Capítulo 4. En qué grado y por qué fin es lícito desear la humana honra; y del grandísimo peligro que hay en los oficios honrosos y de mando.
The Lawful Desire for Honor
Human honor is only acceptable when sought not for vanity, but for the sake of God's glory and the benefit of one's neighbor.
So that you may better understand what has been said to you, you need to know that it's one thing to love human honor or esteem for its own sake and stop there—and that is wrong, as has been said—and another thing when these are loved for some good end, and that is not wrong. It's clear that a person who holds authority, or a position from which to do good for others, may desire that honor and esteem so as to carry out their office with greater benefit to others; for if people think little of the one who commands, they'll think little of the command itself, even when it's good. It isn't just these people, but every Christian in general, who should keep this written instruction: take care of your good name. Not because he should rest in that good name, but because a Christian ought to be such that whoever hears of or sees his life will give glory to God—as we usually do when we see a rose, or a tree full of fruit and freshness.1 This is what the holy Gospel commands: that our light shine before others, so that when they see our good works, they may give glory to the heavenly Father, from whom all that is good comes. This goal—God's honor and the good of his neighbors—moved Saint Paul to speak of the great and secret mercies our Lord had shown him, without considering himself a violator of Scripture, which says: Let another mouth praise you, and not your own.✦ He spoke these praises of himself so freely, letting none of them cling to him, as if he weren't the one speaking them at all. He was living out what he had told the Corinthians: that those who have wives should live as if they had none, and those who weep as if they didn't weep, along with other similar things.✦2 By this, he means that the person who uses temporal things well—whether in prosperity or adversity, joy or sadness—is the one whose heart doesn't cling to them, but passes through them as if they were something empty that soon fades away. Indeed, when Saint Paul spoke of these things, he did so with a heart that not only despised honor but loved contempt and dishonor for the sake of Jesus Christ, whose cross he held as the highest honor. You can safely trust that people with such hearts may receive honor, or even speak of things that help them gain it, because they will never do so unless it is truly necessary for some good end.3
The Peril of High Office
Positions of authority are fraught with spiritual danger, requiring immense virtue to navigate without falling into pride or ruin.
Yet just as it takes great virtue to hold a thing as if you did not have it, and not to let the honor people give us stick to the heart, so it is a hard thing, and very few attain it.✦4 For, as Saint Chrysostom says: "To walk among honors without letting them stick to the honored person's heart is like walking among beautiful women without ever looking at them with unchaste eyes." Experience has shown us that dignities and places of honor have very rarely made bad people good, and very often have made good people bad; because it takes great strength and virtue to bear the weight of honor and the occasions that come with it. For, as Saint Jerome says: "The highest mountains are battered by the strongest winds." And it is certain that greater virtue is required to hold command than to obey. And not without cause—and great cause—our sovereign Master and Lord, who knows all things, fled from being chosen as King.✦ And since He could not be endangered in any state, however high, it is clear that this is a lesson for our weakness: we must flee what is dangerous, since He fled it who was safe.✦ And if it is a very great presumption, and against Christ's example, to accept a position of honor when they offer it, what will it be to desire it, and what will it be to go after it? For to say how great an evil it is to pay money for it, no man is equal to the task. It is truly horrifying that a man who could walk safely on level ground would instead choose the dangers of a sea voyage—and not in fair weather, but through constant storms. As Saint Gregory says: "What is the power of high rank if not a storm for the soul?" Following these labors and dangers of high office comes that terrible threat from God, which few hear or feel: A most severe judgment will be passed on those who hold command.5 What can this mean, when God's ordinary judgment is such that those most advanced in virtue tremble and say, "Do not enter into judgment with your servant"?✦6 Lord, are there people so bold that they choose to enter into judgment—not just any judgment, but the strictest and harshest one? And seeing that King Saul, to whom the kingdom was offered from God's side, without his being puffed up by it or making much of it—and he even hid so as not to receive it, and was found only because God made him known—even so the height of that dignity, with the occasions it brings, treated him so badly that, though God had first chosen him and he had fled from it, so bad a life and so bad an end followed that it ought to put fear and a hard lesson into those who enter positions of honor, even when called and through a good door, and a far greater fear into those who do not enter that way.✦7
The Blindness of Ambition
Many who fear the demands of personal holiness are paradoxically eager to assume the heavy burdens of governing others.
