SR
Chapter 15MenosprAldea.1.15

Capítulo XIV: DE MUCHOS TRABAJOS QUE AY EN LAS CORTES DE LOS REYES Y QUE AY MUCHOS ALDEANOS MEJORES QUE CORTESANOS

The Illusion of Courtly Superiority

The author challenges the arrogance of courtiers who believe themselves inherently wiser than those living in the village.

Homer wrote of the labors of Ulysses the Greek; Quintus Curtius, of Alexander’s with Darius; Moses, of Joseph’s in Egypt; Samuel, of David’s with Saul; Titus Livy, of Rome’s with Carthage; Thucydides, of Jason’s with the Minotaur; and Crispus Sallust, of Sophonisba’s with Jugurtha.1 Wanting to imitate these illustrious men, we’ll set out to write about the thankless hardships that courtiers endure in our own times—men who have the patience to suffer them but not the sense to leave them behind. It is not by carelessness that we call the courtiers' hardships thankless hardships, since we see most of them suffer so many things without drawing any fruit from them; and what is worst of all is that they stand still when the load is piled on them and kick if it is taken off.2 Our pen is taking on no small task by saying that the courtier lives a hard life, because moving at court isn't considered a mistake, but a blessing. The courtier thinks that everyone living outside the court is a fool and he alone is wise; that they are crude and he is sharp; that they are low and he is honored; that they are clumsy and he is polished; that they are tongue-tied and he is well-spoken; that they are mad and he is sound of mind.3 May God never will such a thing, and may God never command it: for if it were true that all the wise and sensible men lived at the courts of princes, it would be great madness for us not to become courtiers ourselves, because there are no years so well spent as those enjoyed with discerning men.4 Oh, how many discerning men plow the fields, and how many fools walk the palaces! Oh, how many men of fine judgment and steady minds live in the villages, and how many courtiers of crude wit and empty heads reside at court! Oh, how many hold high offices in royal courts who wouldn't even be chosen as mayors in a village of a hundred households! Oh, how many leave those courts as royal governors when the local farmers wouldn't even make them town councilors!5 Oh, how many sit in the palace giving counsel who, back in the village, wouldn't even have a vote in a town meeting! Oh, how many sound arguments are spoken among farmers that are worth taking to heart, while so many spoken before kings are only worth laughing at! Oh, how many unfit people are promoted at court, while so many talents lie out in the villages, growing rusty from lack of use!6 Oh, how many at royal courts count for something and prevail not because they have ability, but because they have authority to spare—and how many stay in the villages, forgotten and shoved aside more for lack of status than for any lack of ability. Princes give favors, favorites give offices, nature gives good blood, parents give the inheritance, merit gives honor, and fortune gives fame; but being wise, sensible, sharp, and steady are abilities princes cannot hand out—only God can give them.7 If it were in a prince's power to hand out abilities the way it is to grant other favors, we could safely swear he'd take for himself more sense, more good judgment, more prudence, more learning, and even more patience—because when princes go wrong, it's because of how much they have and how little they know.

The Empty Vows of the Courtier

A satirical look at the 'religion' of the court, where courtiers trade their dignity and peace for a life of vanity and labor.

