SR
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince)/Book 1 · Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano — Libro Primero: De la religión que debe tener el príncipe
Chapter 21PrincipeCristiano.1.21

Pruébase ln mismo por autoridades de santos y por razones.

The Boundaries of Imperial Power

Patristic authorities and historical examples demonstrate that Christian princes must respect the autonomy of the Church and avoid meddling in ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

Likewise we see that whenever some Christian prince has wanted to twist away from this royal and secure path and leave it, the holy pontiffs and doctors of the Catholic Church have rebuked him for it and held it up as shameful. Saint Athanasius calls Emperor Constantius an antichrist for usurping spiritual power, identifying him as the abomination of desolation prophesied by Daniel. He proves that the Church never derived its authority from emperors, nor did anyone advise princes to do such a thing, writing: "Who from the beginning of the world until now has ever heard it said that the judgment of the Church took its authority from the Emperor, or when was the Emperor's judgment ever regarded as a judgment?"1 Many councils have been held before now, and many judgments of the Church; but never did any of the fathers dare to persuade the Prince to such a thing, nor any prince to meddle in the affairs of the Church.» Saint Athanasius doesn't just call Constantius an antichrist for this; he also labels him an apostate, a dog, an executioner, a son of perdition, and a pestilence—a beast with the body of a man but the mind of a wild animal, an idolater comparable to Ahab, Antiochus, and Herod. He describes him as an abyss of every evil, the head of all wickedness, an incentive to heretics, a root of bitterness, a den of all blasphemers, a destroyer of religion, a temple of all the demons, and worse than the traitor Judas. Ultimately, he says he was so perverse and wicked that only the devil could be compared to him. Hosius, bishop of Córdoba, wrote to the same emperor that he should not meddle in ecclesiastical affairs, but should learn them from the bishops, since the empire had been entrusted to him, and to the prelates what properly belongs to the Church.2 And Leontius, bishop of Tripoli and a glorious martyr, gave the same answer to the same emperor, according to Suidas. The prefect of Valens, the Arian emperor, while in the city of Edessa, was urging a priest named Eulogius before the people to enter into Communion with the Emperor, and he answered him: "Does the Emperor perhaps think that with the empire he has also gained the dignity of a priest? We have a shepherd and prelate whom we follow."34 Saint Ambrose, speaking with Valentinian the younger, who, deceived5 by the Arian heretics, wanted to pass judgment on ecclesiastical matters—he rebukes him for it and says to him: "What can be more glorious for the Emperor than to be called a son of the Church?6 For the good emperor is within the Church, and is not above the Church." And when he was summoned by the Emperor to debate the heretic Auxentius before him, he says: "If the faith is to be disputed, this dispute belongs to the priests, as it was done in the time of Constantine, who would not make laws about ecclesiastical matters, but left the priests free to judge them." And in Epistle xxxiii, ad Sororem, he says: "Finally, they order me to hand over the Church. I answer: I cannot give it, nor is it right for you, Emperor, to receive it. If you have no right to wrong the house of any private man, do you think you have the right to take God's house from Him?7 They tell me that everything is lawful for the Emperor because everything is his, and I answer: Don't weary yourself, Emperor, and don't think that you have any right over divine8 things.9 Don't grow proud or puffed up; but if you want to rule for a long time, submit yourself to God, because it is written: Give to God what is God's, and to Caesar what is Caesar's.10 To the Emperor belong the palaces; to the priest, the churches. To you has been entrusted the power and the defense of the city walls, not sacred things. And in letter 33, to his sister Marcellina, he says that they told him the Emperor was exercising his right because everything was in his power, and that he answered: "If they asked me for what is mine—my estate, my silver, or anything similar—I wouldn't refuse, even though all that is mine belongs to the poor; but divine things are not subject to the Emperor's power."11 And speaking with the Emperor Theodosius, who had ordered a Jewish synagogue that the Christians had burned to be rebuilt, Saint Ambrose says to him: "If it seems to you that I don't deserve to be believed, order the bishops you think fit to assemble, and let them take up what the Emperor may do without harm to the faith. If in the affairs of your estate you take counsel with your accountants, with how much more reason should you consult the priests in matters of religion?" And the same Saint Ambrose told Theodosius that the purple makes emperors, not priests, distinguishing and marking the difference between the offices of the one and the other.

