Capítulo XIII: DE QUÁN POQUITOS SON LOS BUENOS QUE AY EN LAS CORTES Y EN LAS GRANDES REPÚBLICAS
The Wisdom of Ancient Republics
King Ptolemy gathers ambassadors from various nations to compare the laws and virtues of their respective republics.
Plutarch, in the book On Exile, tells of the great king Ptolemy that, while seven ambassadors from seven kingdoms were dining with him in Antioch, talk sprang up between him and them, and them and him, about which of their republics had the better customs and was governed by the better laws. The ambassadors who were there were from the Romans, the Carthaginians, the Sicilians, the Rhodians, the Athenians, the Lacedaemonians, and the Sicyonians; among them the question before King Ptolemy was much contested, much disputed, and even much pressed, because each one put forward his reasons in defense of his opinion.1 Good King Ptolemy, wanting to know the truth and to know it quickly, ordered that each ambassador put in writing three conditions, or three customs, or three laws—the best there were in his kingdom—and by that they would see which land was best governed and most deserved praise.2 The ambassador of the Romans said: In the Roman republic the temples are held in great reverence, the governors are well obeyed, and the wicked are severely punished. The Carthaginian ambassador said: In the republic of Carthage, the nobles never stop fighting, the common people never stop working, and the philosophers never stop teaching.3 The ambassador of the Sicilians said: In the republic of the Sicilians justice is done, truth is practiced, and they take pride in equality. The Rhodian ambassador said: In the republic of Rhodes, the old are very upright, the young are very modest, and the women are very quiet.4 The ambassador of the Athenians said: In the republic of Athens they do not allow the rich to be partisan, nor the common people to be idle, nor those who govern to be fools.5 The Lacedaemonian ambassador said: In the republic of Lacedemonia, envy doesn't reign because everyone is equal; greed doesn't reign because everything is held in common; and idleness doesn't reign because everyone works. The ambassador of the Sicyonians said: "In the republic of the Sicyonians they do not admit foreigners who invent new things, nor doctors who kill the healthy, nor orators who defend lawsuits."6 When King Ptolemy and his companions heard the laws and customs those ambassadors reported from their kingdoms and republics, they approved and praised them all, swearing that they were all so good they wouldn't dare decide which was better.7
The Corruption of Modern Courts
The author laments that modern courts have abandoned the discipline of the past, allowing vice to flourish without consequence.
This is history, and this antiquity is certainly worth noting—and even more, worth imitating. It's true that if as many ambassadors were gathered today to debate and report on the conditions and customs of our republics, I'm certain they would find more vices to rebuke than virtues to praise.8 In former times, because royal houses were so well-ordered, princes so just, the great ones so restrained, and those in government so wise, small faults were punished severely. Because of this, people didn't dare commit greater ones; for the benefit of punishment is that even if it only harms one person, it also terrifies many. It's not like that in our courts and republics, where there are so many wicked people and such atrocious crimes are committed that what the ancients punished as a mortal offense, people today brush off as venial. At court, anyone who wants to earn a living by playing the rogue, the fool, or the buffoon isn't just left unrebuked or unpunished; they're actually helped by many and favored by all.9 At court, if a maiden, a widow, a separated woman, or an unhappily married woman wants to live as a prostitute or a streetwalker, there won't be a single person to rebuke her for her lifestyle—and there will be a hundred who go to solicit her.1011 At court, a man keeps a mistress whenever and with whomever he wants—unless he's too young to enjoy her or lacks the means to keep her.12 At court, if a man doesn't carry weapons they'll seize from him, or doesn't—13 —if he does no mischief they'll arrest him for, or has no debts they'll summon him over—however wicked, unruly, ruined, and vagrant he may be, there won't be a man who'll call him to account for his life or even speak a hard word to him.14
The Scarcity of Virtue
Good men are now so rare in the world that they deserve the same honor as the saints of old who maintained their integrity in pagan lands.