It amuses me no end that if a man has been at court and now lives in the town or the village, he calls everyone a bumpkin, a clod, rough, coarse, and ill-bred, mocking them as very slovenly in their dress and very crude in their speech.8 If we happen to look at what he does and the manners he brings from court, it's going to bed at midnight, getting up at eleven, dressing very slowly, fitting his shoes just so, lacing himself up stiff and tight, combing his hair again and again, wearing his cap at a studied tilt, talking about the mistress he had at court, gripping his beard when he speaks, telling a thousand lies about the war, borrowing money from the parish priest, flirting with some little married woman, and strolling all day through the village with a little switch in his hand.9 Even there his madness and frivolity don't stop: while the farm hands are out in the sun on Sunday, he starts telling them how he was at the Garigliano with the Great Captain, at Ravenna with Don Ramón, at Pavia with Señor Antonio, at Tunis with Caesar, and at Coron with Prince Doria—and when you come right down to it, in all those years he was hanging around the Zocodover in Toledo or the Potro in Córdoba, not a captain in the war but a ruffian in the brothel quarter.10 We've wanted to say this to warn the courtiers not to bother mocking and labeling the villagers as fools and ill-bred; because if my lord and master Caesar ordered every fool banished from court, I imagine there wouldn't even be enough people left to make a village of a hundred households. Continuing, then, with our purpose, we say that courtiers are very late in recognizing the life they lead and the profession they practice at court, because their station is very costly and their profession is very hard labor. By the profession they practice, we'll know how strict a religion they keep, since they promise the devil not to displease him, the court to keep it happy, and the world to follow it.11 They promise to go about the court always stupefied, foolish, half-dazed, suspicious, and even brooding.12 They promise always to hustle, negotiate, pester people, beg, buy, sell, trade, weep, and sin—and never even mend their ways. They promise to go about hungry, in rags, barefoot, diminished, cast down, shamed, wounded, and even deep in debt.13 They promise to put up with the insolence of bailiffs,14 neighbors' thefts, servants' carelessness, guests' squabbles, the mud of the squares, the elbows of the crowds, relatives' pestering, and even the foolishness of friends.15 They promise to accompany16 accompany the president, visit the favorite, flatter the doorkeeper, serve the accountant, give something to the paymaster, speak to the magistrate, keep the bailiff busy, bribe the secretary, and even grease the palm of the man who assigns lodgings.17 This, then, is the profession courtiers make; this is the rule they follow in their religion—which I won't call a religion but a confusion; not order, but disorder; not a monastery, but hell; not friars, but madmen; not regulars, but irregulars; not men of prayer, but murmurers; not18 hermit monks, but men of the world.19 Anyone who wants to take the habit in a monastery like this will certainly do very well by it; but let me tell him that I was a friar in it for many, many years, and I never lacked something there to weep over—or even something to complain of.20

The Unpredictable Rule of Fortune

True wisdom lies in self-knowledge rather than chasing the fickle and treacherous favor of Fortune at court.

Apollo's oracle told the ambassadors of the Roman people that if they wanted the people well governed, each one should know himself. This saying is certainly weighty and well worth committing to memory; for if each one knew what he is and what he is good for, they would regulate their desires and keep a rein on their appetites.21 A courtier thinks with all his mind that if within a year of coming to court he doesn't have honors, favors, and offices like the other veterans, it isn't from any lack of ability on his part, but because fortune is very much against him.22 Anyone who says such things and lodges such complaints is on no path to get ahead, or even to stick it out: for the court is like the palm tree, which first has a full yard of root underground before it shows two fingers of leaf; by this I mean that at court ten years of service often sink away before a single day of favor comes.23 To speak truthfully and freely: in the courts of princes, if there are three people who deserve more than they have, there are three hundred who have more than they deserve.24 How rarely fortune treats wretched courtiers as it ought, rather than as it pleases!25 At court, it’s vanity—and a waste—to spend time asking what is done, who does it, and why they do it; it’s a well-settled fact that one hour of fortune there is worth more than a year of good sense.26 The rod with which fortune measures the merits and demerits of courtiers isn't reason, but opinion. At court more than anywhere else, water burns without fire, the knife cuts without steel, the candle gives light without a flame, and the mill grinds without water. I mean that at court, fortune often flees from those who seek it and seeks out those who flee from it. No one gains much by chasing fortune, and finding it costs a great deal. If fortune happens to find someone, her friendship isn't secure; and if he never encounters her, he would have been better off never leaving his house. If fortune raises some courtiers high, they shouldn't think she does it to honor them, but to hurl them down from a greater height.27 If Fortune pretends with them for a time, it's only so she can catch them off guard.28 Let no one either take fright at Fortune or feel secure in her, because the courtier she threatens is the one she means to raise up, and the one she flatters more and more is the one she means to cast down. Let no one trust or put confidence in what Fortune has sworn and agreed with him, because she is so willful in what she does and so absolute in what she wants that she keeps neither the word she has given nor even a written pledge she has made.