The Shepherd and the Flock

The Church maintains a distinct, higher authority over spiritual matters, and secular rulers are reminded of their role as members of the flock rather than its masters.

Taught by this true and holy doctrine, this glorious emperor says these words in an edict he issued: “We govern ourselves in such a way and with such moderation that, out of respect for the petition presented to us, we neither want nor desire that anything be added in what concerns the faith; for there has never been a man so mad and profane that, being bound to follow the Catholic doctors, he would himself want to teach them what they ought to follow.”12 Severus Sulpicius writes in his History that Saint Martin told the emperor Maximus that it was a new thing, never heard of, and abominable for a secular prince to make himself judge of ecclesiastical matters, as Maximus himself did in the case of Priscillian and his associates, whom he ordered put to death even though they had appealed to him from the council of Bordeaux; for this he was rebuked, and Ithacius, who had accused and persecuted them, was deposed from his bishopric—not because Priscillian and his companions did not deserve that penalty, but because Maximus had usurped another’s jurisdiction and judged the ecclesiastical case, which did not belong to him.13 Saint Hilary, writing to the emperor Constantius, says: “Let Your Clemency provide and command all the judges to whom you have entrusted the government of the provinces, and to whom belongs only the care and peace of public affairs, that they abstain from ecclesiastical business and not meddle in it.” And Saint Gregory Nazianzen says in an oration: “You who are sheep, don't try to shepherd your shepherds or meddle in what doesn't concern you; it’s enough for you that you are well pastured. Don't judge your judges or give laws to your lawgivers.”14 And speaking to the princes, he says: “Do you want to hear a free voice, and understand that the law of Christ has subjected you to my authority and to my tribunal?15 We also rule—and with a greater and more perfect empire. So listen to another, freer voice, and know that you are sheep of my flock and fold.” And Saint Chrysostom says: “O kings!16 Stay within your limits; the boundaries of the kingdom are one thing, and those of the priesthood are another—and the priesthood's realm is greater than yours.17 The king has charge of the things of the earth, but the priest's power has come down from heaven; bodies are entrusted to the king, souls to the priest—and that is the greater rule. For this reason, the king bows his head and places it under the priest's hand. In the Old Testament, priests anointed the kings; and in the New, as Saint Ambrose says, Imperia a sacerdotibus dantur, non usurpantur—that is, priests bestow empires; they don't usurp them or seize them for themselves.1819 Pope Saint Gregory, writing to Maximus, bishop of Salona, who stood accused of simony and other grave crimes, orders him to come to Rome so that his case may be examined and judged there.20 And because Maximus tried to excuse himself by saying the emperors ordered the case to be heard in Slavonia, where he was, Saint Gregory answers him in these words: «As for what you say—that the emperors order your case to be heard there—we know of no such thing, nor of any other order except that you come. But if by chance, while the emperors are so occupied with governing the commonwealth God has entrusted to them, they have been led to understand what you claim, and without noticing what they were ordering have ordered that: knowing, as we and the whole world do, that they are most devout princes who love discipline, want order kept and the sacred canons reverenced, and do not meddle in the cases of priests—we will carefully carry out what is fitting for their souls and for the good of the commonwealth, and what the fear of the terrible and dreadful Day of Judgment commands us to carry out.»2122 All of this is from Saint Gregory.23 Damascene wisely noted something that agrees with this: when the apostle Saint Paul lists the various ranks God has established in his Church—naming first the apostles, then the prophets, evangelists, and the rest—he doesn't place kings among these ranks, not first, not last, not anywhere at all. This isn't because they aren't owed every respect and obedience (which the same Saint Paul teaches us is their due), but to help us understand that in the Church, their office is not to govern ecclesiastical affairs, but secular business.24

Nature, Grace, and Governance

Reason and philosophy confirm that secular government is a human institution limited to temporal peace, while the Church is guided by divine light for the salvation of souls.