And truly, it's a wonder that there are people so sparing in our Lord's service that if they're told to do something, even something very good, they keep looking and looking again to see whether it doesn't oblige them under mortal sin so they can refuse to do it; because they say they're weak, and they don't want to take on high things and matters of perfection, but to walk a level road, as they put it.8 And these same people, so cowardly on the one hand about seeking perfect virtue for themselves—which with the Lord's grace would be easy for them to reach—are on the other hand so bold about thrusting themselves into lordships and offices of command and honors, which to use well and without harm to themselves require perfect or advanced virtue, that they persuade themselves they have it, and that they'll give a good account of the high place without endangering their consciences in what has endangered so many. The desire for honor, command, and human interests is so blinding that it drives those who won't attempt what is easy and safe to pursue what is full of danger and difficulty. And those who don't trust that God will help them in the good works that concern themselves boldly promise themselves that God will lead them by the hand in what concerns governing others—though God could justly answer that since they put themselves into that danger, they can help themselves manage it. For of people like these, God says: They reigned, but not by my will; they were princes, and I did not know it.✦ That is to say: I did not approve of it, nor did it seem good to me. Anyone who considers how God cast King Saul aside after having placed him in the kingdom should have every reason to open his eyes—for nothing assures him he isn't as weak as Saul, except for pride and a hunger for command. And no matter how good his entrance into power may be, it won't be any better than Saul's.
The Burden of Governance
True wisdom lies in fleeing high office, and only accepting it under clear divine guidance and with constant fear of the final judgment.
Saint Augustine was right to say that a position of authority is necessary for governing people. Even if, when one holds it, it is administered as it should be, still when one does not hold it, it is not lawful to desire it. And he said of himself that he desired and sought to be saved in a low place, so as not to put himself in danger in a high one. This is especially true when such an office involves the care of souls—a task so difficult to perform well that it is called the "art of arts."9 These dangers should be fled as far as it can reasonably be done, following the example already mentioned that the Lord gave us in refusing to accept the kingdom, and the example many holy and wise people have given us who fled them with all their heart. And to enter them rightly, it must be either by a revelation from the Lord, or by obedience to someone who has authority to command it, or by the counsel of a person who thoroughly understands the duty of the office and its dangers, keeps God's judgment before his eyes, and puts every temporal consideration far behind them.10 If these conditions aren't met, there must be such compelling reasons to believe that God is being served that the person can trust them enough to face such a grave danger.11 Even then, there is still reason to fear. It is right to stay vigilant and plead with the Lord that, just as He guarded the entrance from evil, He will also guard the exit, so that it doesn't end in eternal damnation. For we have seen many who lived content in these positions die wishing they had never held them, and with great fear of what they first, in their own judgment, thought they were secure in. The truth about temporal things should become clearer the further a person draws away from them and the closer they come to the judgment of God, in which all truth resides.
Read the original Latin
Para que mejor entendáis lo que se os ha dicho, habéis de saber que una cosa es amar la honra o estimación humana por sí misma y parando en ella, y esto es malo según se ha dicho, y otra cosa es cuando estas cosas se aman por algún buen fin, y esto no es malo.
Claro es que una persona que tiene mando o estado de aprovechar a otros, puede querer aquella honra y estima para tratar su oficio con mayor provecho de los otros; pues que si tienen en poco al que manda, tendrán en poco su mandamiento, aunque sea bueno.
Y no solamente estas personas, mas generalmente todo cristiano debe cumplir lo que está escrito: Ten cuidado de la buena fama. No porque ha de parar en ella, mas porque ha de ser tal un cristiano, que quienquiera que oyere o viere su vida, dé a Dios gloria; como la solemos dar viendo una rosa, o un árbol con fruto y frescura. Esto es lo que manda el santo Evangelio, que luzca nuestra luz delante de los hombres, de manera que, viendo nuestras buenas obras, den gloria al celestial Padre, del cual procede todo lo bueno.
Y este intento de la honra de Dios y de aprovechar a los prójimos movió a San Pablo a contar de si mismo grandes y secretas mercedes que nuestro Señor le había hecho, sin tenerse por quebrantador de la Escritura, que dice: Alábete la boca ajena, y no la tuya. Porque contaba él estas sus alabanzas tan sin pegársele nada de ellas, como si no las hablara; cumpliendo él mismo lo que había dicho a los de Corinto, que los que tienen mujeres sean como si no las tuviesen, y los que lloran como si no llorasen, con otras cosas semejantes a éstas. En lo cual quiere decir, que aquél provechosamente usa de lo temporal, próspero o adverso, gozoso o triste, que no se le pega el corazón á ello; mas pasa por ello como por cosa vana y que presto se pasa. Y cierto, cuando San Pablo contaba estas cosas de sí, con un corazón las decía, no sólo despreciador de la honra, mas amador del desprecio y deshonra por Jesucristo, cuya cruz él tenía por honra suprema. Y de estos tales corazones bien se puede fiar que reciban honra, o digan ellos cosas que aprovechen para tenerla; porque nunca harán estas cosas sino cuando fuere muy menester; para algún buen fin.