Read the original Latin

El poeta Homero escrivió los trabajos de Vlyses el griego; Quinto Curcio, los de Alexandro con Darío; Moyses, los de José en Egypto; Samuel, Ios de David con Saúl; Tito Livio, los de Rcma con Cartago; Tucídides, los de Jasón con el Minotauro, y Crispo Salustio, los de Sofonisa con Yugurta. Queriendo, pues, inmitar a estos tan ilustres varones, emprenderemos de escrevir los ingratos trabajos que passen los cortesanos en estos nuestros tiempos, los quales tienen paciencia para los suffrir y no cordura para lo dexar. No por descuydo llamamos a los cortesanos trabajos trabajos ingratos, pues vemos a los más dellos tantas cosas padescer, sin ningún fruto dellas sacar; y lo que peor de todo es que están quedos quando los cargan y tiran cozes si los descargan. No es pequeña empressa la que quiere tomar nuestra pluma en dezir que el cortesano passa mala vida; porque andar uno en la corte no se tiene por errado, sino por bienaventurado. Piensa el cortesano que todos los que biven fuera de la corte son nescios y él sabio, son rudos y él agudo, son apocados y él honrado, son torpes y él polido, son cortos y él bien hablado, son iocos y él cuerdo. Nunca Dios tal quiera ni nunca Dios tal mande: que a ser verdad que en las cortes de los príncipes residían todos los sabios y cuerdos, gran locura era no nos tornar nosotros cortesanos, porque no ay años tan bien empleados como los que se gozan con hombres discretos. ¡O quántos discretos aran en los campos y quántos nescios andan en los palacios! ¡O quántos hombres de juizios delicados y de sesos reposados biven en las aldeas y quántos cortesanos rudos de ingenio y huecos de seso residen en la corte!

10 quántos en las cortes de los príncipes tienen officios muy preeminentes a los quales en una aldea de cien vezinos no los hicieran alcaldes! 10 quántos salen de las cortes hechos corregidores a los quales no hicieron los labradores aún regidores! 10 quántos se assientan en Palacio a dar consejo los quales en el aldea no ternían voto en concejo! ¡0 quántas buenas razones se dizen entre labradores dignas de notar y quántas se dizen delante de los reyes dignas de mofar! ¡O quán tas personas inhábiles ay en las cortes mejoradas y quántas habilidades ay por las aldeas por no se emplear mohosas! 10 quántos en las cortes de los príncipes valen y prevalescen no porque tienen habilidad, sino porque les sobra auctoridad, y quántos y quántos se quedan en las aldeas olvidados y arrinconados más por falta de auctoridad que no por mengua de habilidad: Los príncipes dan los favores, los privados los officios, naturaleza la buena sangre, los padres el patrimonio, la honra el merescimiento y la fama la fortuna; mas el ser sabio, cuerdo, agudo y reposado son habilidades que no pueden los príncipes repartir, sino que sólo Dios las ha de dar. Si en mano del principe estuviesse el repartir las habilidades, como está el poder hazer otras mercedes, a buen seguro podemos jurar que tomasse para sí más seso, más cordura, más prudencia, más sciencia y aun más paciencia; porque los principes, si se pierden es por lo mucho que tienen y por lo poco que saben.

Mucho me cae a mí en gracia en que si uno ha estado en la corte y agora bive en la villa o en el aldea; llama a todos patacos, moñacos , toscos, groseros y mal criados, motejándolos de muy desaliñados en el vestir y de muy grosseros en el hablar.

Si por acaso miramos lo que él haze y la criança que de la corte trae, es acostarse a media noche, levantarse a las onze, vestirse muy despacio, calçarse muy justo, atacarse muy estirado, peynerse a menudo el cabello, traer de tema la gorra, hablar de la amiga que en la corte tenía, asirse de la barba quando habla, contar mil mentiras de la guerra, pedir prestados dineros al cura, requebrarse con alguna casadilla y andarse con una varilla todo el día por el aldea. No pára aún en esto su locura y liviandad, sino que estando los labradores al sol el domingo, comiénçales a contar de cómo se halló en la del Garillano con el Gran Capitán, en la de Rávena con don Remón, en la de Pavía con el señor Antonio, en la de Túnez con César y en la de Corrón con el príncipe Doria, y si a mano viene, en todos aquellos tiempos se estava él en el Zocodover de Toledo o en el Potro de Córdova, no capitán en la guerra, sino rufián en la ramería. Hemos querido dezir esto para avisar a los cortesanos a que no curen de mofar y motejar a los aldeanos diziéndoles que son nescios y mal criados; porque si mi amo y señor César mandasse desterrar de la corte a todos los nescios, imagino que no quedasse hecha aldea aun de cien vezinos. Prosiguiendo, pues, nuestro intento, dezimos que muy tarde conoscen los cortesanos la vida que passen y la professión que en la corte hazen, porque su estado es muy costoso y su professión de muy gran trabajo. Por la professión que hazen conosceremos la religión estrecha que tienen, pues prometen al demonio de no le desagradar, a la corte de la contentar y al mundo de le seguir. Prometen de andar siempre por la corte abovados, tontos, amodorriados, sospechosos y aun pensetivos. Prometen de siempre trafagar, negociar, importunar, pedir, comprar, vender, trocar, llorar y pecar y aun nunca se enmendar. Prometen de andar hambrientos, rotos, descalços, apocados, abatidos, corridos, lastimados y aun empeñados.

Prometen de suffrir desacatos de algua. ziles, hurtos de vezinos, descuydos de criados, rencillas de huéspedes, lodos de las plazas, codazos de las gentes, importunidades de parientes y aun nescedades de amigos. Prometen de acompa.

ñar al presidente, visitar al privado, halagar al portero, servir al contador, dar algo al pagador, hablar al alcalde, entretener al alguazil, sobornar al secretario y aun untar las manos al que aposenta.

Ésta es, pues, la professión que los cortesanos hazen; ésta es la regla que en su religión tienen, a la qual no llamaré yo religión, sino confusión; no orden, sino desorden; no monesterio, sino infierno; no frailes, sino orates ; no regulares, sino irregulares; no rezadores, sino murmuradores; no. monjes del yermo, sino hombres del mundo. El que en tal monesterio como éste quisiere tomar el hábito, hágale por cierto muy buen provecho; mas hágole saber que fuí en él muchos y muchos años fraile y nunca me faltó en él qué llorar, ni aun de qué me quexar. El oráculo de Apolo dixo a los embaxadores del pueblo romano que si querían que estuviesse el pueblo bien regido que se conosciesse cada uno a sí mismo. Grave por cierto es esta sentencia y muy digna de encomendar a la memoria; porque si. cada uno conosciesse lo que es y para quánto es, reglarían sus desseos y ternian la rienda a los apetitos. En todo su seso piensa un cortesano que si dentro de un año que vino a la corte no tiene honras, favores y officios como los otros ancianos, que no es por inhabilidad de su persona, sino porque le es muy contraria fortuna.

El que tales palabras dize y tales quexas forma no lleva camino de medrar, ni aun de perseverar: que la corte es como la palma, la qual primero tiene so la tierra una vara de raíz que muestra dos dedos de hoja; quiero por lo dicho dezir que en ia corte muchas vezes hunden diez años de servicios antes que venga un día de mercedes. Hablando con verdad y aun con libertad, en las cortes de los príncipes, si son tres los que merescen más que tienen, son trezientos los que tienen más que me rescen. 10 quán pocas vezes haze la fortuna con los miseros cortesanos, no lo que deve, sino lo que quiere! En la corte es vanidad y aun superfluidad gastar el tiempo en inquirir lo que se haze y quién lo haze y por qué lo haze; pues es cosa muy averiguada que allí vale más una hora de fortune que un año de cordura. La vara con que mide la fortuna los méritos y deméritos de los cortesanos es no la razón, sino la opinión. En la corte más que en otra parte arde el agua sin fuego, corta el cuchillo sin azero, alumbra la candela sin llama y muele el molino sin agua; quiero por lo dicho dezir que en la corte muchas vezes huye la fortuna de quien la busca y busca a quien della huye.

Buscar nadie la fortuna aprovecha poco y hallarla cuesta muy mucho. Si topa con alguno la fortuna, no es su amistad segura, y si nunca topa con ella más le valiera no salir de su casa. Si la fortuna su blima a algunos cortesanos no piensen que lo haze por honrarlos, sino por de más alto despeñarlos.

Si la fortuna dissimula con ellos algún tiempo, uo es más de por tomarlos de sobresalto. Ni se espante ni se assegure nadie de la fortuna, porque al cortesano que amaga es que le quiere sublimar y al que más y más halaga es al que quiere derrocar. No se fíe ni se confíe nadie de lo que ha jurado y con él capitulado fortuna, porque es tan voluntariosa en lo que haze y tan absoluta en lo que quiere que ni guarda palabra que ha dado ni aun escritura que aya hecho.

Notes

  1. 1Source readings corrected for sense: 'Rcma' → Rome; 'Ios' → 'los' (those of David). The pairing of Thucydides with Jason and the Minotaur is historically wrong (Thucydides wrote the Peloponnesian War); rendered as the witness has it.
  2. 2'trabajos trabajos ingratos' doubles 'trabajos' (labors/hardships); read as 'the courtiers' hardships' called 'thankless hardships.' The load/kick image treats courtiers like beasts of burden: quiet under the pack, restive when unloaded.
  3. 3'iocos' read as 'locos' (mad/foolish), the natural antonym of 'cuerdo' in the parallel chain; if a different reading is intended, review.
  4. 4'Nunca Dios tal quiera ni nunca Dios tal mande' is a double optative of refusal (God forbid). 'Tal' looks back to the courtier's self-flattering claim in s5 and forward to the ironic conditional that follows; later sentences (s7–s8) undercut the premise.
  5. 5corregidores: royal magistrates/governors appointed from the crown; regidores: municipal councilors. The contrast is rank: court promotion vs. village refusal of even a lesser local office.
  6. 6mejoradas: rendered as 'promoted/advanced in station' (unfit people raised up). mohosas: literally 'moldy/rusty,' i.e. talents left unused until they corrode.
  7. 7Parallel list with implied dan: 'la honra el merescimiento y la fama la fortuna' read as merit confers honor and fortune confers fame (object–giver order), matching the surrounding giver–gift pattern.
  8. 8patacos and moñacos are period rustic insults; rendered as bumpkin and clod to keep the contemning courtier's sneer without inventing obsolete English cant.
  9. 9atacarse muy estirado: 16th-c. atacar = to lace/fasten clothing; estirado = stretched tight / stiffly elegant. traer de tema la gorra: wearing the cap fashionably aslant.
  10. 10si a mano viene: colloquial 'as it turns out / if truth be told.' rufián en la ramería: pimp or rough in the red-light district, not merely 'ruffian' in a general sense.
  11. 11religión estrecha is ironic monastic language (a 'strict rule') applied to court life; rendered as 'strict a religion' to keep the satire.
  12. 12abovados likely = abobados (stupefied/dazed); amodorriados = heavy with drowsiness (modorra); pensetivos = pensativos.
  13. 13corridos = put to shame; empeñados = pawned / deep in debt, not merely 'committed'.
  14. 14Source ends mid-word at «algua»; joined with the leading «ziles» of the next sentence as «alguaziles» (bailiffs/constables), the only reading that yields sense in this court-life list.
  15. 15Leading «ziles» is the completion of «alguaziles» begun in the previous sentence; it is not rendered as a separate item in the list.
  16. 16Source ends mid-word at «acompa.»; completed as «acompañar» from the following section’s leading «ñar al presidente…». Objects of the verb belong to the next section and are not folded in here.
  17. 17Section opens mid-word as «ñar», continuing previous «Prometen de acompa.» → intended «acompañar». Rendered as the completed verb «accompany» from that join.
  18. 18religión / orden / monesterio / regulares: court life is cast as a mock religious order; regulares means clergy under a rule, not 'regular people'.
  19. 19monjes del yermo: monks of the wilderness/desert hermitage (eremitic life), not merely 'rural' monks.
  20. 20hágale por cierto muy buen provecho is dry/ironic advice: joining the 'monastery' of court will 'profit' you—with years of cause to weep and complain.
  21. 21para quánto es: what each person is worth / fitted for (capacity and limits), not merely 'how much he has'.
  22. 22ancianos here is senior/veteran courtiers by time in service, not merely the elderly.
  23. 23Normalized reading takes «ia corte» as «la corte» (likely OCR/print error).
  24. 24Normalized reading joins «me rescen» as «merescen» (line-break or OCR split of merecer).
  25. 25Leading «10» treated as page/folio intrusion, not part of the sentence; «quán» read as exclamatory «cuán».
  26. 26Source surface «fortune» almost certainly Spanish «fortuna» (luck/favor); rendered as fortune. «cordura» as good sense / sound judgment.
  27. 27Normalized reading treats 'su blima' as 'sublima' (raises up / elevates), supported by neighboring 'sublimar' in MenosprAldea.1.15.10.s2 and the contrast with 'despeñarlos'.
  28. 28Source reading 'uo es más de' treated as 'no es más de' ('it's only / it's nothing more than'); OCR/print corruption is the most plausible explanation.

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