Besides the authorities and examples we have brought forward to confirm this truth, reason itself proves and teaches it; for it is a settled point in sound philosophy that nothing has more power to act than what it receives from its causes; and since all the causes of the government of secular princes are natural and human (because the efficient cause is the people's election, and the immediate final cause is the temporal peace and quiet of the commonwealth).25 It follows that they cannot stretch themselves to anything supernatural and divine, because that exceeds their power, which, as we said, depends on natural and human causes.26 For this reason, the apostle Saint Peter calls secular power a human creature, or creation: "Be subject," he says, "to every human creature"—or "to every human creation," as another text puts it—because it was instituted by human consent, custom, and law.27 Thus, we see that outside the Church there are true kings who are unbelievers and pagans. Being a king, as such, does not depend on the Church or have a necessary connection with her—though being a Christian king certainly does.28 The knowledge and light needed to govern temporal affairs well is also very different from what is necessary for governing spiritual ones. For temporal affairs, human light and prudence are required, and for spiritual ones, spiritual and divine light; and even granting that both lights derive from the Father of lights, there is still a great difference between them, and the Lord gives ecclesiastical and secular princes the light they need for the government He has entrusted to them. To the secular prince, human prudence and light, so that he may administer his kingdoms and states in temporal peace and quiet—the aim his government is meant to hit.29 To the Church's pastors, another higher and more excellent light—to understand the sacred Scriptures, penetrate the divine mysteries, settle spiritual doubts and difficulties, enlighten the souls of their sheep, loose their sins, guide them toward heaven, and dispose them so they can receive grace and sanctification and the fruit of our redemption; for without this heavenly and divine light, neither could they shepherd their flock well, nor could holy Church have the certainty and security she has, because the Lord has promised it to her until the end of the world. And since secular princes do not need that light for their political government, the Lord does not give it to them. Just as the human body has many different members, and each member has its own particular office and work, so there are different offices and ranks in the Church of God, as the Apostle says, and the Lord distributes his gifts according to the office he has given each one.30 Among other writers, Thomas Stapleton, the English theologian, treats this matter with great gravity and learning in the fifth book and second controversy of the Principles of the Faith.31

Read the original Latin

Asimismo vemos que cuando algun príncipe cristiano ha querido torcer y salir deste camino real y seguro, los santos pontífices y doctores de la Iglesia católica le han reprendido por ello y se lo han afeado. San Atanasio llama antecristo al emperador Constancio, por haber usurpado la potestad espiritual, y dice que era aquella abominacion de desolacion que profetizó Daniel; y prueba que la Iglesia jamas tomó autoridad de los emperadores, ni hubo quien aconsejase á los príncipes cosa tan fea, por estas palabras: « ¿Quién desde el principio del mundo acá oyó decir que el juicio de la Iglesia tomó su autoridad del Emperador, 6 cuándo jamas se tuvo éste por juicio? Muchos concilios ántes de ahora se han hecho, y muchos juicios de la Iglesia; pero nunca ninguno de los padres se atrevió á persuadir al Principe tal cosa, ni príncipe que se entremetiese en las cosas de la Iglesia.» Y no solamente san Atanasio llama antecristo á Constancio por esto, sino tambien apóstata, perro, verdugo, hijo de perdicion y pestilencia, bestia que tenía los miembros y el cuerpo de hombre, y el ánimo de fiera, idólatra comparable á Acab y á Antíoco y á Heródes. Dice que era un abismo de todos los males, cabeza de toda maldad, incentivo de los herejes, raíz de amargura, guarida de todos los blasfemos, destruidor de la religion, templo de todos los demonios, y peor que el traidor de Júdas; y finalmente, que era tan perverso y malvado, que solo el demonio se le podia comparar.

Osio, obispo de Córdoba, escribió al mismo emperador que no se entremetiese en las cosas ecleslásticas, sino que las aprendiese de los obispos, pues á él se habia encomendado el imperio, y á los perlados lo que es propio de la Iglesia. Y lo mismo respondió al mismo emperador Leoncio, obispo de Trípoli y mártir glorioso, como lo dice Suidas. El prefecto de Valente, emperador arriano, estando en la ciudad de Edesa, exhortaba delante del pueblo á un sacerdote, por nombre Euloglo, que comunicase con el Emperador, y él le respondió: «¿Piensa, por ventura, el Emperador haber alcanzado con el imperio la dignidad de sacerdote” Nosotros tenemos pastor y perlado, á quien sigamos.» San Ambrosio, hablando con Valentiniano el mozo, que, engañ. do de los herejes arrianos, queria juzgar de las cosas eclesi:isticas, le re— prende por ello y le dice: «¿Qué cosa puede haber más gloriosa para el Emperador que llamarse hijo de la Iglesia? Porque el buen emperador está dentro de la Iglesia, y no es sobre la Iglesia.» Y siendo llamado del Emperador para que delante dél disputase con Auxencio, hereje, dice: «Si se ha de disputar de la fe, á los sacerdotes pertenece esta disputa, como se hizo en el tiempo de Constantino, que no quiso hacer leyes de cosas eclesiásticas, sino que los sacerdotes libremente las juzgasen.» Y en la epístola xxx111, ad Sororem, dice: «Finalmente, mándanme que dé la Iglesia, respondo: Ni yo la puedo dar, ni á ti, Emperador, te conviene recibirla, S1 no tienes derecho para hacer agravio á la casa do cualquier hombre particular, ¿ piensas que le tienes para quitar su casa á Dios?

Dicenine que todas las cosas son lícitas al Emperador, porque todas son suyas, y yo respondo: No te canscs, Emperador, ni pienses que tienes algun derecho en las cosas di. vinas. No te engrias ni desvanezcas; mas si quieres imperar largo tiempo, sujétate á Dios, porque está escrito: Da á Dios lo que es de Dios, y á César lo que es de César. Al Emperador pertenecen los palacios, al sacerdote las iglesias. A ti te ha sido encomendada la potestad y la defensa de los muros de las ciudades, y no de las cosas sagradas.» Y en la epístola xxx111, 4 Marcelina, su hermana, dice que le dijeron que el Emperador usaba de su derecho, porque todas las cosas estaban en su poder, y que él respondió: «Si me pidiesen lo que es mio, mi heredad, mi plata ú otra cosa semejante, no repugnaria, aunque todas las cosas mias son de los pobres; pero las cosas divinas no son sujetas á la potestad del Emperador.» Y hablando con el emperador Teodosio, que habia mandado que se tornase á edificar una sinagoga de judios que habian quemado los cristianos, le dice san Ambrosio: «Si te parece que no merezco ser creido, manda que se junten los obispos que te pareciere, y trátese de lo que puede hacer el Emperador sin perjuicio de la fe. Si en los negocios de tu hacienda tomas consejo con tus contadores, ¿con cuánta más razon debes consultar á los sacerdotes en materia de religion?»

Y el mismo san Ambrosio dijo á Teodosio que la púrpura hace emperadores, y no sacerdotes, distinguiendo y haciendo diferencia de los oficios de los unos y de los otros.

Enseñado desta verdadera y santa dotrina este glorioso emperador, en un edicto que hizo, dice estas palabras: «De tal manera y con tal templanza nos gubernamos, que, reverenciando la peticion que nos ha sido presentada, no queremos ni deseamos que se añada cosa alguna en lo que toca á la fe; porque no ha habido jamas hombre tan desvariado y profano, que estando obligado á seguir á los dotores católicus, quicra él enseñarles lo que deben seguir.» Severo Sulpicio escribe, en su Historia, que san Martin dijo á Máximo, emperador, que era cosa nueva y nunca oida y aborrecible que el principe seglar se hiciese juez de las cosas eclesiásticas, como se hizo el mismo Máximo cn la causa de Prisciliano y de sus consortes, los cuales mandó matar, aunque habian apelado á él del concilio de Burdeos; por lo cual fué reprendido; y Itacio, que los habia acusado y perseguido, fué depuesto de su obispado; no porque Prisciliano y sus compañeros no mereciesen aquella pena, sino porque Máximo había usurpado la jurisdicion ajena y juzgado la causa eclesiástica, que no le tocaba. San Hilario, escribiendo á Constancio, emperador, dice: «Provea y mande vuestra clemencia á todos los jueces á quien ha encomendado el gobierno de las provincias, y á quien pertenece sólo el cuidado y la quietud de los negocios públicos, que se abstengan de los negocios eclesiásticos y no se entremetan en ellos.» Y Lucifero, obispo de CáSan Gregorio Nacianceno en una oracion dice: «Vosotros, que sois ovejas, no querais apacentar á vuestros pastores, ni entremeteros en lo que no os toca; bástaos que seais bien apacentados; no juzgueis vuestros jueces, ni deis leyes á vuestros legisladores. n Y hablando con los principes, dice: «¿Quereis oir una voz libre y entender que la ley de Cristo os ha sujetado á mi potestad y á mi tribunal? Tambien nosotros imperamos, y con un imperio mayor y más perfeto. Pues oid otra voz más libre, y sabed que sois ovejas de mi manada y rebaño.» Y san Crisóstomo dice: «¡0h reyes!

teneos dentro do vuestros límites; porque otros son los términos y lindes del reino, otros los del sacerdocio, cuyo reino es mayor que el vuestro. El Rey tiene cargo de las cosas de la tierra, mas la potestad del sacerdote ha bajado del cielo; al Rey están encomendados los cuerpos, al sacerdote las ánimas, que es mayor principado. Por esto el Rey inclina su cabeza y la pone debajo de la mano del sacerdote.» Y en el Testamento Viejo los sacerdotes ungian á los reyes, y en el Nuevo, como dice san Ambrosio, Imperia a sacerdotibus dantur, non ugurpantur; que los sacerdotes dan los imperios, y no log usurpan y toman para si.

San Gregorio, papa, escribiendo á Múximo, obispo de Salona, que estaba infamado de simonía y de otros graves delitos, le manda venir á Roma para que allí se examine y juzgue su causa. Y porque Máximo se excusaba con decir que los emperadores mandaban que se viese en Esclavonia, dunde él estaba, responde san Gregorio estas palubras: «Cuanto á lo que decis, que los emperadores mandan que vuestro negocio se vea ahí, nosotros no sabemos tal, ni que haya otro mandato sino que vengais; pero si por ventura, estando los emperadores tan ocupados en el gobierno de la república que Dios les ha encomendado, les han dado á entender lo que decis, y sin advertir lo que mandaban, han mandado eso; sabiendo nosotros y todo el mundo que son principes piadosisimos y quo aman la disciplina, y quieren que se guarde la órden y se reverencien los sagrados cánones, y no entremeterse en las causas de los sacerdotes, ejecutarérnos con cuidado lo que conviene á sus ánimas y al bien de la república, y lo que el temor del terrible y espantoso dia del juicio nos manda ejecutar.» Todo esto es de sun Gregorio. Con esto concuerda lo que sabiamente notó Damasceno, que cuando el apóstol san Pablo va poniendo los grados diversos que Dios tiene en su Iglesia, y nombra pri-_ mero á los apóstoles, y despues á los profetas y evangelistas y á los demas, no pone entre estos grados á los reyes, ni en el primero, ni en el postrero, ni en ningun lugar; no porque uo se les deba todo respeto y obediencia (que el mismo san Pablo Dos enseña que se les debe), mas para darnos ú entender que en la Iglesia no es su oficio gobernar las cosas eclesiásticas, sino los negocios seglares.

Demas de las autoridades y ejemplos que habemos traido para confirmar esta verdad, la misma razon la prueba y enseña; porque averiguada cosa es en buena filosofía que ninguna cosa tiene más virtud para obrar de la que recibe de sus causas; y como todas las causas del gobierno de los principas seglares sean naturales y humanas (porque la causa eficiente es la eleccion del pueblo, y la inmediata final es la paz y tranquilidad temporal de la república). siguese que no se pueden ellos extender ácosa que sea sobrenatural y divina, porque excede su potestad, la cual, como dijimos, depende de causas naturales y humanas. Y por esto el apóstol san Pedro llama la potestad seglar, humana criatura ó creacion: Subjecti, dice, estote omn: humane creature, sive creationi, como dice otro texto; porque se instituyó por consentimiento y costumbre y ley de hombre. Y asi vemos que fuera de la Iglesia hay verdaderos reyes infieles y gentiles, porque el ser rey, en cuanto rey, no es cosa que tenga dependencia de la Iglesia ni conexion necesaria con ella, aunque si el ser rey cristiano. Tambien el conocimiento y la luz que es menester para gobernar bien las cosas temporales es muy diferente de la que es necesaria para el gobierno de las espirituales. Para las temporales se requiere luz y prudencia humana, y para las espirituales espiritual y divina; y puesto caso que la una luz y la otra se deriva del Padre de las lumbres, pero hay gran diferencia entre ellas, y el Señor da á los principes eclesiásticos y seglares la luz que han menester para el gobierno que les encomendó.

Al principe seglar la prudencia y luz humana, para queadministre sus reinos y estados con paz y quietud temporal, que es el blanco á que mira su gobierno. Á los pastores eclesiásticos otra superior y más aventajada luz, para entender las sagradas escrituras, penetrar los divinos misterios, resolver las dudas y dificultades espirituales, alumbrar las ánimas de sus ovejas, y soltarles los pecados y encaminarlas para el cielo, y disponerlas para que sean capaces de la gracia y santificacion y fruto de nuestra redencion; porque sin esta luz celestial y divina, ni ellos podrian apacentar bien su grey, ni la santa Iglesia tener la certidumbre y seguridad que tiene, por habérsela el Señor prometido hasta la fin del mundo. Y como los príncipes seglares no la han menester para su gobierno político, no se la da el Señor; porque, así como en el cuerpo humano hay varios y diversos miembros, y cada miembro tiene su particular oficio y ejercicio, asi hay diferentes oficios y grados en la Iglesia de Dios, como dice el Apóstol, y el Señor les reparte sus doncs conforme al oficio que ha dado á cada uno. Trata esta materia, entre otros autores, muy grave y doctamente Tomas Estapletonio, teólogo inglés, en el quinto libro y controversia segunda de los Principios de la fe.

Scripture echoes

  1. 2Cor.5.10;Heb.10.27For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, so that each one may receive what has been done through the body, whether good or evil. Heb.10.27 — but a fearful expectation of judgment, and a fury of fire that is about to consume the adversaries.
  2. 1Cor.12.28;Eph.4.11And God has appointed in the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healing, gifts of helping, gifts of administration, and various kinds of tongues. Eph.4.11 — And he gave some as apostles, some as prophets, some as evangelists, and some as pastors and teachers.
  3. Rom.13.1-Rom.13.7;Titus.3.1Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except by God, and the authorities that exist have been appointed by God. Rom.13.2 — Therefore the one who resists the authority has opposed the ordinance of God, and those who have opposed will receive judgment on themselves. Rom.13.3 — For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to evil. Do you wish to have no fear of the authority? Do what is good, and you will have praise from it. Rom.13.4 — For he is God's servant for your good. But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is God's servant, an avenger for wrath against the one who practices evil. Rom.13.5 — Therefore one must submit, not only because of wrath but also because of conscience. Rom.13.6 — For this reason you pay taxes, for the authorities are God’s servants, attending to this very thing. Rom.13.7 — Pay to all what you owe: taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honor to whom honor is due. Titus.3.1 — Remind them to be subject to rulers and authorities, to be obedient, to be ready for every good work.

Notes

  1. 1Source reading «6 cuándo» is treated as OCR for «ó cuándo» ('or when'); the sentence is translated on that corrected reading.
  2. 2Source prints "ecleslásticas" (for eclesiásticas) and "perlados" (prelates, for prelados); sense is clear.
  3. 3"comunicase con el Emperador" is rendered as enter into ecclesiastical communion (not mere social contact), which fits the Arian-pressure context.
  4. 4Source has "Euloglo" (for Eulogio/Eulogius) and a mismatched closing quote mark after "sacerdote".
  5. 5Sentence is truncated mid-word at "engañ."; reconstructed as the start of engañado, continued in the next sentence.
  6. 6OCR/line-break damage: "do de los herejes" continues engañado; "eclesi:isticas" and "re— prende" normalized to eclesiásticas / reprende. Subject of le reprende is Ambrose (from s4).
  7. 7Source "xxx111" read as xxxiii (33); "S1" as Si; "do" as de ("casa de cualquier"); quote is incomplete and continues in the following section.
  8. 8Source OCR corruptions corrected for sense: Dicenine → Dicenme; canscs → canses; sentence ends mid-word on di-, completed in s2 as divinas (divine things).
  9. 9Fragment vinas. is the completion of divinas from s1 (cosas divinas = divine things).
  10. 10engrias read as engrias/engreírse (grow proud); desvanezcas as become vain or puffed up.
  11. 11epístola xxx111, 4 Marcelina read as epístola xxxiii, a Marcelina (letter 33 to Marcellina); repugnaria rendered as would not refuse/resist.
  12. 12Normalized likely print/OCR slips in the quote: «dotores católicus» → Catholic doctors; «quicra» → would want (quiera).
  13. 13Read «cn» as «en» (“in”); «jurisdicion» as jurisdicción. «Severo Sulpicio» = Sulpicius Severus; «Itacio» = Ithacius.
  14. 14Source opens with a broken fragment «Y Lucifero, obispo de Cá» run into «San Gregorio Nacianceno». Most plausible intended sense is a Gregory Nazianzen quotation; the Lucifer of Cagliari lead-in is truncated/corrupt and was not silently completed.
  15. 15Leading stray «n» treated as print/OCR debris and not translated.
  16. 16«¡0h» read as «¡Oh» (O). Quote continues in the next section.
  17. 17Source 'dentro do' is archaic/orthographic for 'dentro de' (within); translated as 'within'.
  18. 18Latin quote corrected from source 'ugurpantur' to 'usurpantur' (standard Ambrose wording: empires are given by priests, not usurped).
  19. 19Spanish gloss corrected from corrupt 'no log usurpan' to 'no los usurpan' (they do not usurp them).
  20. 20Source prints «Múximo»; later in the section the same man is «Máximo». Rendered as Maximus.
  21. 21Normalized likely print/OCR slips in the source: «dunde»→donde, «palubras»→palabras, «quo»→que, «ejecutarérnos»→ejecutaremos.
  22. 22«Esclavonia» rendered as Slavonia (Dalmatian/Illyrian region of Salona), not as modern «slavery».
  23. 23Source «sun Gregorio» read as «san Gregorio».
  24. 24Normalized likely print/OCR slips: «pri-_ mero»→primero; «uo»→no; «Dos»→nos; «ú entender»→a entender.
  25. 25Source reads 'principas seglares'; translated as intended 'príncipes seglares' (secular princes).
  26. 26Source 'ácosa' read as 'a cosa' (to anything).
  27. 27Rivadeneyra notes the Latin variants 'creaturae' / 'creationi' for 1 Pet 2:13; both are kept as alternative renderings of the same idea (human institution).
  28. 28Elliptical close: 'aunque si el ser rey cristiano' supplies the missing predicate from the prior clause (dependence/connection with the Church).
  29. 29Source joins 'que administre' as 'queadministre'; translated as the intended 'so that he may administer.'
  30. 30Source reading 'doncs' treated as 'dones' (gifts), the clearly intended form.
  31. 31'Tomas Estapletonio' rendered as Thomas Stapleton; the work is his Principiorum fidei (Principles of the Faith).

Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion

Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat

Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.

Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.

  • A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
  • One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
  • Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit
Chosen Portion — Daily Prayer (free iOS app)