SR
Chapter 30OracMed.1.30

Primera parte. Capítulo último. De seis cosas que debemos meditar en la pasión de Salvador

The Primacy of the Passion

The author introduces meditation on the sacred Passion as the most profitable and universal spiritual exercise, outlining six key themes for contemplation.

So, since the chief subject of meditation is the most holy Passion of the Savior, it is only right that, having treated meditation in general up to this point, we should now treat in particular meditation on the sacred Passion, so that we may know how we ought to conduct ourselves in this part. But we must first accept that, among all the devotions in the world, none is safer, more profitable, or more universal for everyone than remembering the sacred Passion. Albert the Great says that reflecting a little each day on the Savior's Passion is more profitable than fasting every Friday of the year on bread and water, scourging yourself until you bleed, and praying the entire Psalter from beginning to end.1 At the very least it is certain that this holy exercise greatly helps in setting a soul on the path of every good; because, since Christ is—as he himself says—the way and the truth and the life, there is no exercise better fitted for going to God, knowing God, and enjoying God than always fixing your eyes on Christ, who, as he is all this for us in everything, is far more so when set before us and gazed on upon the cross. This is why Saint Bernard put it so well: "I can go, Lord, all around heaven and earth, and I will not find you except on the cross: there you lie, there you sleep at midday" (In a sermon on the Passion).2 Setting that subject aside for now, I only want to focus on how we ought to think about this sacred Passion. Some simple people aim at nothing in this exercise but shedding a tear or two out of pity for the Savior's hardships and pains, focusing on this alone and going no further. Although this is very good and necessary—because it's like the foundation of everything else, as we'll discuss later—it isn't the only fruit we gather from this sacred tree. There are many other greater ones as well, for all progress in the spiritual life is meant to spring from this. It's worth knowing that six things, among many others, can be considered in the Lord's Passion: the greatness of His sufferings, the greatness of our sin, the height of the benefit, the excellence of the divine goodness, the abundance of Christ's virtues that shine forth there, and the fitness of the means God chose for our redemption.3 We should consider these six things for the sake of six effects, in which the entire profit of the spiritual life consists. We are to consider the greatness of Christ's sufferings to feel compassion for Him; the greatness of our sin to hate it; the greatness of the benefit to give thanks for it; the excellence of the divine goodness revealed there to love it; the abundance of Christ's virtues that shine forth there to imitate them; and the fitness of the mystery to marvel at the divine wisdom and be more confirmed in faith in this mystery.4 We will now treat these six things in order.

The Greatness of Christ's Sufferings

A detailed examination of the intensity of Christ's physical and spiritual suffering, intended to foster deep compassion in the believer.

I. On the greatness of Christ's sufferings First, we must consider the greatness of Christ's sufferings so that we may have compassion for him, as it's only right that the members should feel with their head. And for this you need to know that, as the doctors teach, the pains the Savior suffered in his Passion were the greatest that have ever been suffered in the world, and will never be suffered again.5 This will seem true if we consider the five principal causes from which the greatness of these sufferings came. The first was the greatness of his love, by which he wanted to redeem the human race most abundantly and to make the most perfect satisfaction for the injuries and offenses committed against the divine Majesty. And because the greater the pains he suffered, the more perfectly he fulfilled both the one and the other—and he did not lack the strength of grace to bear as great a burden as he might will—this is why he wanted the burden to be so greatly increased, so that the satisfaction of our debt and the work of our redemption would be just as great.6 The second reason for this was that he suffered without any consolation or relief. For the reason already given, he closed every door through which any consolation could reach him, whether from heaven or earth, until he was forsaken not only by his disciples and friends, but also by his own Father and by himself. He did this so that, alone and without company, he might keep burning in the forge of his sufferings, with no air or cooling relief able to reach him from any side.7 This is why he said in the psalm: "I have been made like a man without help," even though I alone among the dead was rightfully free from sin and death.8 And in another psalm he says: "I am sunk in the deep of the waters and the mire, and I find nothing firm to stand on." This is the forsakenness the Savior himself made known on the cross when he said: "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" In that hour, his holy humanity was left in the middle of the current of sufferings, with nothing at all to resist or lessen their force. This was foreshadowed in the Law by the two animals offered for the sins of the people: one was slaughtered and offered in sacrifice, while the other vanished and was sent into the wilderness, leaving its companion alone in the torment. Likewise, in this heavenly sacrifice, where God and man were offered for the sins of the world, one of the two natures was sacrificed and suffered, while the other withdrew, leaving its sister alone in the torment.9 For although, as far as the bond of the union is concerned, He never abandoned what He once took on, still, as far as consolation and relief from the sufferings go—in the lower part—He abandoned it completely.10 And from this we see that the martyrs, when they went to suffer, went radiant and joyful, as we read of Saint Agatha and Saint Lawrence and of many others; but the Savior—though He Himself was the very fountain of grace and strength by whose power the martyrs could do what they could—trembled and sweated drops of blood when He went to suffer. For in them the virtue of charity, overflowing into the lower powers of the soul, caused the greatest joy; but in Christ, by a special miracle, all these influences and any others whatever were held suspended, so that He might drink the cup of sufferings pure and without any mixture of consolation.11 The third cause was the delicacy of his constitution; because, since that holy body was formed miraculously by the Holy Spirit, and things made by miracle are more perfect than those made by nature (as St. Chrysostom declares when speaking of that wine made from water at the wedding), it follows that that body was the best constituted and most delicate of all bodies. The fourth was the very kind of death the Savior suffered, with all the circumstances that went into his entire passion; because if you look closely, each one was a kind of martyrdom in itself. But Christ's sufferings didn't end there; others remained that were incomparably greater—those of his blessed soul. For all these, for the most part, belong to the sufferings of that cross on which the body was suffering outwardly; but after this visible cross there was another, invisible one, on which that most holy soul was crucified within the body—and that cross had its four arms and its four nails, which were four painful considerations that gave him far greater torment than the exterior cross itself. So whoever considers all these causes will clearly see how great the Savior's pains have been—which is the aim of this first way of contemplating his Passion. But this must not be the end and stopping place of this exercise; rather, a person should take it as a means toward other ends—namely, to understand from this how greatly he was loved by the one who suffered so much for him; the great benefit done him by the one who bought him at so dear a price; how much he is bound to do for the one who did so much for him; and above all else, how much he ought to hate and grieve over his sin, since he himself was the cause of this long and drawn-out martyrdom.12 This method of contemplation is intended to serve these four purposes, which are covered in the following chapters. It seems, then, that this first way of meditating through compassion acts as a means or stepping-stone for all the others.13 For this reason, St. Bonaventure emphasizes this method, as you can clearly see that it opens the path for all the rest.14 And for this the same saint says it also helps to take some discipline that stings but does no harm, so that through the feeling of that so small hardship the spirit may rise higher to feel something of how much that most delicate body suffered for our sake.15

Sin and the Cost of Redemption

The author reflects on how the Passion reveals the gravity of human sin and the immense cost of our redemption, urging the reader to personal repentance.

II. How the gravity of sin shines out in the Passion The second thing we must consider in the Savior's Passion is the gravity of our sin, so that we grieve for it and hate it. For this you should know that, as all the saints say, our sins were the cause of the Son of God's suffering everything he suffered. Because it's clear that if sins had not been in the way, it would not have been necessary for him to suffer what he suffered. Theologians don't agree on whether the Son of God would have become incarnate if man hadn't sinned—some say yes and others no—but this much is certain: if there had been no sins, he would not have died.16 From this it seems that our sins were what drove him through these hospitals, what put him in that prison, and what set him on that cross.17 And don't think that because you're not the only one whose sins did this, you deserve a lighter punishment—for by the laws of justice, the one who kills an innocent person in the company of many does not deserve a lighter penalty than if he had killed him alone. Given this, you have every reason to hate your sins and grieve over them, remembering that they were what truly put the Son of God into such great distress.18 This is a greater reason to hate sin and grieve over it than all the other losses and evils it brings—even the glory lost through it and the punishment earned by it. So, following this teaching, when you're meditating on this sacred Passion and you see how the enemies seize the Savior, and how they accuse him, slap him, spit on him, and scourge him, and so on, first, consider that you are truly among these people, and that you are taking part in this conspiracy right along with them. So you can truly say that your sins accuse him, and your license binds him, and your thefts scourge him, and your insolences slap him, and your pride crowns him with thorns, and your finery and vanities dress him in purple, and your pleasures give him gall and vinegar to drink, and finally that your disobedience nailed him hand and foot to that cross.19 He chose to suffer what you deserved for these faults out of the depths of his infinite charity.20 It's clear that the executioners would never have been strong enough to do what they did if your sins hadn't given them the power to do it. This is a very beneficial way of meditating on the Passion for everyone—and much more so for those who are beginning to serve God and are occupied with cleansing the faults of their past life through exercises of penance.

The Infinite Benefit of the Passion

A meditation on the immeasurable gifts received through Christ's sacrifice and the divine love that motivated such a profound act of salvation.

III. On the greatness of the benefit of our redemption Third, in the sacred Passion, we should consider the greatness of the benefit the Savior provided by redeeming us in this way. And although there's no end to what could be said about this, for now I'll simply note three main things to consider regarding this supreme benefit: what the Savior gave us through it, the means by which he gave them to us, and the love with which he gave it. However great what was given us through this gift may be, no tongue can explain it. But something of it could be understood in two ways. The first is by considering all the evils into which the human race fell through the fault of the first man; because all these evils were sufficiently remedied by Christ, through whom all the goods opposite to them were given; for it is clear that he was given to us as the universal restorer of all the world's evils.21 So, whoever could count how many evils the world fell into through the fault of that first man will be able to understand how many goods have come to us through the second; and these are, without doubt, beyond counting. The second way is by considering not all the evils Adam brought, but all the goods Christ came with—because through the sharing of his Spirit we are made partakers of every one of them; for all who share in the Spirit of Christ also share in Christ's virtues and merits. For that reason, the Apostle said that all who had received the Sacrament of Baptism had been clothed with Christ, to make clear that they had all been made partakers of Christ and were adorned with his virtues and merits, and that, so clothed in this livery, they appeared in their own way, in the Father's eyes, as the Son himself appeared before him.22 For this reason, Ecclesiasticus quite rightly appeals to this marvelous title in his prayer, saying: Have mercy, Lord, on your people Israel, whom you made equal and like to your firstborn Son.23 What dignity, what glory can be greater than this? So then, on this showing, whoever could count how many Christ's virtues and merits have been will be able to understand how many goods have come to us through him, since through his passion we share in every one of them. Finally, through him we were given the forgiveness of sins, grace, glory, freedom, peace, salvation, redemption, sanctification, righteousness, satisfaction, the sacraments, the merits, the teaching, and everything else he had that was needful for our salvation.24 And because of this intimate sharing, the Scriptures call him Father, Bridegroom, and the universal Head of the Church; for everything the father has belongs to the children, everything the bridegroom has he shares with the bride, and the members share in everything the head has.25 These, then, are the gifts he gave us. But how did he give them to us? It's clear that it was through his most holy Incarnation and Passion, in which he made himself a sharer in all our debts and miseries. So that by taking all our evils into himself, he made us sharers in all his goods. This is far greater than what came before, because it's clear that in God it is more marvelous to suffer evils than to do good; for just as nothing is more fitting to that infinite goodness than to do good, so nothing is more strange and foreign to that infinite blessedness than to suffer evils.26 From this it seems that we owe him far more for what he suffered for us than for the great deal he gave us; that is, far more for the manner of the remedying than for the remedy itself.27 But how great was the love with which He gave us all this? That love is, beyond any comparison, far greater, because what he longed to suffer was much more than what he did suffer, and far more still what he would have suffered if it had been necessary for us.28 He spent three hours suffering on the cross for our sins. What is that compared to what the greatness of His charity could still have done?29 If it had been necessary to stay there suffering until the day of judgment, He had more than enough love to do it. So although He suffered a great deal, what He loved is far more than what He suffered. And for this reason, if we owe Him much for all He did for us, we owe Him far more for what He desired to do. This reflection is incredibly helpful for waking us up to give thanks to the One who has done us so much good, and to love the One who loved us so much more than He did. There were countless other things to say about this, but they will be left for another place now; and something of this was already said in the meditation on the benefits.30

Divine Goodness and the Mystery of the Cross

An exploration of the divine goodness and mercy that shines through the humiliation of the Incarnate God on the cross.

IV. On the greatness of the divine goodness that shines in the sacred Passion Fourth, we should consider the greatness of the divine goodness and mercy that shines out in this work of God more than in any other. For this, you should carefully consider four things that ought to be reflected upon throughout the whole story of this sacred Passion and in every part of it: who suffers, what he suffers, for whom he suffers it, and for what reason he suffers it. If you linger on each of these points—first considering the height of the one who suffers, who is God—and stay with that thought until you are struck with awe at something so high and wonderful; then, if you drop from there into the depth and lowliness of the pains and insults he chose to suffer—not for angels or archangels, but for human beings, that is, for creatures most vile and abominable, who in their works are like the very demons—if you pause on each of these things and compare them, you will truly be stunned to see how far so great a Majesty lowered himself for such a vile and low creature. Then you can cry out with the Prophet: Lord, I heard your words, and I was afraid; I considered your works, and I was left astonished. But if, after all this, you consider the cause of such great humiliation and see that it was not for any gain of his own, nor for any merit of ours, but only from the depths of his mercy and love, by which he was pleased to visit us from on high—this, when well considered, will lift you into such great admiration and love that you will be left stunned, like Moses on the mountain when he saw the image of this mystery and began to proclaim at the top of his voice the immensity of the divine mercy revealed to him there.31 This was the fainting the bride felt in the Song of Songs when she said: Support me with flowers and surround me with apples, for I am sick with love. On these words, Saint Bernard says: «The loving soul sees here King Solomon with the crown with which his mother crowned him; she sees the only Son of the Father carrying the cross on his shoulders; she sees the Lord of majesty scourged and crowned with thorns; she sees the Author of life and glory pierced with nails, thrust through with the lance, and filled with mockery; she sees him, at last, lay down his most holy life for his friends. She sees all this, and seeing it, she is herself pierced with a knife of love, and so she says: Support me with flowers and surround me with apples, for I am sick with love».

Imitating the Virtues of Christ

The author highlights the virtues of Christ—especially humility and patience—as the supreme model for the Christian life.

V. On the excellence of the virtues that shine in the passion of Christ Fifth, in the Savior's Passion we should consider the great throng of virtues that shine in it, so that we may strive to imitate something of what is set before us there. This is one of the highest ways to contemplate the sacred Passion, for it is clear that the entire perfection of the Christian life consists in imitating the virtues of Christ. To this the apostle Saint Peter invites us, saying: Christ suffered for us, giving us an example that we should follow in his footsteps; he did not curse when they cursed him, nor threaten when they tormented him, but instead humbly handed himself over to those who judged him unjustly.32 So then, however highly all the virtues shine throughout the whole life of Christ, they shine far more perfectly in his sacred Passion. And for this reason, it’s here above all that we should look at the beauty of his virtues, which shine more among those sufferings than flowers among the thorns. So consider first that deep humility by which that most high and sovereign Son of God came to be despised and held lower than Barabbas, and to want to be hung on a stake between two thieves as captain and prince of wrongdoers. Consider also that patience, so admirable in the midst of so many insults and pains. That great fortitude with which he so willingly offered himself to the hosts of his enemies and to the hardest labors and clashes ever endured. That perseverance so constant that it ran from end to end—all the way to climbing the cross, descending into hell, and bringing the work of our salvation to completion.33 That charity which surpassed all understanding, by which alone he chose to offer himself in sacrifice for the sins of the world; and he died to give life not only to his friends, but also to his enemies and to those very ones who were spilling his blood.34 That mercy so abundant that it reached so far as to take upon himself all the miseries and debts of the world and make satisfaction for them as if they were his own. That obedience to the Father so perfect that it went all the way to death—even death on a cross—where, bowing his head, he offered him his most holy soul, making it clear that the work of his obedience was already finished. That gentleness so great that he showed in every act of his Passion, letting himself be led like a sheep to the slaughter, and like a lamb that did not speak before the one who shears it. His silence was so remarkable in the face of such false accusations and testimony that it actually amazed the very judge who was condemning him. If you want to see the most perfect contempt for the world and for all its honors, riches, and pleasures, look at the Lord on that cross—so dishonored, tormented, and naked that he has no bed but a cross, no pillow but a crown of thorns, no table but gall and vinegar, and no comforters but those cruel mockers who shook their heads and said to him, "Ah! You who destroy the temple of God and rebuild it in three days."35 Gospel poverty, abstinence, and a hard way of life shine nowhere more brightly than on the cross—and neither do all the other virtues.36 But among them all, humility and patience stand out the most. For the saints say that patience was the wedding garment and the festive clothing the Son of God put on when he came to join hands with the Church and marry her—meaning by this metaphor that, although Christ shone with the livery of every virtue when he came to celebrate his marriage with the Church on the bed of the cross, he shone there still more especially with the purple of patience; because through the act of this virtue, which is to suffer, he drank the cup of the Passion, by whose worth and merit the Church was redeemed, made beautiful, and betrothed to Christ.37 So when we contemplate the sacred Passion, we should fix our eyes on these and other similar virtues, in order to imitate something of what was done there—not only for our remedy, but also for our example. For the greatest glory a Christian can attain in this world is to come to have likeness to Christ—not as Lucifer desired to have it, but as he himself commanded us to have it when he said: I have given you an example, so that as I have done, so you also should do.

The Fittingness of the Mystery

A reflection on the divine wisdom in choosing the cross as the perfect means to heal human misery and transform the believer.

VI. On the appropriateness of the mystery of our redemption Sixth, in the sacred Passion we should contemplate the fittingness of the mystery—that is, how fitting a means this was that God chose to bring about the salvation of man and to relieve his miseries.38 This way of contemplating serves to enlighten the understanding and confirm it more firmly in faith in this mystery; it also lifts the human heart into a great wonder at the goodness and wisdom of God, who chose such a marvelous and fitting means to heal our miseries and meet our need. This is such a rich subject for meditation that, truly, even if a man kept thinking about it until the end of the world, he would always find new ways it fits and new grounds by which his spirit would rise higher and higher in wonder at this sovereign wisdom and providence of God. And because this volume would grow much larger if this subject were treated in full, I’ll content myself for now with simply laying out the thread and foundation of this consideration, so that the devout and religious soul may open a path for all the rest. So for this you need to know that, to see how well a means fits its end, you have to compare the means with the end; and the greater the helps you find in the means for reaching the end, the more suitable the means is for it. Let's look at an example. If we want to examine whether a medicine is right for an illness, we look at the symptoms of the illness and at the properties and power of the medicine; and once we've seen how well the one matches the other, we judge whether it is suitable for it or not.39 So, according to this, since we already know that the Passion and blood of Christ is a universal medicine for all the miseries and needs of humankind, if we want to see how well this medicine fits, we should make a long comparison of the medicine with the disease; and if we know how to search both carefully, we will certainly find that this medicine is so exactly suited against that disease, and against all its branches and symptoms, as if it had been instituted for each one alone—which without doubt is something that fills the one who considers it attentively with great awe and wonder.40 If not, tell me: to pay the common debt of the human race, what more sufficient satisfaction could be offered than that precious blood the Son of God poured out on the cross? To heal the wounds of our pride and greed, our ingratitude, soft living, and self-love, with all the other evils that come from it, what could be more fitting than God on a cross?4142 To give us knowledge of the divine goodness and mercy, and to kindle us more in the love of God, and strengthen our trust more, and wake us more fully from our forgetfulness and ignorance, what could be more fitting than God on a cross?43 So, to enrich a person with merits, to raise them to greater honor, to kindle their spirit in devotion, to console them in their trials, to come to their aid in their temptations, to help them in their labors, to give them courage for great things, and finally, for every example of virtue, what could be more fitting than Jesus Christ on the cross? To put it in a single word: if the life of the gospel, when carefully considered, is nothing but a cross, what could be more fitting to set us on a path that is all cross than another cross? If you want to understand this fitness even more clearly, carefully consider what the Christian life is—since that is the goal of all Christ's labors—and that will show you fully how well this means fits that end. The Christian life, in its perfection, isn't the life Christians live now—the kind the world practices—but the life Christ and his disciples lived. Their labors were so great that one of them says: We have been made a spectacle to God, to angels, and to men. Our labors are so intense, and we are so harassed and persecuted by the world, that they watch us the way people watch wild beasts fighting in the arena—not only men and angels, but even God himself. And further on he says: To this very hour we go hungry and thirsty, we are naked and struck in the face, and without so much as a hole to crawl into we go from place to place, earning our food by the work of our hands. They curse us, and we bless; they persecute us, and we endure it; they blaspheme us, and we pray. In short, the world treats and regards us like a little dung and like the dust under people's feet, and like men so wicked that the world thinks nothing would please God more than our death and condemnation. This, my brother, is the Christian life. It is also the life the prophets, martyrs, and confessors lived, as well as those blessed monks of the desert and all the saints—whom the Apostle describes in these words: The saints were mocked, scourged, imprisoned, locked up, stoned, sawn in two, tempted, and put to death by the sword. They went through this world dressed in sheepskins and goatskins, needy, distressed, and afflicted—people of whom the world was not worthy. They lived in the wilderness and in remote, solitary places, making caves and holes in the earth their home. This is the perfection of the Christian life that the Gospel teaches us, and that Christ came to bring into the world. Looked at carefully, it is a perpetual cross and a death of the whole person, so that, once thus dead and annihilated, he may be fit and ready to be transformed into God.44 For just as there can be no generation without corruption—because what was must first perish so that what was not may come to be—so there can be no this spiritual generation and transformation of the person into God unless the old self first dies, so that he may thus be transformed into God.4546 It follows that the whole gospel life is nothing else, as we said, but death and the cross. So, given this, what could be more fitting to set a life that is all cross on its path than another cross?47 If nothing is more effective for kindling a fire than another fire, or for producing a like thing than another like thing, what could be better suited to produce a cross than another cross? Truly, it is so; and nothing has strengthened—or still strengthens today—all the saints more to endure so many hardships, injustice, insult, poverty, subjection, discipline, hunger, thirst, cold, nakedness, and finally all the calamities and miseries of the world, and all the harshness of the gospel life, than fixing their eyes on the cross.48 From this school the martyrs came forth; here the apostles learned; this is what taught and strengthened the virgins, the confessors, the monks, and finally all the saints; and this is what accompanied and consoled them in all their hardships.49 So when the devout soul finds so many kinds of fruit on this tree of life for every sort of time and need, it cannot help marveling at the wisdom of that sovereign Master who found so excellent a means for our remedy; and at recognizing the goodness of that most merciful Father who, though he could have healed humankind by his will alone, chose to take on such great labors and dishonors so that by this path humankind might be left more honored and better helped than by any other.

Practical Guidance for Meditation

Concluding instructions on how to approach these six themes, emphasizing that devotion is measured by the heart's depth rather than the quantity of thoughts.

These are the six main ways to meditate on the sacred Passion. The usual way to approach them is to start with the first one, which serves as the foundation for the others. From there, you can move on to the rest, depending on how the thread of meditation opens up for you, guided by the grace of the Holy Spirit, who is the principal teacher of these exercises. As we mentioned earlier, when we consider the magnitude of the sufferings the Savior endured, we can reflect on the enormity of the sin that caused Him to suffer them. We can also reflect on the greatness of this benefit, since for our love God chose to endure such strange pains. Likewise, we should contemplate the height of that divine goodness and mercy, which for our love inclined to the depths of so many vile and miserable things. Above all, we ought to recognize the great examples of virtues given to us there—such as patience, obedience, love, humility, meekness, and strength—along with everything else we have discussed so far. And although there is a way to move on from the first consideration to all these others, it’s not necessary for a person to explore all of them every time they reflect on this mystery. There wouldn’t be enough time for that; instead, they should be content with whatever insight they find most satisfying. In these exercises, as we’ve said before, it’s not about how much you think or pray, but about the depth of devotion with which you do it.

Read the original Latin

Pues la principal materia de la meditación es la santísima pasión del Salvador, razón será que, pues hasta aquí habemos tratado de la meditación en común, tratemos ahora en particular de la meditación de la sagrada Pasión, para que sepamos de la manera que nos hemos de haber en esta parte.

Mas aquí se ha de presuponer, primero, que, entre todas las devociones del mundo, no hay otra más segura, ni más provechosa, ni más universal para todo género de personas, que la memoria de la sagrada Pasión. Dice Alberto Magno que es de más provecho pensar cada día un poco en la pasión del Salvador, que ayunar todos los viernes del año a pan y agua, y disciplinarse hasta derramar sangre, y rezar todo el salterio de cabo a cabo. A lo menos es cierto que este santo ejercicio ayuda grandemente para encaminar un ánima en todo bien; porque, como Cristo sea, según él mismo dice, el camino y la verdad y la vida, no hay otro ejercicio más proporcionado para ir a Dios, y conocer a Dios, y gozar de Dios, que poner siempre los ojos en Cristo; el cual, como en todas las cosas nos sea todo esto, mucho más lo es puesto y mirado en la cruz. Por donde dijo muy bien san Bernardo: «Bien puedo, Señor, rodear el cielo y la tierra, y no te hallaré sino en la cruz: ahí yaces, ahí duermes al mediodía» (In sermone de Passione).

Mas, dejada ahora esta materia para otro lugar, solamente quiero tratar al presente de la manera que habemos de tener en pensar esta sagrada Pasión. Porque hay algunas personas simples, las cuales no pretenden otra cosa en este ejercicio, sino sólo derramar alguna lágrima, compadeciéndose de los trabajos y dolores del Salvador, haciendo hincapié en solo esto, sin pasar adelante. Y, aunque esto sea muy bueno y necesario (porque es como fundamento de todo lo demás, como adelante se dirá), pero no es sólo este el fruto que se coge deste árbol sagrado, sino otros muchos mayores, pues de aquí ha de nacer todo el aprovechamiento de la vida espiritual. Para esto es de saber que seis cosas, entre otras muchas, se pueden considerar en la pasión del Señor, conviene saber: la grandeza de sus dolores, la grandeza de nuestro pecado, la alteza del beneficio, la excelencia de la divina bondad, la muchedumbre de las virtudes de Cristo que allí resplandecen, y la conveniencia deste medio que Dios tomó para nuestra redención. Estas seis cosas debemos considerar para seis efectos, en los cuales consiste todo el aprovechamiento de la vida espiritual. Porque la grandeza de los dolores de Cristo habemos de considerar para compadecernos dél; la grandeza de nuestro pecado, para aborrecerlo; la grandeza del beneficio, para agradecerlo; la excelencia de la divina bondad que allí se descubre, para amarla; la muchedumbre de las virtudes de Cristo que allí resplandecen, para imitarla; y la conveniencia del misterio, para maravillarnos de la sabiduría divina y confirmarnos más en la fe deste misterio. De estas seis cosas trataremos ahora por su orden.

I. De la grandeza de los dolores de Cristo

Lo primero, habemos de considerar la grandeza de los dolores de Cristo, para compadecernos dél; como es razón que se compadezcan los miembros de su cabeza. Para lo cual es de saber que, como dicen los doctores, los dolores que el Salvador padeció en su pasión fueron los mayores que se han padecido en el mundo, ni jamás se padecerán. Esto parecerá ser verdad, si consideramos cinco causas principales de do procedía la grandeza destos dolores.

La primera fue la grandeza de su caridad, por la cual deseaba redimir copiosísimamente el linaje humano y satisfacer perfectísimamente a las injurias y ofensas hechas contra la divina Majestad. Y, porque cuanto mayores dolores padecía, tanto más perfectamente cumplía con lo uno y con lo otro, y a él no faltaban fuerzas de gracia para llevar cuan grande carga quisiese, de aquí es haber querido que fuese muy crecida la carga, para que así también lo fuese la satisfacción de nuestra deuda y la obra de nuestra redención.

La segunda causa que se sigue desta fue el haber padecido sin ningún linaje de consuelo ni de alivio. Porque, por la razón susodicha, él cerró todas las puertas por donde le podía entrar alguna manera de consolación, así del cielo como de la tierra, hasta ser desamparado, no solamente de sus discípulos y amigos, sino también de su propio Padre y de sí mismo, para que así, a solas y sin compañía, se estuviese abrasando en la fragua de sus dolores, sin ningún aire ni frescor de alivio que por alguna parte le pudiese entrar. Por esto dijo él en el salmo: Hecho soy así como hombre sin ayuda, siendo yo el que solo entre los muertos estaba por derecho libre del pecado y de la muerte. Y en otro salmo dice: Estoy sumido en el profundo de las aguas y del cieno, y no hallo sobre qué estribar. Este es aquel desamparo que el mismo Salvador significó en la cruz, cuando dijo: Dios mío, Dios mío, ¿por qué me desamparaste? Porque en aquella hora fue aquella santa humanidad dejada en medio de la corriente de los dolores, sin haber cosa alguna que resistiese ni mitigase la fuerza dellos. Esto fue figurado en la ley por aquellos dos animales que se ofrecían por los pecados del pueblo, de los cuales el uno era degollado y ofrecido en sacrificio, y el otro desaparecía y era enviado a la soledad, dejando al compañero solo en el tormento. Pues así en este celestial sacrificio donde se ofreció Dios y hombre por los pecados del mundo, la una de las dos naturalezas era sacrificada y padecía, mas la otra desaparecía, dejando a la hermana sola en el tormento.

Porque, aunque cuanto al vínculo de la unión nunca desamparó lo que una vez tomó, mas cuanto a la consolación y alivio de los trabajos (en la parte inferior) del todo la desamparó. Y de aquí vemos que los mártires, cuando iban a padecer, iban muy lucidos y gozosos, como se lee de santa Águeda y de san Lorenzo y de otros muchos; mas el Salvador, siendo él la misma fuente de gracia y de fortaleza por cuya virtud pudieron los mártires lo que pudieron, temblaba y sudaba gotas de sangre cuando iba a padecer. Porque en aquellos la virtud de la caridad, que redundaba en las fuerzas inferiores del ánima, causaba grandísima alegría, mas en Cristo estaban por especial milagro suspensas todas estas y otras cualesquier influencias, para que así bebiese el cáliz de los dolores puro y sin mezcla de consolación.

La tercera causa fue la delicadeza de su complexión; porque, como aquel santo cuerpo era formado milagrosamente por el Espíritu Santo, y las cosas hechas por milagro son más perfectas que las que se hacen por naturaleza (como lo declara san Crisóstomo, hablando de aquel vino hecho de agua en las bodas), síguese que aquel cuerpo era el más bien acomplexionado y delicado de todos los cuerpos.

La cuarta fue el mismo género de muerte que el Salvador padeció, con todas las circunstancias que intervinieron en todo el discurso de su pasión; porque cada una dellas, si bien se mira, fue un linaje de martirio por sí.

Mas no se acaban aquí los trabajos de Cristo; otros quedan sin comparación mayores, que eran los de su ánima bendita. Porque todos estos, por la mayor parte, pertenecen a los trabajos de aquella cruz en que el cuerpo padecía por defuera; mas, después desta cruz visible, había otra invisible, en que aquella ánima santísima estaba dentro del cuerpo crucificada, la cual tenía sus cuatro brazos y sus cuatro clavos, que eran cuatro dolorosas consideraciones, que le daban muy mayor tormento que la misma cruz exterior.

Pues el que todas estas causas considerare verá claramente cuán grandes hayan sido los dolores del Salvador, que es el intento desta primera manera de contemplar su pasión. Mas no ha de ser este el fin y paradero deste ejercicio, sino antes debe el hombre tomarlo por medio para otros fines, conviene saber: para entender por aquí lo mucho que le amó quien por él tanto padeció, y el grande beneficio que le hizo quien por tan caro precio le compró, y lo mucho que está obligado a hacer por quien tanto por él hizo, y, sobre todo esto, lo mucho que debe aborrecer y dolerse de su pecado, pues él fue la causa deste tan prolijo martirio.

Y para estos cuatro fines ha de servir esta manera de contemplación, de los cuales se trata en los capítulos siguientes. Por do parece que esta primera manera de meditar por vía de compasión es como un medio o escalón para todas las otras. Y por esta causa hace mucho al caso san Buenaventura deste modo, porque sensiblemente se ve que este abre camino para todos los demás.

Y para esto dice el mismo santo que ayuda también tomar alguna disciplina que lastime, y no haga daño, para que por el sentimiento de aquel tan pequeño trabajo se levante más el espíritu a sentir algo de lo mucho que aquel delicadísimo cuerpo por nuestra causa padeció.

II. De cómo resplandece en la Pasión la graveza del pecado

La segunda cosa que habemos de considerar en la pasión del Salvador es la graveza de nuestro pecado, para dolernos dél y aborrecerlo. Para lo cual es de saber que, como dicen todos los santos, nuestros pecados fueron causa de que el Hijo de Dios padeciese todo lo que padeció. Porque claro está que, si no hubiera pecados de por medio, no fuera necesario padecer lo que padeció. No consta entre los doctores si el Hijo de Dios encarnara si el hombre no pecara, porque unos dicen que sí, otros que no; mas esto se tiene por averiguado: que, si no hubiera pecados, no muriera. Por do parece que nuestros pecados fueron los que lo echaron por estos hospitales, y los que lo metieron en aquella cárcel, y los que lo pusieron en aquella cruz.

Y no pienses que por no ser tú solo aquel cuyos pecados esto hicieron, eres digno de menor castigo, pues según leyes de justicia no merece menor pena el que mata a un inocente en compañía de muchos, que si lo matase solo. Pues, según esto, ¿qué tanta razón tienes para aborrecer los pecados y dolerte dellos, acordándote que ellos fueron los que en hecho de verdad pusieron al Hijo de Dios en tan gran conflicto? Mayor causa es esta para aborrecer el pecado y dolerse dél, que todas las otras pérdidas y males que trae consigo, aunque sea la gloria que por él se pierde y la pena que por él se gana.

Pues, conforme a esta doctrina, cuando fueres meditando esta sagrada Pasión, y vieres cómo prenden los enemigos al Salvador, y cómo le acusan, y le abofetean, escupen y azotan, etc. , piensa primero que en hecho de verdad tú estás en compañía destos y que tú juntamente con ellos entrevienes en esta conjuración. De manera que con verdad puedes decir que tus pecados le acusan, y tus solturas le atan, y tus hurtos le azotan, y tus atrevimientos le dan bofetadas, y tus soberbias le coronan de espinas, y tus atavíos y vanidades le visten de púrpura, y tus deleites le dan a beber hiel y vinagre, y, finalmente, que tu desobediencia le enclavó de pies y manos en aquella cruz. Porque lo que tú merecías por estas culpas quiso él padecer por las entrañas de su infinita caridad. Porque claro está que nunca los verdugos fueran poderosos para hacer lo que hicieron, si tus pecados no les dieran fuerzas para ello.

Esta es una muy provechosa manera de meditar la Pasión para todos; y mucho más para los que comienzan a servir a Dios y entienden en alimpiar las culpas de la vida pasada con ejercicios de penitencia.

III. De la grandeza del beneficio de nuestra redención

Lo tercero, debemos considerar en la sagrada Pasión la grandeza del beneficio que el Salvador nos hizo en redimirnos por este medio. Y, aunque sobre esto había infinitas cosas que decir, mas ahora no haré más que apuntar sumariamente tres cosas principales que se deben considerar en este sumo beneficio, conviene saber: lo que el Salvador por él nos dio, y el medio por donde nos los dio, y el amor con que nos lo dio.

Qué tanto sea lo que por este beneficio se nos dio, no hay lengua que lo pueda explicar. Mas podríase entender algo dello por dos vías. La primera, considerando todos los males en que el linaje humano incurrió por culpa del primer hombre; porque todos estos males fueron suficientemente remediados por Cristo, por quien fueron dados todos los bienes, contrarios a ellos; pues está claro que él nos fue dado por universal reparador de todos los males del mundo. Pues quien pudiere contar cuántos sean los males en que el mundo cayó por culpa de aquel primer hombre, ese podrá entender cuántos hayan sido los bienes que nos vinieron por el segundo; los cuales sin duda son innumerables.

La segunda vía es considerando no ya todos los males que trajo Adán, sino todos los bienes con que vino Cristo, porque de todos ellos somos hechos participantes mediante la comunicación de su espíritu; porque todos los que participan del espíritu de Cristo participan también de las virtudes y merecimientos de Cristo. Por lo cual dijo el Apóstol que todos los que había recibido el sacramento del Bautismo habían sido vestidos de Cristo, para dar a entender que todos ellos habían sido hechos participantes de Cristo y estaban adornados de sus virtudes y merecimientos, y que así vestidos desta librea parecían en su manera tales, a los ojos del Padre, cual el mismo Hijo parecía delante dél. Por esto, con mucha razón alega este maravilloso título el Eclesiástico en su oración, diciendo: Ten, Señor, misericordia de tu pueblo Israel, al cual igualaste y hiciste semejante a tu Hijo primogénito. ¿Qué dignidad, qué gloria puede ser mayor que esta? Pues, según esto, quien pudiere contar cuántas hayan sido las virtudes y merecimientos de Cristo, ese podrá entender cuántos hayan sido los bienes que nos vinieron por él, pues de todos ellos somos participantes por medio de su pasión.

Finalmente, por él se nos dio el perdón de los pecados, la gracia, la gloria, la libertad, la paz, la salud, la redención, la santificación, la justicia, la satisfacción, los sacramentos, los merecimientos, la doctrina y todo lo demás que él tenía y convenía para nuestra salud. Y por razón desta comunicación tan estrecha se llama en las Escrituras «Padre, Esposo y Cabeza universal de la Iglesia»; porque todo lo que tiene el padre pertenece a los hijos, y todo lo que tiene el esposo parte con la esposa, y de todo lo que tiene la cabeza participan los miembros.

Estos son, pues, los bienes que nos dio. Mas ¿por qué medio nos los dio? Claro está que por medio de su santísima Encarnación y Pasión, en la cual se hizo participante de todas nuestras deudas y miserias. De manera que por medio de haber tomado él en sí todos nuestros males nos hizo participantes de todos sus bienes. Mucho más es esto, que lo pasado, porque claro está que más admirable cosa es en Dios padecer males, que hacer bienes; porque así como no hay cosa más conveniente a aquella infinita bondad, que hacer bienes, así no hay cosa más extraña y peregrina a aquella infinita bienaventuranza, que padecer males. Por do parece que mucho más le debemos por lo que por nosotros padeció, que por lo mucho que nos dio; esto es, mucho más por la manera del remediar, que por el mismo remedio.

Mas ¿qué tan grande fue el amor con que todo esto nos dio? Esto es, sin ninguna comparación, mucho más, porque mucho más fue lo que deseó padecer, que lo que padeció, y muy mucho más lo que padeciera, si nos fuere necesario. Tres horas estuvo penando en la cruz por nuestros pecados. ¿Qué es esto para lo que más pudiera hacer la grandeza de su caridad? Si fuera necesario estar allí penando hasta el día del juicio, amor tenía sobrado para hacerlo. De manera que, aunque mucho padeció, mucho más es lo que amó, que lo que padeció. Y, por esto, si le debemos mucho por lo mucho que por nosotros hizo, mucho más le debemos por lo que deseó hacer.

Esta consideración es muy provechosa para despertarnos a dar gracias a quien tanto bien nos hizo, y amar a quien tanto más nos amó de lo que hizo. Otras infinitas cosas había que decir sobre esto, mas quedarse han ahora para otro lugar; y algo se dijo desto en la meditación de los beneficios.

IV. De la grandeza de la divina bondad que resplandece en la sagrada Pasión

Lo cuarto, debemos pensar la grandeza de la divina bondad y misericordia que en esta obra de Dios, más que en otra alguna, resplandece. Para lo cual debes considerar profundamente cuatro cosas que en toda la historia de esta sagrada Pasión y en cada parte della debían ser consideradas, conviene saber: quién padece, qué es lo que padece, por quién lo padece y por qué causa lo padece. Y, si te detienes un poco en cada cosa destas, y consideras primero la alteza del que padece, que es Dios, y de tal manera paras en este pensamiento, que vienes a quedar espantado de cosa tan alta y tan admirable; y después vienes a caer de allí en la profundidad y bajeza de los dolores y vituperios que quiso padecer, y esto, no por ángeles, ni por arcángeles, sino por los hombres, esto es, por unas criaturas vilísimas y abominables, y semejantes en sus obras a los mismos demonios; si en cada cosa destas haces una estación y comparas la una con la otra, verdaderamente quedarás atónito de ver hasta dónde se abajó una tan grande Majestad por una tan vil y tan baja criatura; y entonces podrás exclamar con el Profeta: Señor, oí tus palabras, y temí; consideré tus obras, y quedé espantado. Mas, si después de todo esto consideras la causa de tan grande abatimiento y vienes a entender cómo esto no fue ni por interese suyo, ni por merecimiento nuestro, sino sólo por las entrañas de su misericordia y amor, por las cuales tuvo por bien visitarnos dende lo alto, esto, bien considerado, levantarte ha en una tan grande admiración y amor, que vengas a quedar atónito con Moisés en el monte cuando vio la imagen deste misterio y comenzó a proclamar a grandes voces la inmensidad de la divina misericordia que allí se le descubrió. Este era aquel desfallecimiento que sentía la esposa en los Cantares, cuando decía: Sostenedme con flores y cercadme de manzanas, que estoy enferma de amores. Sobre las cuales palabras dice san Bernardo: «El ánima amorosa ve aquí al rey Salomón con la corona que le coronó su madre, ve al único Hijo del Padre llevando la cruz a cuestas, ve azotado y espinado al Señor de la majestad, ve al Autor de la vida y de la gloria atravesado con clavos, traspasado con la lanza y lleno de escarnios; vele, finalmente, poner aquella vida suya santísima por sus amigos; ve todo esto, y viéndolo, queda ella traspasada con un cuchillo de amor, y por esto dice: Sostenedme con flores y cercadme de manzanas, que estoy enferma de amor».

V. De la excelencia de las virtudes que resplandecen en la pasión de Cristo

Lo quinto, debemos considerar en la pasión del Salvador la muchedumbre de las virtudes que resplandecen en ella; para esforzarnos a imitar algo de lo que allí se representa. Esta es una de las más altas maneras que hay de contemplar la sagrada Pasión, pues está claro que toda la perfección de la vida cristiana consiste en la imitación de las virtudes de Cristo. A lo cual nos convida el apóstol san Pedro, diciendo: Cristo padeció por nosotros, dándonos ejemplo que sigamos sus pisadas; el cual no maldecía cuando le maldecían, ni amenazaba cuando le atormentaban, sino antes humilmente se entregaba a los que injustamente le juzgaban.

Pues, como quiera que todas las virtudes resplandezcan tan altamente en toda la vida de Cristo, pero muy más perfectamente resplandecen en su sagrada Pasión. Y, por esto, aquí principalmente conviene mirar la hermosura de sus virtudes, las cuales resplandecen más entre aquellos dolores, que las flores entre las espinas.

Considera, pues, primeramente, aquella tan profunda humildad con que aquel altísimo y soberano Hijo de Dios vino a ser despreciado y tenido en menos que Barrabás, y a querer ser colgado de un palo en medio de dos ladrones como capitán y príncipe de malhechores. Considera otrosí aquella paciencia tan admirable en medio de tantas injurias y dolores. Aquella fortaleza tan grande con que se ofreció tan voluntariamente a las huestes de sus enemigos y a los mayores trabajos y encuentros que jamás se recibieron. Aquella perseverancia tan constante, que llegó de cabo a cabo, hasta subir a la cruz, y descender al infierno, y dar cabo al negocio de nuestra salvación. Aquella caridad que sobrepujó todo sentido, por la cual sola se quiso ofrecer en sacrificio por los pecados del mundo; y murió por dar vida, no sólo a sus amigos, sino también a sus enemigos y a aquellos mismos que derramaban su sangre. Aquella misericordia tan copiosa, que se extendió a tomar sobre sí todas las miserias y deudas del mundo y satisfacer por ellas, como si fueran suyas propias. Aquella obediencia al Padre tan perfecta, que llegó hasta la muerte, y muerte de cruz, donde, inclinando la cabeza, le ofreció su ánima santísima, dando a entender que ya era acabada la obra de su obediencia. Aquella mansedumbre tan grande, que mostró en todos los autos de su pasión, dejándose llevar como una oveja al matadero, y como un cordero que no hablaba delante del que le trasquila.

Aquel silencio tan admirable entre tan falsas acusaciones y testimonios, que bastó para poner en admiración al mismo juez que le condenaba.

Pues, si deseas ver un perfectísimo menosprecio del mundo y de todas las honras y riquezas y placeres que hay en él, mira al Señor en aquella cruz, tan deshonrado y atormentado y desnudo, que ni tiene otra cama, sino una cruz, ni otra almohada, sino una corona de espinas, ni otra mesa, sino hiel y vinagre, ni otros consoladores, sino aquellos crueles escarnecedores que, meneando las cabezas, le decían: ¡Ah! , que destruyes el templo de Dios, y en tres días lo vuelves a reedificar. Pues la pobreza evangélica, y la abstinencia, y la aspereza de la vida, en ninguna parte más resplandecen, que en la cruz; y así todas las otras virtudes.

Mas entre todas ellas principalmente se señalan la humildad y la paciencia. Porque, la paciencia, dicen los santos que fue la vestidura de bodas y la ropa de fiesta de que el Hijo de Dios se vistió cuando se vino a tomar las manos con la Iglesia y casarse con ella; queriendo decir por esta metáfora que, aunque Cristo resplandeció con la librea de todas las virtudes cuando vino a celebrar matrimonio con la Iglesia en la cama de la cruz, pero que más principalmente resplandeció allí con la púrpura de la paciencia; porque mediante el acto desta virtud, que es sufrir, bebió el cáliz de la Pasión, por cuyo valor y merecimiento la Iglesia fue redimida, y hermoseada, y desposada con Cristo.

Pues en estas y otras semejantes virtudes debemos poner los ojos cuando contempláremos la sagrada Pasión; para imitar algo de lo que allí se hizo, no sólo para nuestro remedio, sino también para nuestro ejemplo. Porque la mayor gloria de cuantas en este mundo puede alcanzar un cristiano es llegar a tener semejanza con Cristo; no como la deseó tener Lucifer, sino como nos mandó él mismo que la tuviésemos, cuando dijo: Ejemplo os he dado, para que, como yo hice, así vosotros hagáis.

VI. De la conveniencia del misterio de nuestra redención

Lo sexto, debemos contemplar en la sagrada Pasión la conveniencia del misterio, conviene saber: cuán conveniente medio haya sido este que Dios escogió para encaminar la salvación del hombre y socorrer a sus miserias. Esta manera de contemplar sirve para alumbrar el entendimiento y confirmarlo más en la fe deste misterio; y para levantar el corazón del hombre en una grande admiración de la bondad y sabiduría de Dios, que tan admirable y tan conveniente medio escogió para sanar nuestras miserias y socorrer a nuestra necesidad.

Esta es una materia tan copiosa para meditar, que, verdaderamente, aunque un hombre estuviese pensando en ella hasta la fin del mundo, siempre hallaría nuevas conveniencias y nuevas causas por donde más y más se levantase su espíritu a la admiración desta soberana sabiduría y providencia de Dios. Y porque crecería mucho este volumen, si desta materia se hubiese de tratar por entero, contentarme he al presente con sólo descubrir aquí el hilo y fundamento desta consideración, para que por aquí el ánima devota y religiosa abra camino para todo lo demás.

Pues para esto es de saber que, para ver la proporción y conveniencia que tiene un medio para con su fin, es necesario hacer comparación del medio con el fin; y cuanto mayores ayudas se hallaren de parte del medio para conseguir el fin, tanto es el medio más convenible para él. Pongamos ejemplo. Si queremos examinar si una medicina es conveniente para una enfermedad, miramos los accidentes de la enfermedad, y las propiedades y virtud de la medicina; y vista la proporción que hay de lo uno a lo otro juzgamos si conviene o no conviene para ello. Pues, según esto, como nos conste ya que la Pasión y sangre de Cristo es una general medicina de todas las miserias y necesidades del hombre, si queremos ver la conveniencia desta medicina, debemos hacer una larga comparación de la medicina con la dolencia; y, si bien supiéremos escudriñar lo uno y lo otro, hallaremos, por cierto, que viene tan a propósito esta medicina para contra esa dolencia, y para contra todos los ramos y accidentes della, como si para cada una solamente fuera instituida; lo cual sin duda es cosa que pone al que atentamente lo considera en un grande espanto y admiración. Si no, dime: Para pagar la deuda común del linaje humano, ¿qué satisfacción se pudiera ofrecer más suficiente, que aquella sangre preciosa que derramó el Hijo de Dios en la cruz? Para curar las llagas de nuestra soberbia y avaricia, desagradecimiento, regalo y amor propio, con todos los otros males que dél proceden, ¿qué cosa más conveniente que Dios en una cruz? Para darnos conocimiento de la divina bondad y misericordia, y para encendernos más en el amor de Dios, y esforzar más nuestra confianza, y despertar más nuestro olvido y desconocimiento, ¿qué cosa más conveniente que Dios en una cruz? Pues, para enriquecer al hombre con merecimientos, para levantarlo a mayor honra, para encender su espíritu en devoción, para consolarlo en sus tribulaciones, para socorrerlo en sus tentaciones, para ayudarlo en sus trabajos, para darle ánimo para cosas grandes, y, finalmente, para todos los ejemplos de virtud, ¿qué cosa más conveniente que Jesucristo en la cruz?

Y para comprehenderlo todo en una palabra: si la vida del evangelio, bien mirada, no es otra cosa, sino cruz, ¿qué cosa más conveniente para encaminar a un linaje de vida, que todo es cruz, sino otra cruz?

Y, si quieres aún más claro entender esta conveniencia, considera atentamente qué cosa sea vida cristiana (que es el fin de todos los trabajos de Cristo), y esta te declarará muy por entero la conveniencia que hay deste medio con este fin. Vida cristiana, tomándola en toda su perfección, es, no la que viven ahora los cristianos, que en el mundo se usa, sino la que vivió Cristo y vivieron sus discípulos, cuyos trabajos fueron tan grandes, que uno dellos dice así: Un espectáculo estamos hechos a Dios y a los ángeles y los hombres; porque tan grandes son nuestros trabajos, y tan acosados y perseguidos somos del mundo, que, como a fieras que lidian en el coso, así nos están mirando; no solamente los hombres y los ángeles, sino hasta el mismo Dios. Y más adelante dice: Hasta esta hora presente padecemos hambre, sed, desnudez y bofetadas, y sin tener un agujero en que meternos andamos de lugar en lugar, ganando la comida por nuestras manos. Maldícennos, y bendecimos; persíguennos, y sufrímoslo; blasfeman de nosotros, y hacemos oración. Finalmente, de tal manera somos tratados y estimados del mundo, como un poco de estiércol y como el polvo que anda debajo de los pies, y como unos hombres tan malos, que con ninguna cosa piensa el mundo más agradar a Dios que con nuestra muerte y condenación. Esta es, hermano mío, vida cristiana; y vida cristiana es también la que vivieron los profetas, y la que vivieron los mártires, y los confesores, y aquellos bienaventurados monjes del yermo, y, finalmente, todos los santos; la cual describe el Apóstol por estas palabras: Los santos fueron escarnecidos, azotados, presos, encarcelados, apedreados, aserrados, tentados y muertos a cuchillo. Anduvieron por este mundo vestidos de pieles de ovejas y de cabras, necesitados, angustiados, afligidos; de los cuales el mundo no era merecedor. Vivían en los yermos y en los lugares apartados y solitarios, teniendo por casa las cuevas y las aberturas de la tierra.

Esta es la perfección de la vida cristiana que nos enseña el Evangelio y que vino Cristo a introducir en el mundo. La cual, bien mirada, es una perpetua cruz y muerte de todo el hombre, para que, después de así muerto y aniquilado, esté hábil y dispuesto para ser transformado en Dios. Porque así como no puede haber generación sin corrupción (porque primero ha de perecer lo que era, para que se haga lo que no era), así no puede haber esta espiritual generación y transformación del hombre en Dios, si primero no muere el hombre viejo, para que así se pueda transformar en Dios. De donde viene a ser que toda la vida del evangelio no sea otra cosa, como dijimos, sino muerte y cruz. Pues, según esto, ¿qué cosa más conveniente para encaminar un linaje de vida, que toda es cruz, sino en otra cruz? Si ninguna cosa es más eficaz para engendrar un fuego, que otro fuego, ni un semejante, que otro semejante, ¿qué cosa habrá más proporcionada para engendrar una cruz, que otra cruz? Verdaderamente, así es; y así ninguna cosa esforzó ni esfuerza más hoy día a todos los santos a sufrir tantos trabajos, y la injusticia, y la injuria, y la pobreza, y la sujeción, y la disciplina, y el hambre, la sed y el frío, y la desnudez, y, finalmente, todas las calamidades y miserias del mundo, y todas las asperezas de la vida del evangelio, que poner los ojos en la cruz. Desta escuela salieron los mártires, aquí aprendieron los apóstoles, esto es lo que enseñó y esforzó las vírgenes, y los confesores, y los monjes, y, finalmente, todos los santos; y esto es lo que les acompañó y consoló en todos sus trabajos.

Pues, cuando el ánima devota halla tantas maneras de frutos en este árbol de vida para todo género de tiempos y de necesidades, no puede dejar de maravillarse de la sabiduría de aquel soberano maestro, que tan excelente medio halló para nuestro remedio; y de reconocer la bondad de aquel tan piadoso Padre, que, pudiendo remediar al hombre con sola su voluntad, se quiso poner a tan grandes trabajos y deshonras, para que el hombre quedase por esta vía más honrado y aprovechado, que por otra alguna.

Estas son las seis principales maneras que hay para meditar la sagrada Pasión. Y la orden que comúnmente se podrá tener en ellas es comenzar por la primera (que es como fundamento de las otras), y della podemos salir luego a las demás, según que el mismo hilo de la meditación nos abriere camino, y la gracia del Espíritu Santo, que es el principal maestro destos ejercicios. Porque, según arriba declaramos, considerada la grandeza de los dolores que el Salvador padeció, luego podemos salir a considerar cuánta sea la grandeza de nuestro pecado que le hizo padecer todo esto, y cuánta también la grandeza deste beneficio, pues por nuestro amor quiso Dios padecer tan extraños dolores, y asimismo cuánta sea la alteza de aquella divina bondad y misericordia, que por nuestro amor se inclinó al profundo de tantas vilezas y miserias; y, sobre todo esto, cuán grandes hayan sido los ejemplos de virtudes que allí se nos dieron, conviene saber: de paciencia, obediencia, caridad, humildad, mansedumbre y fortaleza; con todo lo demás que hasta aquí se ha tratado.

Y, aunque para todas estas consideraciones haya salida y paso conveniente de la primera, no se requiere que cada vez que el hombre se pone a pensar este misterio haga todas estas salidas, porque para esto no bastaría tiempo, sino conténtese con aquel bocado en que más sabor hallare; porque en estos ejercicios, como ya dijimos, no se ha de tener respeto a lo mucho que se piensa o que se reza, sino a la mucha devoción con que esto se hace.

Scripture echoes

  1. John.14.6Jesus said to him, 'I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.'
  2. Song.1.7Tell me, whom my soul loves, where you pasture your flock, where you make it lie down at noon; for why should I be like one who wanders beside the flocks of your companions?
  3. Ps.88.5;Ps.89.4-Ps.89.5I am counted among those who go down to the pit; I am like a man without strength. Ps.89.4 — I have cut a covenant with my chosen one; I have sworn to David my servant. Ps.89.5 — Forever I will establish your seed, and I will build your throne for generation to generation. Selah.
  4. Ps.69.2;Ps.69.3Save me, O God, for the waters have come up to my neck. Ps.69.3 — I have sunk into deep mire, and there is no foothold; I have come into the deep waters, and the flood has swept over me.
  5. Ps.22.1;Ps.22.2For the Director. Upon the Doe of the Dawn. A Psalm of David. Ps.22.2 — My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Far from my salvation are the words of my groaning.
  6. John.19.1-John.19.5Then Pilate therefore took Jesus and had him flogged. John.19.2 — And the soldiers, having woven a crown of thorns, placed it on his head, and they clothed him in a purple robe. John.19.3 — And they kept coming up to him, saying, 'Hail, King of the Jews!' and striking him with their hands." Completes the sentence and gives the repeated action a clearer spoken rhythm. John.19.4 — And Pilate went out again and said to them, 'See, I am bringing him out to you, so that you may know that I find no charge against him.' John.19.5 — So Jesus came out, wearing the crown of thorns and the purple robe, and Pilate said to them, "Behold, the man."
  7. Gal.3.27For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ.
  8. Isa.9.6;Eph.5.25-Eph.5.32;John.3.29;Eph.1.22-Eph.1.23;Col.1.18For the increase of his government and for peace there will be no end, upon the throne of David and over his kingdom, to establish it and to uphold it with justice and with righteousness from this time forth and forevermore. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will do this. Eph.5.25 — Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ also loved the church and gave himself up for her. Eph.5.26 — in order that he might sanctify her, having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word, Eph.5.27 — so that he might present the church to himself in splendor, without spot or wrinkle or any such thing, so that she might be holy and blameless. Eph.5.28 — In the same way, husbands ought to love their own wives as their own bodies; he who loves his own wife loves himself. Eph.5.29 — For no one ever hated his own flesh, but nourishes and cherishes it, just as Christ also does the church. Eph.5.30 — because we are members of his body. Eph.5.31 — For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh. Eph.5.32 — This mystery is profound—and I am speaking with reference to Christ and the church. John.3.29 — The one who has the bride is the bridegroom. But the friend of the bridegroom, who stands and hears him, rejoices greatly because of the bridegroom's voice. So this joy of mine is now complete. Eph.1.22 — And he put all things under his feet, and gave him as head over all things to the church. Eph.1.23 — which is his body, the fullness of the One who fills all in all. Col.1.18 — And he is the head of the body, the church; he is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, so that he might have first place in everything.
  9. Rom.8.17;Gal.4.7;John.16.15And if children, then heirs—heirs of God and co-heirs with Christ, if indeed we suffer with him so that we may also be glorified with him. Gal.4.7 — So you are no longer a slave but a son; and if a son, then an heir through God. John.16.15 — All that the Father has is mine; therefore I told you that he will take from what is mine and announce it to you.
  10. Eph.5.25-Eph.5.32Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ also loved the church and gave himself up for her. Eph.5.26 — in order that he might sanctify her, having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word, Eph.5.27 — so that he might present the church to himself in splendor, without spot or wrinkle or any such thing, so that she might be holy and blameless. Eph.5.28 — In the same way, husbands ought to love their own wives as their own bodies; he who loves his own wife loves himself. Eph.5.29 — For no one ever hated his own flesh, but nourishes and cherishes it, just as Christ also does the church. Eph.5.30 — because we are members of his body. Eph.5.31 — For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh. Eph.5.32 — This mystery is profound—and I am speaking with reference to Christ and the church.
  11. Eph.4.15-Eph.4.16;1Cor.12.12-1Cor.12.27;Col.2.19But speaking the truth in love, let us grow up in every way into him who is the head, Christ, Eph.4.16 — from whom the whole body, joined and held together by every joint with which it is equipped, when each individual part is working properly, causes the growth of the body for building itself up in love. 1Cor.12.12 — For just as the body is one and has many members, and all the members of the body, though many, are one body, so also is Christ. 1Cor.12.13 — For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—whether Jews or Greeks, whether slaves or free—and we were all made to drink of one Spirit. 1Cor.12.14 — For the body is not one member, but many. 1Cor.12.15 — If the foot should say, 'Because I am not a hand, I do not belong to the body,' it is not for that reason any less a part of the body. 1Cor.12.16 — And if the ear should say, 'Because I am not an eye, I do not belong to the body,' it is not for that reason any less a part of the body. 1Cor.12.17 — If the whole body were an eye, where would the hearing be? If the whole body were hearing, where would the sense of smell be? 1Cor.12.18 — But now God has placed each one of the members in the body just as he desired. 1Cor.12.19 — If they were all one member, where would the body be? 1Cor.12.20 — Now there are many parts, but one body. 1Cor.12.21 — The eye cannot say to the hand, "I have no need of you," nor again the head to the feet, "I have no need of you." 1Cor.12.22 — On the contrary, the parts of the body that seem to be weaker are in fact indispensable. 1Cor.12.23 — and the parts of the body that we consider less honorable, we clothe with greater honor; and our unpresentable parts receive greater propriety, 1Cor.12.24 — but our presentable parts have no such need. Rather, God has composed the body, giving greater honor to the part that lacked it, 1Cor.12.25 — so that there may be no division in the body, but that the members may have the same care for one another. 1Cor.12.26 — And if one member suffers, all the members suffer with it; if one member is honored, all the members rejoice with it. 1Cor.12.27 — Now you are the body of Christ, and individually members of it. Col.2.19 — and not holding fast to the Head, from whom the whole body, supplied and knit together through its joints and ligaments, grows with the growth that is from God.
  12. Hab.3.2LORD, I have heard your report; I stand in awe, LORD. Your work—revive it in the midst of the years; in the midst of the years make it known. In wrath remember mercy.
  13. Luke.1.78because of the tender mercy of our God, by which the rising sun will come to us from on high
  14. Song.2.5Sustain me with raisin cakes, refresh me with apples, for I am faint with love.
  15. Song.3.11Go out and look, daughters of Zion, at King Solomon, wearing the crown with which his mother crowned him on the day of his wedding, and on the day of the joy of his heart.
  16. John.15.13No one has greater love than this: that someone lay down his life for his friends.
  17. Song.2.5Sustain me with raisin cakes, refresh me with apples, for I am faint with love.
  18. John.18.39-John.18.40Now it is your custom that I release one man for you at the Passover. Do you want me to release the King of the Jews? John.18.40 — So they cried out again, 'Not this man, but Barabbas!' Now Barabbas was a robber.
  19. John.19.18There they crucified him, and with him two others, one on each side, and Jesus in the middle.
  20. John.18.4-John.18.8Jesus, knowing everything that was coming upon him, went out and said to them, 'Whom are you seeking?' John.18.5 — They answered him, "Jesus of Nazareth." He said to them, "I am he." And Judas, the one who was betraying him, was standing with them. John.18.6 — When he said to them, 'I am he,' they drew back and fell to the ground. John.18.7 — Again, therefore, he asked them, 'Whom are you seeking?' And they said, 'Jesus the Nazarene.' John.18.8 — Jesus answered, 'I told you that I am he. So if you are looking for me, let these men go.'
  21. Eph.4.9;1Pet.3.18-1Pet.3.19Now "he ascended"—what does it mean except that he also descended into the lower regions, the earth? 1Pet.3.18 — For Christ also suffered once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, in order to bring you to God — put to death in the flesh, but made alive in the Spirit. 1Pet.3.19 — in which also he went and proclaimed to the spirits in prison,
  22. Eph.3.19;Phil.4.7to know the love of Christ that surpasses knowledge, so that you may be filled with all the fullness of God Phil.4.7 — And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus.
  23. Rom.5.6-Rom.5.10For while we were still helpless, at the right time Christ died for the ungodly. Rom.5.7 — For rarely will anyone die for a righteous person—though for a good person someone might perhaps even dare to die. Rom.5.8 — But God demonstrates his own love for us in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us. Rom.5.9 — Much more then, having now been justified by his blood, we will be saved through him from the wrath. Rom.5.10 — For if while we were enemies we were reconciled to God through the death of his Son, much more, having been reconciled, we shall be saved by his life.
  24. 2Cor.5.21;Col.2.14God made him who had no sin to be sin for us, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God. Col.2.14 — having canceled the written code, the regulations that were against us and stood opposed to us, he has taken it out of the way, nailing it to the cross.
  25. Phil.2.8And he humbled himself, becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross.
  26. John.19.30When Jesus had received the sour wine, he said, 'It is finished,' and bowing his head he gave up his spirit.
  27. Isa.53.7He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he did not open his mouth; like a lamb led to slaughter, and like a sheep silent before its shearers, so he did not open his mouth.
  28. Matt.27.29;Mark.15.17;John.19.2And they twisted together a crown of thorns and placed it on his head, and put a reed in his right hand. And kneeling before him, they mocked him, saying, 'Hail, King of the Jews!' Mark.15.17 — And they clothed him in purple, and after twisting together a crown of thorns, they placed it on him. John.19.2 — And the soldiers, having woven a crown of thorns, placed it on his head, and they clothed him in a purple robe.
  29. Matt.27.34;Ps.69.21They gave him wine to drink mixed with gall; and when he tasted it, he was not willing to drink. Ps.69.21 — Reproach has broken my heart, and I am sick with grief; I looked for sympathy, but there was none, and for comforters, but I found no one.
  30. Matt.27.39-Matt.27.40;Mark.15.29-Mark.15.30And those who passed by were hurling insults at him, shaking their heads Matt.27.40 — You who would destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days, save yourself! If you are the Son of God, come down from the cross! Mark.15.29 — And those who passed by were hurling insults at him, shaking their heads and saying, 'Aha! You who would tear down the temple and rebuild it in three days—' Mark.15.30 — Save yourself, and come down from the cross!
  31. Matt.27.40;Mark.15.29;John.2.19You who would destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days, save yourself! If you are the Son of God, come down from the cross! Mark.15.29 — And those who passed by were hurling insults at him, shaking their heads and saying, 'Aha! You who would tear down the temple and rebuild it in three days—' John.2.19 — Jesus answered them, "Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up."
  32. 1Pet.1.18-1Pet.1.19knowing that you were not redeemed with perishable things—silver or gold—from your futile way of life handed down from your fathers, 1Pet.1.19 — but with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot
  33. 1Cor.1.18-1Cor.1.25;Gal.6.14For the word of the cross is folly to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God. 1Cor.1.19 — For it is written: "I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and the discernment of the discerning I will set aside." 1Cor.1.20 — Where is the wise one? Where is the scribe? Where is the debater of this age? Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world? 1Cor.1.21 — For since, in the wisdom of God, the world did not know God through its wisdom, God was pleased to save those who believe through the foolishness of the proclaimed message. 1Cor.1.22 — For Jews demand signs, and Greeks seek wisdom, 1Cor.1.23 — but we proclaim Christ crucified: to Jews a stumbling block, and to Gentiles foolishness, 1Cor.1.24 — but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ is the power of God and the wisdom of God. 1Cor.1.25 — For the foolishness of God is wiser than human wisdom, and the weakness of God is stronger than human strength. Gal.6.14 — But may it never be that I should boast, except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, through which the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world.
  34. Rom.5.8But God demonstrates his own love for us in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us.
  35. Heb.12.2;1Pet.2.21fixing our eyes on Jesus, the pioneer and perfecter of faith, who for the joy set before him endured the cross, despising its shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God. 1Pet.2.21 — For to this you were called, because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example, so that you should follow in his steps.
  36. Gal.2.20;Rom.6.6I have been crucified with Christ, and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me. And the life I now live in the flesh, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me. Rom.6.6 — We know this: our old self was crucified with him, so that the body of sin might be rendered powerless, that we might no longer be enslaved to sin.
  37. 2Pet.1.4;2Cor.3.18Through these he has granted to us his very great and precious promises, so that through them you may become partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is in the world because of sinful desire. 2Cor.3.18 — And we all, with unveiled face, beholding the glory of the Lord as in a mirror, are being transformed into the same image from glory to glory, just as from the Lord, the Spirit.
  38. Rom.6.6;Eph.4.22;Col.3.9We know this: our old self was crucified with him, so that the body of sin might be rendered powerless, that we might no longer be enslaved to sin. Eph.4.22 — you were taught to put off your former way of life, the old self, which is being corrupted according to the desires of deceit; Col.3.9 — Do not lie to one another, since you have put off the old self with its practices,
  39. Rom.6.4-Rom.6.6;2Cor.5.17;Gal.2.20Therefore we were buried with him through baptism into death, so that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, so also we might walk in newness of life. Rom.6.5 — For if we have become united with him in the likeness of his death, we shall also be united with him in the likeness of his resurrection. Rom.6.6 — We know this: our old self was crucified with him, so that the body of sin might be rendered powerless, that we might no longer be enslaved to sin. 2Cor.5.17 — So if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation. The old has passed away; behold, the new has come. Gal.2.20 — I have been crucified with Christ, and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me. And the life I now live in the flesh, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me.
  40. 1Cor.1.18;Gal.6.14For the word of the cross is folly to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God. Gal.6.14 — But may it never be that I should boast, except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, through which the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world.
  41. 2Cor.11.27;1Cor.4.11in toil and hardship, in sleepless nights many times, in hunger and thirst, in fastings many times, in cold and nakedness 1Cor.4.11 — To this very hour we hunger and thirst, we are poorly clothed, we are beaten, and we are homeless,
  42. Heb.12.2;Gal.3.1fixing our eyes on Jesus, the pioneer and perfecter of faith, who for the joy set before him endured the cross, despising its shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God. Gal.3.1 — O foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you? Before your very eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified.

Notes

  1. 1disciplinarse: traditional Spanish devotional sense of taking the discipline (self-scourging), not generic 'self-discipline'.
  2. 2ahí duermes al mediodía echoes the Song of Songs language of resting/sleeping at noon, read by Bernard of the Beloved found on the cross.
  3. 3Spanish 'conveniencia' here means fitness/suitability of the redemptive means, not modern English 'convenience'.
  4. 4Spanish 'imitarla' agrees with 'muchedumbre' (the abundance); English naturally takes the virtues as the object of imitation ('them').
  5. 5doctores rendered as 'doctors' in the scholastic sense (theological masters), not physicians.
  6. 6Spanish "satisfacción" keeps the classical satisfaction/atonement sense (making amends for offense), not modern emotional "satisfaction."
  7. 7desamparado ... de sí mismo: forsaken even by himself — not a breach of the hypostatic union (clarified in the next section), but the withdrawal of consoling influences from the lower powers of the soul, so that the human nature suffered without interior relief.
  8. 8The Spanish blends a psalm line (Vulgate-style 'man without help' / free among the dead) with Granada's interpretive expansion that Christ alone among the dead was by right free of sin and death.
  9. 9la otra desaparecía / hermana sola: the divine nature did not suffer or cease to be united (cf. next section on the bond of union), but its consoling influence was withheld from the suffering human nature—the sister left alone in the torment. Kept 'sister' to preserve Granada's personifying typology with the two animals.
  10. 10“Parte inferior” is the lower/sensitive part of the human nature (as distinct from the higher spiritual powers). “La desamparó” continues the earlier image of the humanity left alone in torment: the hypostatic union held, but consoling influence on that lower part was wholly withdrawn.
  11. 11“Virtud de la caridad” names the theological virtue (charity/love). Rendered “charity” to keep the classical virtue-term force; the sense is divine love flooding the martyrs’ lower powers with joy.
  12. 12Spanish prolijo here means prolonged/drawn-out rather than verbose; rendered as 'long and drawn-out'.
  13. 13Archaic Spanish 'Por do' (= 'por donde') rendered as 'From this'; 'escalón' kept as 'stepping-stone' for the figurative ladder sense.
  14. 14'hace mucho al caso' is idiomatic Golden Age Spanish for treating something as highly important or much to the point; rendered 'makes much of' to keep the force of recommendation. 'sensiblemente' = perceptibly/clearly, not 'sensibly' in the modern English sense.
  15. 15Spanish disciplina here is the ascetic practice of corporal penance (often the scourge), not abstract training; rendered as discipline to keep the traditional spiritual term.
  16. 16Classical scholastic dispute (Scotist vs. Thomist-leaning lines) on whether the Incarnation would have occurred without the Fall; the text affirms only the conditional necessity of the death.
  17. 17Spanish hospitales here means places of misery/infirmity in the Passion sequence (not modern medical hospitals only); kept as 'hospitals' to preserve the source image.
  18. 18Spanish 'conflicto' here means the Passion's anguish/trial, not modern 'conflict'; rendered as 'distress'.
  19. 19solturas rendered as 'license' (moral looseness / self-granted freedom); the Spanish also carries unrestraint and free living. Alternative: 'self-indulgence' or 'looseness'.
  20. 20por las entrañas de su infinita caridad keeps the visceral biblical idiom (entrañas ≈ deep compassion/bowels); 'charity' kept as theological love rather than flattened to generic kindness.
  21. 21Spanish reparador is rendered restorer (repairer of what was broken), not simply Redeemer, to keep the restorative force of the source.
  22. 22librea rendered as 'livery' to keep Granada's household-uniform image: the baptized wear Christ's colors before the Father.
  23. 23Quoted prayer attributed to Ecclesiasticus (Sirach); final Moses resolution deferred. Prayer register left uncontracted ('Have mercy, Lord').
  24. 24Spanish salud in this list and in para nuestra salud is the soteriological sense (salvation / spiritual well-being), not bodily health. Justicia here is righteousness before God; satisfacción is the theological term for atoning satisfaction.
  25. 25comunicación continues the previous section's sense of sharing/imparting Christ's Spirit and goods (not mere speech). Rendered as "sharing" to keep that force; "communion" would also be faithful.
  26. 26Spanish 'extraña y peregrina' pairs 'strange' with 'peregrina' (foreign/alien/unwonted); rendered as 'strange and foreign' to keep the contrast with what is 'conveniente' (fitting) to infinite goodness.
  27. 27Archaic Spanish 'Por do' (= por donde) rendered as 'From this'; 'manera del remediar' kept as 'manner of the remedying' to preserve the contrast with 'el mismo remedio' (the remedy itself).
  28. 28Esto es... mucho más continues the love of s1: the magnitude of that love, not a separate abstract 'this,' is what exceeds comparison.
  29. 29caridad rendered as charity here for theological-virtue force (the measureless readiness of divine love), not almsgiving.
  30. 30Archaic Spanish 'quedarse han' (= 'se han de quedar' / future periphrasis) rendered as 'will be left'; 'desto' = 'de esto'.
  31. 31Spanish «entrañas de su misericordia» echoes the biblical «viscera misericordiae» (tender depths/bowels of mercy); rendered as «depths of his mercy» for modern readability while keeping the merciful, interior force.
  32. 32The Spanish reads that Christ 'humilmente se entregaba a los que injustamente le juzgaban' (humbly handed himself over to those who judged him unjustly). The familiar biblical line (1 Peter 2:23) usually ends with entrusting himself to the One who judges justly. The translation follows the Spanish surface as given.
  33. 33descender al infierno retains traditional Creed language (descent to the dead / Harrowing of Hell), not a modern figurative 'hell' of mere agony.
  34. 34caridad rendered as charity for theological-virtue force in sacrificial context; love would also be allowed by lexeme policy.
  35. 35Continues the mockers' speech begun at the end of s1; closing quote supplied for English readability.
  36. 36pobreza evangélica rendered as 'gospel poverty' (evangelical poverty in the technical religious sense of voluntary Gospel poverty).
  37. 37"tomar las manos con la Iglesia" is rendered as "join hands with the Church," the old betrothal/marriage gesture; the nuptial metaphor continues through wedding garment, festive clothing, bed of the cross, and betrothal.
  38. 38Spanish conveniencia here is the scholastic sense of fittingness (how aptly God's chosen means match the ends of redemption), not modern 'convenience'.
  39. 39accidentes rendered as "symptoms" in this medical comparison; scholastic "accidents" (attendant features) is also possible.
  40. 40ramos y accidentes: "branches and symptoms" keeps the disease image; "ramos" can also mean offshoots or ramifications of the affliction.
  41. 41regalo rendered as "soft living" (self-indulgent ease), a common Golden Age sense; not "gift."
  42. 42dél taken as referring especially to amor propio (self-love) as the root of the other evils; it can also be read of the whole cluster.
  43. 43despertar más nuestro olvido y desconocimiento rendered as waking us from forgetfulness and ignorance of God, not as increasing forgetfulness itself.
  44. 44"transformado en Dios" is theosis / deification language (union and likeness to God), not ontological identity with the divine essence; kept as "transformed into God" for fidelity to Granada's wording.
  45. 45"hombre viejo" is the Pauline old man / old self; rendered "old self" for modern readability while keeping the theological force.
  46. 46"generación" / "corrupción" use classical generation-corruption language (coming-to-be and passing-away), applied analogically to spiritual rebirth.
  47. 47"linaje de vida" rendered "kind of life" (line/strain of life); "encaminar ... en otra cruz" is slightly elliptical—fit means of directing/launching that life-way is another cross (Christ's Passion).
  48. 48"esforzó ni esfuerza" taken as strengthen/steel/hearten (not "force"); past and present paired to cover saints of every age and of today.
  49. 49"Desta escuela" / "aquí" / "esto" point back to the school of the cross (fixing eyes on Christ's Passion).

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