In courts and large societies, the number of good people is so small and the number of the wicked so great that the good would easily fit on half a page, while the wicked wouldn't fit on a whole ream of paper. If we started counting the truly good people at court, I think we'd stop once we reached ten; and if we counted the thoroughly bad ones, I think we'd go past a hundred. Anyone who is good in the republics of our day should be held in higher regard than any Roman consul. In former times, it was considered a great misfortune to run into one bad man among a hundred good ones, but now it's a great stroke of luck to find one good man among a hundred bad ones. Holy Scripture highly praises Abraham for being good in Chaldea, Lot in Sodom, Jacob in Mesopotamia, Moses in Egypt, Daniel in Babylon, Tobit in Nineveh, and Nehemiah in Damascus.15 By what I've said, I mean that all good courtiers should be entered in the calendar of these illustrious men, since there's no one to urge them toward the good and no one to pull them back from the bad.16
A Lament for the Muddy Age
The world has become a place of spiritual barrenness and moral chaos, leaving the present generation stuck in a 'muddy age'.
There are so many vagabonds in the courts of princes—17 furious, soulless, blasphemous, cheating, and lying men—so many that we are no longer scandalized to see so many wicked people, but marvel when we come upon a few good ones.18 The world now offers nothing in its rose bushes but thorns, in its trees but leaves, in its vineyards but bare stalks, in its wine cellars but dregs, in its forges but cinders, in its granaries but straw, and in its treasures but dross.19 O golden ages, O longed-for ages, O ages past! The difference between you and us is that before our time the world was already falling to ruin, but now, in our day, it is completely lost.20 In you, O world!21 everyone says what they want, invents what they want, takes what they want, undertakes what they want, does what they want, and—worst of all—lives as they please and gets their way in whatever they want. Little is left in you now, O world!22 there is little to preserve, little to defend, little to enjoy, and very little to keep safe; and on the other hand, there is in you much to long for, much to set right, and even much to weep over. Our forebears had the iron age, and for us wretched ones the muddy age was left—which we rightly call the muddy age, since it has us all stuck in the mud.23
Read the original Latin
Plutarço, en el libro De exilio, cuenta del gran rey Tolomeo que, estando con él comiendo siete embaxadores de siete reinos en Antioquía, se movió plática entre él y ellos y ellos y él sobre qual de sus repúblicas era la que tenía mejores costumbres y se governava con mejores leyes. Los embaxadores que allí estavan eran de los romanos, de los cartagineses, de los sículos, de los rodos, de los atenienses, de los lacedemones y de los siciomios, entre los quales fué la quistión delante del rey Tolomeo muy altercada, muy disputada y aun muy porfiada, porque cada uno alegava su razón en defensión de su opinión. El buen rey Tolomeo, queriendo saber la verdad y con brevedad, mandó que cada embaxador diesse por escrito tres condiciones, o tres costumbres, o tres leyes, las mejores que uviesse en su reyno, y por allí verían qué tierra era la mejor governada y que merescía ser más loada. El embaxador de los romanos dixo: En la república romana son los templos muy acatados, los governadores muy obedescidos y los malos muy castigados. El embaxador de los cartági- neses dixo: «En la república de Cartago, los nobles no dexan de pelear, los plebeyos no paran de trabajar y los filósofos no dexan de doctrinar. El embaxador de los sículos dixo: En la república de los sículos házese justicia, trátase verdad y préscianse de igualidad.» El embaxador de los rodos dixo: «En la república de los rodos son los viejos muy honestos, los moços muy vergonçosos y las mujeres muy calladas. El embaxador de los atenienses dixo: «En la república de Atenas no consienten que los ricos sean parciales, ni los plebeyos estén ociosos, ni los que goviernan sean nescios.
El embaxador de los lacedemonios dixo:
En la república de Lacedemonia no reyna embidia, porque son todos iguales; no reyna avaricia, porque todo es común; no reyna ociosidad, porque todos trabajan. El embaxador de los siciomios dixo: «En la república de los siciomios no admiten peregrinos que inventen cosas nuevas, ni médicos que maten a los sanos, ni oradores que defiendan los ple ytos. Como el rey Tolomeo y los que con él estavan oyeron las leyes y costumbres que aquellos embaxadores relataron aver en sus reynos y repúblicas, todas las aprobaron y todas las alabaron, jurando y perjurando que eran todas tan buenas que no ossarían determinarse quáles dellas eran mejores. Historia es ésta y antigüedad es ésta digna por cierto de notar y mucho más de la imitar; aunque es verdad que si agora se juntassen otros tantos embaxadores como fueron aquéllca y se pussiesen a disputar y relatar las condiciones y costumbres de nuestras repúblicas, soy cierto que ellos hallarían más vicios que reprender que virtudes que loar. Antiguamente, como las casas reales estavan tan corregidas, los príncipes eran tan justos, los mayores tan comedidos, los que governavan tan sabios, castigávanse mucho las culpas pequeñas, y con esto no ossavan cometerse otras mayores; porque el bien del castigo es que, si no lastima a más de uno, atemoriza también a muchos.
No es assí en nuestras cortes y repúblicas, en las quales ay ya tanto número de malos, se cometen tan atrozes delitos, que lo que castigavan los antiguos por mortal dissimulan en este tiempo por venial. En la corte, qualquiera que quiere ganar de comer a ser truhán o loco o chocarrero, no sólo no es por ello reprehendido ní castigado, mas aun es de muchos socorrido y de todos favorescido. En la corte, una doncella, o una biuda, o una descasada, o una mal casada que quiera ser ramera o cantonera , no avrá uno que la reprehenda de su mal bivir y a vrá ciento que la vayan a requestar. En la corte, cuando quiere y con quien quiere se anda uno amancebado, si no es el que no tiene edad para la gozar o hazienda para la sustentar. En la corte, si no trae uno armas que le tomen, o no. haze tra vessuras por que le prenden , o no tiene deudas por que le emplazen, por malo, traviesso, perdido y vagamundo que sea, no avrá hombre que le pida cuenta de su vida ni aun le diga una mala palabra.
En las cortes y grandes repúblicas es tan pequeño el número de los buenos y es tan grande el número de los malos, que fácilmente cabrían los unos en media plana y no cabrían los otros en una rezma.
Si en la corte començássemos a contar los buenos muy buenos, de que llegássemos a diez pienso que pararíamos, y si contássemos a los malos muy malos, pienso que de ciento passaríamos. El que en las repúblicas de nuestros tiempos es bueno, en más se ha de tener que a ningún cónsul romano; porque en los tiempos passados teníase a gran desdicha topar con un malo entre cien buenos, y agora es gran dicha topar un bueno entre cien malos. Loa mucho la escritura divina a Abraham porque fué bueno en Caldea, a Loth en Sodoma, a Jacob en Mesopotamia, a Moysés en Egypto, a Daniel en Babylonia, a Thobías en Ninive, a Neemías en Damasco. Por esto que he dicho quiero dezir que en el calendario destos tan ilustres varones deven ser registrados todos los cortesanos buenos, pues al bien no ay quien los anime y del mal no ay quien los retraiga.
Ay en las cortes de los príncipes tantos vaga. mundos, furiosos, desalmados, blasfemos, tramposos y mentirosos, que no nos escandalizamos ya de ver tantos malos, sino que nos maravillamos topar con algunos buenos. No tiene ya el mundo en sus rosales sino espinas, en sus árboles sino hojas, en sus viñas sino rampojos, en sus bedegas sino hezes, en sus fraguas sino cisco, en sus graneros sino paja y en sus tesoros sino escoria.
¡O siglos dorados, o siglos desseados, o siglos passadosl; la diferencia que de vosotros a nosotros va es que antes de nosotros veníase el mundo perdiendo, mas agora en nuestros tiempos está ya del todo perdido. En ti, lo mundo! , cada uno dize lo que quiere, inventa lo que quiere, toma lo que quiere, emprende lo que quiere, haze lo que quiere, y, lo que es peor de todo, bive como quiere y se sale con lo que quiere. Poco ay ya en ti, lo mundo! , que conservar, poco que deffender, poco que gozar y muy poquito que guardar, y, por otra parte, ay en ti mucho que dessear, mucho que enmendar y aun mucho que llorar. Gozaron nuestros passados del siglo férreo y quedó para nosotros, míseros, el siglo lúteo, al qual justamente llamamos lúteo, pues nos tiene a todos puestos del lodo.
Notes
- 1 ↩siciomios rendered as Sicyonians (people of Sicyon); sículos as Sicilians (Siculi).
- 2 ↩condiciones may mean state-qualities, terms of life, or civic conditions; kept as 'conditions' to stay close to the source triad with costumbres and leyes.
- 3 ↩Source has hyphenated line-break cartági- neses; read as cartagineses (Carthaginians).
- 4 ↩vergonçosos rendered as modest (bashful sense common in early modern Spanish), not merely ashamed; honestos as upright/honorable for the elderly.
- 5 ↩parciales rendered as partisan (factional/partial), not merely incomplete.
- 6 ↩Source reading "ple ytos" treated as "pleitos" (lawsuits), a line-break/OCR split of the expected word.
- 7 ↩"jurando y perjurando" taken as emphatic insistence (swearing over and over / swearing up and down), not as literal false oath.
- 8 ↩Source "aquéllca" treated as "aquéllos" (those [ambassadors]); the printed form looks corrupt.
- 9 ↩truhán / loco / chocarrero: court types—rogue or knave, licensed fool, and low jester/buffoon. Rendered as rogue, fool, and buffoon.
- 10 ↩Normalized reading treats 'a vrá' as 'avrá' (habrá), matching the parallel 'no avrá… y avrá…' construction.
- 11 ↩cantonera: woman of the street corner; streetwalker. requestar: court / make advances to / solicit.
- 12 ↩amancebado: living in concubinage / keeping a mistress. hazienda: wealth, property, means of support.
- 13 ↩Sentence is truncated mid-clause at 'o no.' The next sentence begins 'haze tra vessuras…', almost certainly a split of continuous Spanish: 'o no haze travessuras por que le prenden…' (or does no mischief they'll arrest him for).
- 14 ↩'haze tra vessuras' read as 'haze travessuras' (does mischief / commits misdeeds). Continues the truncated conditional of s5.
- 15 ↩Thobías rendered as Tobit (standard English biblical name for the deuterocanonical figure); source spelling preserved in sense only.
- 16 ↩calendario destos tan ilustres varones: the roll/calendar of the biblical worthies just named—treated as an honor-list of the rare good who hold firm in corrupt courts.
- 17 ↩Source segmentation splits the word across s1/s2 as «vaga. mundos». Translated as intended «vagamundos» (vagabonds / idle roamers), with the adjective list continuing in s2.
- 18 ↩Opening «mundos» taken as the second half of «vagamundos» from s1, not as the noun «worlds».
- 19 ↩«bedegas» taken as «bodegas» (wine cellars/stores); «hezes» as «heces» (dregs); «rampojos» as the leftover stalks/stems of grape clusters; «cisco» as forge cinders/coal dust.
- 20 ↩Source reading «passadosl» treated as «passados» (past ages).
- 21 ↩Source «lo mundo» read as the vocative «o mundo» (O world), matching s4 and the surrounding apostrophe.
- 22 ↩Source «lo mundo» read as vocative «o mundo» (O world).
- 23 ↩«siglo lúteo» is Guevara’s coinage from Latin luteus (muddy/clay-colored), punning on «lodo» (mud) after the classical iron age; rendered «muddy age» to keep the wordplay.
Menosprecio de Corte y Alabanza de Aldea (Contempt of Court and Praise of Village) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit