their preservation. Who teaches the sheep, among so many different plants in a field, which will harm it and which will do it good, so that it grazes on one and leaves the other—and also how to know which animal is a friend and which is an enemy, so that it flees the wolf and follows the mastiff—if not this same Lord? So then, if God gives this knowledge to brute animals so they may be preserved in natural life, how much more will He provide the just with even greater knowledge so they may be preserved in the spiritual life? A human being has no less need of it for things above his nature than a brute animal has for those that fit its own. For if divine providence was so careful in providing for the works of nature, how much more careful will it be with the works of grace, which are so much more excellent, and which stand so high above every power of man? This example doesn't just prove that this knowledge exists; it shows what kind of knowledge it is. It isn't so much speculative as it is practical, because it isn't given just so we may know, but so that we may act—not to create wise debaters, but virtuous doers. That is why it doesn't stay only in the understanding, like the knowledge gained in schools, but communicates its power to the will, inclining it toward everything this knowledge awakens and calls it to. This is characteristic of the instincts of the Holy Spirit, who, as a most perfect teacher, often teaches his own with this perfection what it is good for them to know.5 In keeping with this, the bride says in the Song of Songs: My soul melted after my beloved spoke.✦ This clearly shows the difference between this teaching and others: while the others do no more than enlighten the understanding, this one also delights and moves the will. With its power, it penetrates every corner and recess of our soul, working in each person what is needed for their reformation, as the Apostle declares when he says: The word of God is living and effective, and it pierces more sharply than a two-edged sword. It goes so far as to divide the animal and spiritual parts of a person, separating the one from the other and undoing the bad alliance that so often exists between flesh and spirit, when the spirit, joining itself to the bad woman of its flesh, becomes one with her. The power and effectiveness of the divine word undoes that alliance, making a person live a spiritual life in himself, rather than a carnal one.67

Scriptural Witnesses to Divine Teaching

The author provides extensive biblical evidence to confirm that God Himself is the teacher of the just.

This, then, is one of the chief effects of grace and one of the signal privileges the virtuous have in this life. And for this reason, though it has been proven by such clear arguments, it may well seem to carnal people dark to understand or hard to believe; so we will now prove it most clearly by many testimonies, from both the Old and the New Testament.8 In the New Testament the Lord says through Saint John: The Holy Spirit, the Comforter, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things, and will go over again the lessons I have taught you, and will bring them back to your memory.✦9 And in another place, he says: It is written in the Prophets that a time is coming when people will be taught by God.✦ So everyone who has listened to this teacher—who is my Father—and has learned from him, comes to me.✦ In keeping with this, the same Lord says through Jeremiah: I will cause my laws to be written on the hearts of human beings, and I myself, who once wrote them on tablets of stone, will write them in their inmost being, and so all will come to be taught by God.✦10 And through the prophet Isaiah, as the Lord declares the prosperity of his Church, he says: Poor little one, thrown down by the force of the storms that have surrounded you, I will rebuild you again and set the stones of your building in order, and I will found you on precious stones, and make your ramparts of jasper, and all your children will be taught by the Lord.✦ And further on, through the same prophet, he repeats the same thing, saying: I am the Lord your God, who teaches you what you need to know and guides you on the path you walk.✦ In those words we understand that there are two kinds of knowledge: one of the saints and another of the wise, one of the just and another of the learned; and the knowledge of the saints is the kind Solomon speaks of when he says, “The knowledge of the saints is prudence”—because knowledge is for knowing, but prudence is for acting; and that is the knowledge given to the saints. So then, how many times do we find this same wisdom promised in the psalms of David? One psalm says: The mouth of the just will meditate on wisdom, and his tongue will speak judgment.✦ In another the Lord promises the just man, saying: I will give you understanding and teach you what you must do on this path you walk, and I will set my eyes on you.✦ And then, a little further on, as something of great worth and wonder, the same prophet asks, saying: Who is this man who fears God, to whom he will do so great a favor that he himself will be his teacher and will teach him the law by which he is to live and the path he is to take?✦11 .12 And in that same psalm, we read:13 "The Lord is the firm support of those who fear him," Saint Jerome translates: "The secret of the Lord is disclosed to those who fear him, and his testament—which is his most holy laws—is made known and explained to them; and that explanation is a great light for the understanding, sweet food for the will, and recreation of great sweetness for the whole person."✦14 The prophet sometimes calls this same knowledge the pasture of his soul, where God had placed him; sometimes water of refreshment, with which God had revived him; and sometimes a table of strength, with whose food he fortified himself against all the fury of his enemies. For this reason, the same prophet—in that divine psalm beginning with Beati immaculati in via—so often asks for this light and interior teaching. At one point he says: 'I am your servant, Lord; give me understanding, that I may know your commandments.' At another he says: 'Enlighten my eyes, Lord, that I may see the wonders of your law.' And elsewhere he says: 'Give me understanding, and I will search your law, and I will keep it with all my heart.' Ultimately, this is the petition he repeats most often; he would never have asked for it with such insistence if he didn't understand very well how effective this teaching is and how ready the Lord is to impart it.

The Excellence of the Heavenly School

The wisdom taught by God is superior to all worldly knowledge and provides the soul with constancy and spiritual vision.

So then, this being so, what greater glory is there than to have such a teacher and to study in such a school, where the Lord lectures from the chair and teaches the wisdom of heaven to his chosen ones? If, as Saint Jerome says, people traveled from the farthest ends of Spain and France all the way to Rome just to see Titus Livy, who was so famous for his eloquence; and if that great sage Apollonius, as some believe, traveled around Mount Caucasus and much of the world just to see Iarchas seated on a golden throne among a few disciples, debating the motion of the heavens and the stars—what should people do to hear God, seated on the throne of their heart, teaching them not how the heavens move, but how the heavens are won?1516 And so that you don't think this teaching is just ordinary, hear what the prophet David says about its excellence—even though this light is not so general and common to everyone: I knew more than all who taught me, because I kept myself occupied thinking on your commandments; and more than all the old and the aged, because I employed myself in keeping them. But the Lord promises even more to his own through Isaiah, saying: "The Lord will give you rest on every side and will fill your soul with splendors, and you will be like a watered garden and like a spring that never runs dry."✦17 So what are these splendors with which God fills the souls of his own, if not the knowledge he gives them of the things that concern their salvation?18 For there he teaches them how great is the beauty of virtue, the ugliness of vice, the vanity of the world, the dignity of grace, the greatness of glory, the sweetness of the consolations of the Holy Spirit, the goodness of God, the malice of the devil, the shortness of this life, and the common delusion of almost everyone who lives in it. And with this knowledge, as the same prophet says, he often lifts them up onto the heights of the mountains, and from there they contemplate the King in his beauty, and their eyes see the land from far away.✦ It follows that the goods of heaven seem to them what they truly are, because they view them as if from close at hand; and the goods of earth seem very small, because besides being small in themselves, they view them from far away. The opposite happens to the wicked, like someone who looks at the things of heaven from so far away, and at those of earth from so close at hand. This is why those who share in this heavenly gift don't grow vain over prosperity or lose heart in adversity; through this light, they see how little everything the world can give or take away really is, compared to what God gives. That’s why Solomon says the just person remains as steady in his wisdom as the sun, while the fool changes from hour to hour like the moon. Regarding these words, Saint Ambrose writes in a letter: "The wise person isn't crushed by fear, isn't swayed by power, isn't puffed up by prosperity, and isn't overwhelmed by adversity; because where wisdom is, there is virtue, there is steadfastness, and there is fortitude."19 So he remains consistent in spirit, neither growing greater nor smaller with the changing of things, nor is he carried about by every wind of teaching; instead, he perseveres, complete in Christ, founded in charity and rooted in the faith."20 And no one should be surprised that this wisdom has such great power, because it is not, as we have already said, wisdom of the earth, but of heaven; not the kind that puffs up, but the kind that builds up; not the kind that only lights the understanding with its speculation, but the kind that moves the will with its heat, just as it moved Saint Augustine's—of whom it is written that he wept when he heard the psalms and the voices of the Church sweetly resounding; those voices entered through his ears into the depths of his heart, and there, with the heat of devotion, the truth melted within him, and tears ran from his eyes, which he says did him great good.✦ O blessed tears, and blessed school, blessed wisdom that forms such saints! What can be compared with this wisdom? Precious gold won't be given for it—says Job—nor will it be traded for all the silver in the world. The cloths of the Indies, worked in many colors, won't equal it, nor will precious stones of great value.21 Vessels of gold and glass, richly worked, have nothing to do with it, nor does anything else, however great and eminent it may be. After these praises, the holy man concludes by saying: See that the love of God is this wisdom, and to turn away from sin is true understanding. So this, then, brother, is one of the great rewards with which we invite you to virtue, for she is the one who holds the keys to this treasure; and so by this means Solomon invited us to her in his Proverbs, saying that if a man keeps his words and hides his commandments in his heart, then he will understand the fear of the Lord; because the Lord is the one who gives wisdom, and from his mouth come prudence and knowledge—and this wisdom does not stay fixed in one state, for every day it grows with new radiance and understanding, as that same wise man meant when he said: The path of the just shines like light, and so it keeps advancing and growing until the perfect day; and that day is the day of that blessed eternity, where we will no longer say with Job's friends that we receive God's secret inspirations as if by stealth, but will clearly see and hear God himself.✦✦✦

The Darkness of the Worldly

In contrast to the light of the just, the wicked dwell in the darkness of spiritual blindness and folly.

This, then, is the wisdom the children of light enjoy; but the wicked, on the contrary, live in those dreadful darknesses of Egypt that could be felt with the hands.✦ As a figure of this we read that in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel lived, there was always light, but in Egypt, day and night, there was this darkness—which represents for us the horrible blindness and dark night in which the wicked live, as they themselves confess through Isaiah, saying: We hoped for light, and darkness came; and we walked like the blind, groping along the walls; and as if we had no eyes, so we felt our way with our hands.✦22 We fell at midday as if it were night, and in the dark places like dead bodies. If not, tell me: What greater blindnesses and follies are there than those the wicked fall into at every step? What greater blindness is there than to sell the Kingdom of Heaven for the world's sweets—not to fear hell, not to seek paradise, not to fear sin, to pay no mind to divine judgment, not to value God's promises or His threats, not to get ready for the reckoning, and not to see that what delights is momentary and what torments is eternal? They did not know—says the Prophet—nor did they understand; they walk forever in darkness, and so they go from one darkness into another: that is, from interior darkness to exterior, and from the darkness of this life to that of the next.✦

Humility and the Authority of the Church

Interior illumination must be balanced by humble submission to the external authority and teaching of the Church.

At the end of all this matter, it seemed good to me to warn that, although everything said about this heavenly wisdom and light of the Holy Spirit is a great truth, still no one should, for that reason, stop submitting himself humbly to the judgment and counsel of his superiors—however justified he may be—and especially to those set as teachers and doctors of the Church, as we said at greater length elsewhere. After all, who was more full of light than the apostle Saint Paul, or Moses, who spoke with God face to face?✦ .23 Even so, the former went to Jerusalem to share with the apostles the Gospel he had learned in the third heaven, and the latter did not despise the counsel of his father-in-law, Jethro, even though he was a Gentile.✦✦24 The reason for this is that the interior helps and aids of grace do not exclude the exterior ones of the Church, for divine providence chose to provide in both ways for25 our weakness, which had need of everything.26 And so, just as the natural heat of bodies is helped by the outer heat of the heavens, and nature, which does all it can for the health of each living creature, is also helped by the outward medicines created for that purpose, so too the interior lights and favors of grace are greatly helped by the light and teaching of the Church; and no one who will not humbly submit to the latter will be worthy of the former.27

Read the original Spanish

El tercero privilegio que se concede a la virtud es una especial lumbre y sabiduría que nuestro Señor comunica a los justos; la cual procede de la misma gracia que dijimos, así como todos los otros. La razón desto es porque, como a la gracia pertenece sanar la naturaleza, así como cura el apetito y la voluntad enferma por el pecado, así también cura el entendimiento, que no menos quedó escurecido

por el mismo pecado, para que así con lo uno entienda el hombre lo que debe hacer, y con lo otro lo pueda hacer. Conforme a lo cual dice san Gregorio en los Morales: «Pena es —que fue dada por el pecado— no poder cumplir el hombre lo que entendía, y también fue pena no entenderlo». Por lo cual dijo el Profeta: El Señor es mi lumbre contra la ignorancia, y él es mi salud contra la impotencia. En lo uno le enseña lo que debe desear, y en lo otro le da fuerzas para que lo pueda alcanzar; y así lo uno como lo otro pertenece a la misma gracia. Para lo cual, demás del hábito de la fe y de la prudencia infusa que alumbran nuestro entendimiento para saber lo que ha de creer y lo que ha de obrar, se añaden los dones del Espíritu Santo; entre los cuales, cuatro pertenecen al entendimiento, que son: el don de la sabiduría, para darnos conocimiento de las cosas más altas; el de la ciencia, para las más bajas; el del entendimiento, para penetrar los misterios divinos; y el del consejo, para sabernos haber en las perplejidades que muchas veces se ofrecen en esta vida. Todos estos rayos y resplandores proceden de la gracia, la cual por eso se llama en las Escrituras divinas unción, que —como dice san Juan— nos enseña todas las cosas. Porque, así como el olio, entre los otros licores, señaladamente sirve para sustentar la lumbre y para curar las llagas, así esta divina unción hace lo uno y lo otro, curando las llagas de nuestra voluntad y alumbrando las tinieblas de nuestro entendimiento. Y este es aquel olio preciosísimo sobre todos los bálsamos de que el santo rey David se preciaba, cuando decía: Ungiste, Señor, mi cabeza con abundancia de olio; porque está claro que no hablaba él aquí ni de la cabeza material, ni tampoco del olio material, sino de la cabeza espiritual, que es la más alta parte de nuestra ánima (donde está el entendimiento, como Dídimo declara sobre este paso), y del olio espiritual, que es la lumbre del Espíritu Santo, con que esta lámpara se sustenta.

Pues de la lumbre de este olio tenía grande abundancia este santo rey; lo cual él confiesa en otro salmo, donde dice que le había Dios manifestado las cosas inciertas y ocultas de su sabiduría.

Hay también otra razón para esto. Porque, como el oficio de la gracia sea hacer un hombre virtuoso, y esto no puede ser, sino induciéndole a tener dolor y arrepentimiento de la vida pasada, amor de Dios, aborrecimiento del pecado, deseo de los bienes del cielo y desprecio del mundo, claro está que nunca podrá la voluntad tener estos y otros tales afectos, si no tuviere en el entendimiento lumbre y conocimiento proporcionado que los despierte; pues la voluntad es potencia ciega, que no puede dar paso sin que el entendimiento vaya delante, alumbrándola y declarándole el mal o el bien de todas las cosas, para que, conforme a estos, se aficione o desaficione a ellas. Por lo cual dice santo Tomás que, «así como crece en el ánima del justo el amor de Dios, así también crece el conocimiento de la bondad y hermosura de Dios en la misma proporción; de tal modo que, si cien grados crece lo uno, otros tantos crece lo otro; porque quien mucho ama, muchas razones de amor conoce en la cosa que ama, y quien poco, pocas». Y lo que se entiende claro del amor de Dios, también se entiende del temor, y de la esperanza, y del aborrecimiento del pecado; el cual nadie aborrecerá sobre todas las cosas, si no entendiere que es él un tan grande mal, que merece ser aborrecido sobre todas ellas. Pues, así como el Espíritu Santo quiere que haya estos efectos en el ánima del justo, así también ha de querer que haya causas que los produzcan; así como, queriendo que hubiese diversidad de efectos en la tierra, quiso también que la hubiese en las causas e influencias del cielo.

Y, demás desto, si es verdad que la gracia aposenta a Dios en el ánima del justo, según arriba declaramos, y Dios, como tantas veces dice san Juan, es lumbre que alumbra a todo hombre que viene a este mundo, claro está que, mientras más pura y limpia la hallare, más resplandecerán en ella los rayos de su divina luz, como lo hacen los del sol en un espejo muy acicalado y limpio; por lo cual llama san Agustín a Dios «sabiduría del ánima purificada», porque esta tal esclarece él con los rayos de su luz, enseñándole lo que le conviene para su salvación. Mas ¿qué maravilla es hacer él esto con los hombres, pues lo mismo hace en su manera con todas las otras criaturas, las cuales, por instinto del autor de la naturaleza, saben todo aquello que conviene para su conservación? ¿Quién enseña a la oveja, entre tantas especies de yerbas como hay en el campo, la que le ha de dañar y la que le ha de aprovechar, y así pace la una y deja la otra, y conocer otrosí el animal que es su amigo y el que es su enemigo, y así huir del lobo y seguir al mastín, sino este mismo Señor? Pues, si este conocimiento da Dios a los brutos para que se conserven en la vida natural, ¿cuánto más proveerá a los justos de otro mayor conocimiento para que se conserven en la espiritual, pues no tiene menor necesidad el hombre dél para las cosas que son sobre su naturaleza, que el bruto para las que son conformes a la suya?

Porque, si tan solícita fue la divina providencia en la provisión de las obras de naturaleza, ¿cuánto más lo será en las de gracia, que son tanto más excelentes, y que tan levantadas están sobre toda la facultad del hombre?

Λ Y aun este ejemplo no sólo prueba que haya este conocimiento, sino declara también de la manera que es; porque no es tanto conocimiento especulativo, cuanto práctico, porque no se da para saber, sino para obrar, no para hacer sabios disputadores, sino virtuosos obradores. Por lo cual, no se queda en solo el entendimiento, como el que se alcanza en las escuelas, sino comunica su virtud a la voluntad, inclinándola a todo aquello a que la despierta y llama el tal conocimiento; porque esto es propio de los instintos del Espíritu Santo, el cual, como perfectísimo maestro, enseña muchas veces con esta perfección a los suyos lo que les conviene saber. Conforme a lo cual dice la esposa en los Cantares: Mi ánima se derritió después que habló mi amado. En lo cual se muestra claro la diferencia que hay desta doctrina a las otras, pues las otras no hacen más que alumbrar el entendimiento, mas esta regala también, y mueve la voluntad, y penetra con su virtud todos los rincones y senos de nuestra ánima, obrando en cada uno aquello que conviene para su reformación, según que lo declara el Apóstol, diciendo: Viva es la palabra de Dios y eficaz, la cual penetra más que un cuchillo de dos filos agudo, pues llega a hacer división entre la parte animal y espiritual del hombre, apartando lo uno de lo otro y deshaciendo la mala liga que suele haber entre carne y espíritu, cuando el espíritu, juntándose con la mala mujer de su carne, se hace una cosa con ella; la cual liga deshace la virtud y eficacia de la palabra divina, haciendo que el hombre viva por sí vida espiritual, y no carnal.

Este es, pues, uno de los principales efectos de la gracia y uno de los señalados privilegios que tienen los virtuosos en esta vida. Y por esto, aunque, probado por tan claras razones, por ventura parecerá a los hombres carnales escuro de entender o dificultoso de creer, probarlo hemos ahora evidentísimamente por muchos testimonios, así del Viejo como del Nuevo Testamento. En el Nuevo dice el Señor por san Juan así: El Espíritu Santo consolador, que enviará el Padre en mi nombre, os enseñará todas las cosas, y repetirá las lecciones que yo os he leído, y os las traerá a la memoria. Y en otro lugar: Escrito está —dice él— en los Profetas que ha de venir tiempo en que los hombres sean enseñados de Dios. Pues todo aquel que ha dado oídos a este maestro, que es mi Padre, y aprendido dél, viene a mí. Conforme a lo cual dice el mismo Señor por Jeremías: Yo haré que mis leyes se escriban en los corazones de los hombres, y yo mismo, que un tiempo las escribí en tablas de piedra, las escribiré en sus entrañas, y así vendrán todos a ser enseñados de Dios. Y por el profeta Isaías, declarando el Señor la prosperidad de su Iglesia, dice así: Pobrecita, derribada con la fuerza de las tempestades que te han cercado, yo te volveré a reedificar y asentaré por orden las piedras de tu edificio, y te fundaré sobre piedras preciosas, y haré tus baluartes de jaspe, y serán todos tus hijos enseñados por el Señor. Y más abajo, por el mismo Profeta, repite lo mismo, diciendo: Yo soy tu Señor Dios, que te enseño lo que te conviene saber, y el que te gobierna por este camino que andas.

En las cuales palabras entendemos que hay dos maneras de ciencia: una de santos y otra de sabios, una de justos y otra de letrados; y la de los santos es aquella que dice Salomón: La ciencia de los santos es prudencia; porque la ciencia es para saber, mas la prudencia, para obrar; y tal es la ciencia que a los santos se da.

Pues, en los salmos de David, ¿cuántas veces hallamos prometido esta misma sabiduría? En un salmo dice: La boca del justo meditará la sabiduría, y su lengua hablará juicio. En otro promete el Señor al varón justo, diciendo: Yo te daré entendimiento y te enseñaré lo que has de hacer en este camino por donde andas, y pondré mis ojos sobre ti. Y luego, más abajo, como cosa de grande precio y admiración, pregunta el mismo profeta, diciendo: ¿Quién es este varón que teme a Dios, a quien él hará tan grande merced, que él será su maestro y le enseñará la ley en que ha de vivir y el camino que ha de llevar? . Y en el mismo salmo, donde nosotros leemos:

Firmeza es el Señor de los que le temen, traslada san Jerónimo: El secreto del Señor se descubre a los que le temen, y su testamento, que son sus leyes santísimas, son a ellos manifestadas y declaradas; cuya declaración es grande luz del entendimiento, dulce pasto de la voluntad y recreación, para todo el hombre, de grande suavidad. El cual conocimiento unas veces llama el mismo profeta pasto de su ánima, en que Dios le había puesto; otras, agua de refección, con que le había recreado; y otras, mesa de fortaleza, con cuyos manjares se esforzaba contra toda la furia de sus enemigos.

Por la cual causa el mismo profeta, en aquel divino salmo que comienza: Beati immaculati in via, pide tantas veces esta lumbre y enseñanza interior; y así una vez dice: Siervo tuyo soy yo, Señor; dame entendimiento, para que sepa tus mandamientos; otras dice: Esclaréceme, Señor, mis ojos, para que vea las maravillas de tu ley; en otra dice: Dame entendimiento, y escudriñaré tu ley, y guardarla he con todo mi corazón. Finalmente, esta es la petición que más veces aquí repite; la cual nunca pidiera con tanta insistencia, si no entendiera muy bien la eficacia desta doctrina y la costumbre que el Señor tiene de comunicarla.

Pues, siendo esto así, ¿qué mayor gloria que tener tal maestro, y cursar en tal escuela, donde el Señor lee de cátedra y enseña la sabiduría del cielo a sus escogidos? Si iban los hombres, como dice san Jerónimo, dende los últimos términos de España y Francia hasta Roma por ver a Tito Livio, que tan afamado era de elocuente; y si aquel gran sabio Apolonio, según algunos lo estiman, rodeó el monte Cáucaso y mucha parte del mundo por ver a Hiarcas, asentado en un trono de oro entre unos pocos de discípulos, disputando del movimiento de los cielos y de las estrellas, ¿qué debían hacer los hombres por oír a Dios, asentado en el trono de su corazón, enseñándoles, no de la manera que se mueven los cielos, sino de cómo se ganan los cielos?

Y, porque no pienses que esta doctrina es así como quiera, oye lo que de la excelencia de ella dice el profeta David, aunque esta luz no sea tan general y común para todos: Más supe que todos cuantos me enseñaban, porque me ocupaba en pensar tus mandamientos; y más que todos los viejos y ancianos, porque me empleaba en guardarlos. Pero aún mucho más promete el Señor por Isaías a los suyos, diciendo: Darte ha el Señor descanso por todas partes e hinchirá tu ánima de resplandores, y serás como un vergel de regadío y como una fuente que corre siempre y nunca le falta agua. Pues ¿qué resplandores son estos de que hinche Dios las ánimas de los suyos, sino el conocimiento que les da de las cosas de su salud? Porque allí les enseña cuán grande sea la hermosura de la virtud, la fealdad del vicio, la vanidad del mundo, la dignidad de la gracia, la grandeza de la gloria, la suavidad de las consolaciones del Espíritu Santo, la bondad de Dios, la malicia del demonio, la brevedad de esta vida y el engaño común casi de todos los que viven en ella. Y con este conocimiento, como dice el mismo profeta, los levanta muchas veces sobre las alturas de los montes, y desde allí contemplan al rey en su hermosura, y sus ojos ven la tierra de lejos. De donde nace que los bienes del cielo les parezcan lo que son, porque los miran como de cerca; y los de la tierra muy pequeños, porque demás de serlo, los miran de lejos. Lo contrario de lo cual acaece a los malos, como quien tan de lejos mira las cosas del cielo, y tan de cerca las de la tierra.

Λ Y esta es la causa por donde los que participan este don celestial ni se envanecen con las cosas prósperas, ni desmayan con las adversas, porque con esta luz ven cuán poco es todo cuanto el mundo puede dar y quitar, en comparación de lo que Dios da. Y así dice Salomón que el justo permanece de una misma manera en su sabiduría, como el sol; mas el loco, a cada hora se muda, como la luna. Sobre las cuales palabras dice san Ambrosio en una epístola: «El sabio no se quebranta con el temor, no se muda con el poder, no se levanta con las cosas prósperas, no se ahoga con las adversas; porque donde está la sabiduría, ahí está la virtud, ahí la constancia, ahí la fortaleza. De manera que siempre se es el mismo en su ánimo, y ni se hace mayor ni menor con la mudanza de las cosas, ni se deja llevar de todos los vientos de doctrina, sino persevera perfecto en Cristo, fundado en caridad y arraigado en la fe».

Y no se debe nadie maravillar que esta sabiduría sea de tan grande virtud, porque no es ella, como ya dijimos, sabiduría de la tierra, sino del cielo; no la que envanece, sino la que edifica; no la que solamente alumbra con su especulación el entendimiento, sino la que mueve con su calor la voluntad, de la manera que movía la de san Agustín, de quien se escribe que lloraba cuando oía los salmos y voces de la Iglesia que dulcemente resonaban; las cuales voces entraban por sus oídos a lo íntimo de su corazón, y allí, con el calor de la devoción, se derretía la verdad en sus entrañas, y corrían lágrimas por sus ojos, con las cuales dice que le iba muy bien. ¡Oh bienaventuradas lágrimas, y bienaventurada escuela, bienaventurada sabiduría, que tales santos da! ¿Qué se puede comparar con esta sabiduría? No se dará —dice Job— por ella el oro precioso, ni se trocará por toda la plata del mundo. No igualarán con ella los paños de Indias, labrados de diversos colores, ni las piedras preciosas de gran valor. No tienen que ver con ella los vasos de oro y vidrio, ricamente labrados, ni otra cosa alguna, por grande y eminente que sea. Después de las cuales alabanzas concluye el santo varón, diciendo: Mirad que el amor de Dios es esta sabiduría, y apartarse del pecado es la verdadera inteligencia.

Este es, pues, hermano uno de los grandes premios con que te convidamos a la virtud, pues ella es la que tiene las llaves de este tesoro; y así por este medio nos convidó a ella Salomón en sus Proverbios, diciendo que, si guardare el hombre sus palabras y escondiere sus mandamientos en su corazón, entonces entenderá el temor del Señor; porque el Señor es el que da la sabiduría, y de su boca procede la prudencia y la ciencia; la cual sabiduría no permanece en un mismo ser, porque cada día crece con nuevos resplandores y conocimientos, como el mismo sabio lo significó diciendo: La senda de los justos resplandece como luz, y así va procediendo y creciendo hasta el perfecto día; que es el de aquella bienaventurada eternidad, donde ya no diremos con los amigos de Job que recibimos como a hurto las secretas inspiraciones de Dios, sino que claramente veremos y oiremos al mismo Dios.

Esta es, pues, la sabiduría de que gozan los hijos de la luz; mas los malos, por el contrario, viven en aquellas tan horribles tinieblas de Egipto, que se podían palpar con las manos. En figura de lo cual leemos que en la tierra de Jesé, donde moraban los hijos de Israel, había siempre luz, mas en la de Egipto, de día y de noche había estas tinieblas; las cuales nos representan la horrible ceguedad y noche escura en que viven los malos, como ellos mismos lo confiesan por Isaías, diciendo: Esperamos la luz, y vinieron tinieblas, y anduvimos como ciegos, palpando las paredes, y, como si no tuviéramos ojos, así atentábamos con las manos. Caímos en medio del día, como si fuera de noche, y en los lugares escuros, como cuerpos muertos. Si no, dime: ¿Qué mayores ceguedades y desatinos que en los que cada paso caen los malos? ¿Qué mayor ceguedad que vender el Reino del Cielo por las golosinas del mundo, que no temer el infierno, no buscar el paraíso, no temer el pecado, no hacer caso del juicio divino, no estimar las promesas ni las amenazas de Dios, no aparejarse para la cuenta, y no ver que es momentáneo lo que deleita y eterno lo que atormenta? No supieron —dice el Profeta— ni entendieron; en tinieblas andan perpetuamente, y así por unas tinieblas caminan a otras tinieblas; esto es, por las interiores a las exteriores, y por las desta vida a las de la otra.

Λ Al cabo de toda esta materia me pareció avisar que, aunque todo lo que está dicho desta celestial sabiduría y lumbre del Espíritu Santo sea grande verdad, mas no por eso ha de dejar nadie, por muy justificado que sea, de sujetarse humilmente al parecer y juicio de los mayores, y señaladamente de los que están puestos por maestros y doctores de la Iglesia, como en otra parte, más a la larga, dijimos. Porque ¿quién más lleno de luz que el apóstol san Pablo, ni que Moisés, que hablaba con Dios cara a cara? . Y, con todo eso, el uno vino a Jerusalén a comunicar con los apóstoles el Evangelio que había aprendido en el tercero cielo, y el otro no despreció el consejo de Jetró, su suegro, aunque gentil. La razón desto es porque las ayudas y socorros interiores de la gracia no excluyen las exteriores de la Iglesia, pues de una y otra manera quiso la divina providencia proveer a

nuestra flaqueza; que de todo tenía necesidad. Por donde, así como el calor natural de los cuerpos se ayuda con el calor exterior de los cielos, y la naturaleza que procura cuanto puede la salud de su individuo es también ayudada con las medicinas exteriores que para esto fueron criadas, así también las lumbres y favores interiores de la gracia son grandemente ayudados con la luz y doctrina de la Iglesia; y no será merecedor de los unos el que no se quisiere humilmente sujetar a los otros.

Scripture echoes

  1. ↩Isa.11.2 — And the Spirit of the LORD shall rest upon him—the Spirit of wisdom and understanding, the Spirit of counsel and might, the Spirit of knowledge and the fear of the LORD.
  2. ↩Song.5.6 — I opened to my beloved, but my beloved had turned away and gone. My soul went out when he spoke. I sought him, but I did not find him; I called him, but he did not answer me.
  3. ↩John.14.26 — But the Advocate, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things and remind you of everything that I have told you.
  4. ↩John.6.45;Isa.54.13 — It is written in the prophets, "They will all be taught by God." Everyone who has heard from the Father and has learned comes to me. Isa.54.13 — All your children shall be taught by the LORD, and great shall be the peace of your children.
  5. ↩John.6.45 — It is written in the prophets, "They will all be taught by God." Everyone who has heard from the Father and has learned comes to me.
  6. ↩Jer.31.33;Heb.8.10;Isa.54.13;John.6.45 — But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the LORD: I will put my law within them, and I will write it on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. Heb.8.10 — For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord: I will put my laws into their minds, and I will write them on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. Isa.54.13 — All your children shall be taught by the LORD, and great shall be the peace of your children. John.6.45 — It is written in the prophets, "They will all be taught by God." Everyone who has heard from the Father and has learned comes to me.
  7. ↩Isa.54.11-Isa.54.13 — O afflicted one, storm-tossed, not comforted— behold, I am laying your stones with antimony and founding you with sapphires. Isa.54.12 — And I will make your battlements of rubies, and your gates of sparkling jewels, and all your walls of precious stones. Isa.54.13 — All your children shall be taught by the LORD, and great shall be the peace of your children.
  8. ↩Isa.48.17 — Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: 'I am the LORD your God, who teaches you to profit, who leads you in the way you should go.'
  9. ↩Ps.37.30 — The mouth of the righteous utters wisdom, and his tongue speaks justice.
  10. ↩Ps.32.8 — I will instruct you and teach you in the way you should go; I will counsel you with my eye upon you.
  11. ↩Ps.25.12 — Who is the man who fears the LORD? He will instruct him in the way he should choose.
  12. ↩Ps.25.14;Ps.25.14 — The counsel of the LORD is for those who fear him, and his covenant is to make them know him. Ps.25.14 — The counsel of the LORD is for those who fear him, and his covenant is to make them know him.
  13. ↩Isa.58.11 — And the LORD will guide you continually, and satisfy your soul in scorching places, and your bones he will strengthen; and you shall be like a watered garden, and like a spring of water, whose waters do not fail.
  14. ↩Isa.33.17 — Your eyes will see the king in his beauty; they will behold a land of far distances.
  15. ↩1Cor.8.1 — Now concerning food offered to idols: we know that all of us possess knowledge. Knowledge puffs up, but love builds up.
  16. ↩Prov.2.1-Prov.2.6 — My son, if you receive my words and treasure my commands within you, Prov.2.2 — so that your ear inclines to wisdom, and you bend your heart to understanding Prov.2.3 — For if you call out to understanding, and give your voice to insight, Prov.2.4 — If you seek her as silver, and search for her as for hidden treasures— Prov.2.5 — Then you will understand the fear of the LORD, and find the knowledge of God. Prov.2.6 — For the LORD gives wisdom; from his mouth come knowledge and understanding.
  17. ↩Prov.4.18 — But the path of the righteous is like the light of dawn, shining brighter and brighter until the fullness of day.
  18. ↩Job.4.12 — Now a word was brought to me stealthily; my ear caught a whisper of it.
  19. ↩Exod.10.21-Exod.10.23 — Then the LORD said to Moses, 'Stretch out your hand over the heavens, and let there be darkness over the land of Egypt, and let the darkness be palpable.' Exod.10.22 — And Moses stretched out his hand toward the heavens, and there was thick darkness in all the land of Egypt for three days. Exod.10.23 — No one saw his brother, nor did anyone rise from his place for three days; but for all the children of Israel there was light in their dwellings.
  20. ↩Exod.10.21-Exod.10.23 — Then the LORD said to Moses, 'Stretch out your hand over the heavens, and let there be darkness over the land of Egypt, and let the darkness be palpable.' Exod.10.22 — And Moses stretched out his hand toward the heavens, and there was thick darkness in all the land of Egypt for three days. Exod.10.23 — No one saw his brother, nor did anyone rise from his place for three days; but for all the children of Israel there was light in their dwellings.
  21. ↩Ps.82.5 — They neither know nor understand; they walk about in darkness; all the foundations of the earth are shaken.
  22. ↩Exod.33.11;Deut.34.10 — Thus the LORD would speak to Moses face to face, as a man speaks to his friend. Then Moses would return to the camp, but his assistant Joshua son of Nun, a young man, would not depart from the tent. Deut.34.10 — And there has not arisen again a prophet in Israel like Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face.
  23. ↩Gal.2.1-Gal.2.2 — Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus along as well. Gal.2.2 — I went up because of a revelation, and I set before them the gospel I proclaim among the Gentiles. But I did this privately before those of recognized standing, to make sure I was not running, or had not run, in vain.
  24. ↩2Cor.12.2-2Cor.12.4 — I know a person in Christ fourteen years ago—whether in the body I do not know, or out of the body I do not know; God knows—such a one was caught up to the third heaven. 2Cor.12.3 — And I know that such a person—whether in the body or apart from the body, I do not know; God knows— 2Cor.12.4 — that he was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words, which it is not lawful for a person to speak.

Notes

  1. 1 ↩Sentence ends mid-clause in this section; continuation begins at GuiaPec.1.16.2.s1 (por el mismo pecado…).
  2. 2 ↩salud is the biblical salus (salvation), here glossed as remedy against impotencia (inability to act), not bodily health.
  3. 3 ↩ciencia rendered as knowledge (donum scientiae); entendimiento as understanding (donum intellectus); consejo as counsel (donum consilii).
  4. 4 ↩ánima rendered as soul per lexeme policy; Dídimo is Didymus (likely Didymus the Blind) commenting on the psalm verse.
  5. 5 ↩instintos del Espíritu Santo rendered as instincts of the Holy Spirit, the traditional spiritual-theology term for the Spirit’s interior promptings.
  6. 6 ↩regala rendered as delights (Golden Age sense: to console, caress, or give pleasure to the will), not merely gives as a gift.
  7. 7 ↩parte animal kept as animal part (the lower/sensitive part of the person), matching Granada’s paraphrase of the Apostle rather than modernizing to sensitive alone.
  8. 8 ↩Source 'escuro' is an older spelling of 'oscuro' (dark/obscure); rendered as 'dark to understand'.
  9. 9 ↩'repetirá las lecciones que yo os he leído' is Granada's expansive paraphrase of the Johannine promise that the Spirit will recall Christ's teaching; rendered as 'go over again the lessons I have taught you' rather than a wooden 'read to you'.
  10. 10 ↩Granada expands Jeremiah's new-covenant oracle with the contrast of stone tablets and writing 'en sus entrañas'; the stone-tablet clause is interpretive expansion, not a separate citation.
  11. 11 ↩Spanish merced here is divine favor/grace conferred on the God-fearing person, not merely generic kindness; rendered as favor to keep the gift-sense without flattening into vague benevolence.
  12. 12 ↩Source sentence is only a bare period with no lexical content; likely a segmentation artifact from the print/source split between s4 and s6.
  13. 13 ↩Sentence breaks mid-thought at the colon; the cited reading continues in the following section (GuiaPec.1.16.11).
  14. 14 ↩Spanish 'Firmeza' renders Vulgate 'Firmamentum' (Ps 24:14): the sense is firm support/strength, not abstract 'firmness' alone. The clause continues the previous section's lead-in ('where we read').
  15. 15 ↩Hiarcas rendered as Iarchas (Philostratus's Indian sage in the Life of Apollonius); the Spanish form is a period spelling of that name.
  16. 16 ↩"cómo se ganan los cielos" kept as "how the heavens are won" to preserve Granada's contrast with astronomical "movimiento de los cielos" and the sense of gaining/winning salvation.
  17. 17 ↩Darte ha is the older Spanish future periphrasis (te dará). Hinchar/hinchir here means fill, not swell in a medical sense. Ánima rendered as soul per lexeme policy.
  18. 18 ↩Salud in early modern Spanish devotional prose commonly means spiritual salvation / welfare, not merely bodily health; rendered accordingly.
  19. 19 ↩'no se muda con el poder' rendered as 'is not swayed by power' (unchanged by the pressure or lure of power); alternatives include 'is not altered by power' or 'does not shift with power.'
  20. 20 ↩'caridad' rendered as 'charity' for the theological virtue paired with faith; 'love' is also allowed by lexeme policy.
  21. 21 ↩paños de Indias: luxurious dyed/worked textiles associated with the Indies; rendered as 'cloths of the Indies' to keep the source's geographic and material force.
  22. 22 ↩Source reads 'tierra de Jesé' (Jesse). In the Exodus plague of darkness the Israelites have light in Goshen (Sp. Gesén/Gessén); 'Jesé' is almost certainly a corrupt or mis-set form of that place-name. Rendered as Goshen.
  23. 23 ↩Source sentence is only a bare period, almost certainly a segmentation artifact between the rhetorical question and the following contrast.
  24. 24 ↩Spanish says Paul 'learned' the Gospel in the third heaven, blending the heavenly rapture (2 Cor 12) with his later conference of the Gospel at Jerusalem (Gal 2). Rendering follows the source wording rather than harmonizing the two passages.
  25. 25 ↩Sentence is truncated mid-clause at 'proveer a'; continuation appears in GuiaPec.1.16.20.s1 ('nuestra flaqueza; que de todo tenía necesidad.').
  26. 26 ↩Sentence continues the unfinished clause of GuiaPec.1.16.19.s5 ('...quiso la divina providencia proveer a'). Rendered as the object phrase that completes that sentence.
  27. 27 ↩'los unos' / 'los otros' refer, respectively, to the interior lights and favors of grace and to the Church's light and teaching (not to the medicines of the first analogy).

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