Más así como es cosa de mucha virtud tener la cosa cómo si no la tuviesen, y no pegarse al corazón la honra que de fuera nos dan, así es cosa dificultosa y que muy pocos la alcanzan. Porque, como San Crisóstomo dice: «Andar entre honras y no pegarse al corazón del honrado, es como andar entre hermosas mujeres sin alguna vez mirarlas con ojos no castos.» Y la experiencia nos ha mostrado que las dignidades y lugares de honra muy pocas veces han hecho de malos buenos, y muy muchas de los buenos malos; Porque para sufrir el peso de la honra y ocasiones que vienen con ella, es menester gran fuerza y virtud. Porque, según San Jerónimo dice: «Los montes más altos con mayores vientos son combatidos.» Y cierto es que se requiere mayor virtud para tener mando que para obedecer. Y no sin causa, y gran causa, nuestro soberano Maestro y Señor, que todo lo sabe, huyó de ser elegido por Rey. Y pues Él no podía peligrar en estado por alto que fuese, claro está que es doctrina para nuestra flaqueza, que debe ella huir de lo peligroso, pues huyó Él, que estaba seguro.
Y si es atrevimiento muy grande, y contra el ejemplo de Cristo, recibir el estado de honra cuando lo ofrecen, ¿Qué será desearlo y qué será procurarlo? Porque para decir cuánto mal es dar dineros por ello, no hay hombre que baste. Cosa es de grandísimo espanto, que pudiendo un hombre andar seguramente por tierra llana, escoja los peligros de andar por la mar; y no con bonanza, sino con tempestades continuas. Porque, según San Gregorio dice: «¿Qué otra cosa es el poderío de la alteza sino tempestad del ánima?» Y tras estos trabajos y peligros que en lugar alto hay, sucede aquélla terrible amenaza dicha por Dios, aunque de pocos oída y sentida,: Juicio durísimo será hecho en los que tienen mando. ¿Qué será esto, que siendo el juicio ordinario de Dios tal, que los más estirados en la virtud tiemblan y dicen: No entres en juicio con tu siervo. Señor, hay gente tan atrevida que elija entrar en juicio, no cualquiera, mas estrechísimo y durísimo? Y viendo que un Rey Saúl, a quien fue el reinó ofrecido de parte de Dios, sin que por ello él se ensalzase ni hiciese caso de él, y aun se escondió por no recibirlo, y fue hallado porque Dios lo manifestó, con todo esto maltratóle tan mal la alteza de la dignidad con sus ocasiones, que habiendo precedido elegirlo Dios, y huirlo él, sucedió tan mala vida y mal fin, que debe poner temor y escarmiento a los que entran en estados de honra, aun llamados y por buena puerta, y muy mayor a los que no entran por tal.
Y cierto, es cosa de maravillar que haya gente tan tasada en el servicio de nuestro Señor, que si les dicen que hagan algo, aunque muy bueno, andan mirando y remirando si es cosa que no les obliga a pecado mortal para no la hacer; porque dicen que son flacos, y no quieren meterse en cosas altas y de perfección, sino andar camino llano, como ellos dicen. Y éstos por una parte tan cobardes en buscar la perfecta virtud para sí mismos, que con la gracia del Señor les fuera fácil de alcanzar, por otra parte son tan atrevidos en meterse en señoríos y mandos y honras, que para usar bien de ellos y sin daño propio, es menester perfecta o aprovechada virtud, que se hacen entender que la tienen, y que darán buena cuenta del lugar alto, sin que peligren sus conciencias en lo que muchos han peligrado. Tanto ciega el deseo de la honra y mandos y de intereses humanos, que a los que no osan acometer lo fácil y seguro, hace acometer lo que está lleno de peligros y dificultad. Y los que no fían de Dios que les ayudará en las buenas obras que tocan a sí mismos, se prometen con grande osadía que los traerá Dios de la mano en lo que toca a regir a los otros, pudiendo Dios responder con mucha justicia, que pues ellos se metieron en aquel peligro, ellos se ayuden a valerse en él. Porque de estos tales dice Dios: Ellos reinaron, y no por mi parecer: fueron príncipes, y yo no lo supe. Quiere decir: No lo aprobé, ni me pareció bien. Y quien mirare que desechó Dios de su mano al Rey Saúl, habiéndole el mismo Dios metido en el reino, tendrá mucha razón para desengañarse, pues que no hay quien le asegure de que no sea tan flaco como Saúl, sino la soberbia y gana del mando. Y por muy buena entrada que tenga en él, no será mejor que la de Saúl.
Razón tuvo San Agustín en decir que el lugar alto es necesario para regimiento del pueblo. Aunque cuando se tiene se administre como conviene, mas cuando no se tiene, no es lícito desearlo. Y él decía de sí mismo, que deseaba y procuraba salvarse en el lugar bajo, por no peligrar en el alto. Especialmente se debe esto hacer cuando el tal lugar tiene regimiento de ánimas; lo cual tiene tanta dificultad para hacerse bien, que se llama «arte de artes». Huir se deben estos peligros en cuánto buenamente fuere posible, imitando el ejemplo ya dicho, que el Señor nos dio, en huir de aceptar el reino, y el que nos han dado muchas personas santas y sabias que los han huido con todo su corazón. Y para entrar bien en ellos ha de ser o por revelación del Señor, o por obediencia de quien lo puede mandar, o por consejo de persona que entienda, muy bien la obligación del oficio y los peligros de él, y tenga el juicio de Dios delante sus ojos, y muy atrás de ellos todo respeto temporal. Y si estas condiciones no se hallaren, será menester que haya tales conjeturas de que Dios es de ello servido, que sean de tanto peso, que pueda el tal hombre fiarse, de ellas para entrar en tan grave peligro. Y con todo esto aun hay que temer; y conviene velar y suplicar al Señor, que pues guardó la entrada de mal, guarde también la salida, porque no pare en eterna condenación.
Porque a muchos de los que han vivido contentos en estos estados, hemos visto morir con deseo de no los haber tenido, y con grandes temores de lo que primero, a su parecer, estaban seguros. Débese mejor parecer la verdad de las cosas temporales, cuanto el hombre más se aleja de ellas, y más se acerca al juicio de Dios, en el cual hay toda verdad.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Prov.27.2 — Let a stranger praise you, and not your own mouth; a foreigner, and not your own lips.
- ↩1Cor.7.29-1Cor.7.30 — This I say, brothers: the time is short. From now on, let those who have wives live as though they do not, 1Cor.7.30 — and those who weep as though they were not weeping, and those who rejoice as though they were not rejoicing, and those who buy as though they do not possess
- ↩1Cor.7.29-1Cor.7.30 — This I say, brothers: the time is short. From now on, let those who have wives live as though they do not, 1Cor.7.30 — and those who weep as though they were not weeping, and those who rejoice as though they were not rejoicing, and those who buy as though they do not possess
- ↩John.6.15 — Jesus, knowing that they were about to come and seize him to make him king, withdrew again to the mountain by himself.
- ↩John.6.15 — Jesus, knowing that they were about to come and seize him to make him king, withdrew again to the mountain by himself.
- ↩Ps.142.2 — My voice to the LORD I cry out; my voice to the LORD I plead.
- ↩1Sam.10.20-1Sam.10.23 — And Samuel brought all the tribes of Israel near, and the tribe of Benjamin was taken. 1Sam.10.21 — Then he brought the tribe of Benjamin near by its families, and the family of the Matri was selected. Then Saul the son of Kish was chosen. But when they looked for him, he could not be found. 1Sam.10.22 — So they inquired of the LORD again, "Has the man come here yet?" And the LORD said, "Behold, he has hidden himself among the baggage." 1Sam.10.23 — So they ran and brought him from there, and he stood among the people, and he was taller than all the people from the shoulder upward.
- ↩Hos.8.4 — They have made kings, but not through me. They have made princes, and I did not know it. With their silver and their gold they have made idols for themselves, so that they may be cut off.
Notes
- 1 ↩ha de parar en ella: rendered as 'rest in that good name' (make reputation the stopping-point/end). Alternative: 'settle for it' or 'stop at it alone'.
- 2 ↩«pegársele» rendered as praise not sticking to him—i.e., not clinging to the heart or feeding self-regard—consistent with the chapter's language of honor not attaching to the heart.
- 3 ↩Source punctuation places «para algún buen fin» after a semicolon; rendered as completing the condition of necessity (needful for some good end), not as a separate independent clause.
- 4 ↩Source has «cómo si»; read as «como si» (as if), matching the prior section's Pauline construction and sense.
- 5 ↩Source has an awkward colon before the quoted threat ("sentida,: Juicio"); translated as introducing the divine saying.
- 6 ↩Sentence is rhetorically open and continues into s7; 'los más estirados en la virtud' rendered as 'those most advanced in virtue' (stretched/straining toward virtue).
- 7 ↩Source reads 'el reinó ofrecido'; most plausible intended sense is 'el reino ofrecido' (the kingdom was offered). Translated as kingdom.
- 8 ↩Early modern Spanish «tasada» here means measured/stinting rather than 'appraised': people carefully meter out service so they do only what mortal sin would force.
- 9 ↩«arte de artes» is the traditional name for the pastoral care of souls (cura animarum), often associated with Gregory the Great.
- 10 ↩«respeto temporal» rendered as "temporal consideration": worldly regard, advantage, or human respect, set far behind the judgment of God.
- 11 ↩«conjeturas» kept as reasoned grounds/indications rather than mere guesses: solid moral conjectures that God is served by taking the office.
Audi Filia (Hear, O Daughter) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit