SR
Third Spiritual Alphabet (Tercer Abecedario Espiritual)/Book 1 · Tercer Abecedario Espiritual: Sexto Tratado (del recogimiento del ánima)
Chapter 2AbecTercRecog.1.2

Capítulo II. De los nombres de este presente ejercicio

The Hidden Theology of the Heart

The author distinguishes between speculative theology and the hidden, mystical theology that Christ teaches directly to the heart.

For the reason already given—its great excellence—this exercise has many names, both in Sacred Scripture and in the books of the saints and learned men. Some call it mystical theology, which means hidden, because the good Teacher, Jesus, teaches it in the secret hiding place of the heart. He chose to reserve this teaching office for himself alone, and of it he gave his servants less share and less power to teach others than of any other science. As the principal Master, he wanted to keep the principal doctrine for himself, because among the sciences theology is queen and lady. According to the Wise Man, she calls her maidens—all the other sciences—to the citadel of faith, so that there they may serve their lady, theology, which1 is still of two kinds: one is called speculative or searching—which is the same thing—and the other hidden, which is the one treated here, or the one to which this Third Alphabet is dedicated. Not that I presume to teach it in this book, since no mortal ever taught it, because Christ kept for himself this office of teaching in secret the hearts in which this hidden theology would live as a divine science, far more excellent than the other theology we spoke of first, which is called searching. And the theology our treatise deals with does not seek to search things out, knowing that it is written that the searcher of Majesty will be held back and overwhelmed by the very great glory of God. This theology is said to be more perfect, or better, than the first, as Gerson says, because it uses the first as a beginning, and on it, as on stirrups, it braces itself to climb higher by the ladder of love.2 The first theology teaches God so that we may contemplate him as supreme truth; and this one we're speaking of, taking as given what it does not doubt, moves on to love him as the supreme good. The other belongs to the understanding, which even the demons have more than enough illuminated in the faith, since, as it is written, they believe and tremble; but this one belongs to the will that is in love with the supreme good, and that belongs to the just who love God. The other theology will pass away along with faith when vision takes faith's place as the reward; but this theology will be perfected by adding love, and it will no longer be hidden—it will be made plain to all, from the least to the greatest.3 The first theology, which is called searching theology, works by reasons, arguments, discourses, and probabilities after the manner of the other sciences; and that is why it is called scholastic theology and the theology of the learned—which, if anyone wants to attain it, needs a sharp mind, continual practice, books, and time, and staying up and working under a skilled teacher, which is also needed for any of the other sciences.4 However, the hidden theology we are discussing isn't attained this way nearly as well as it is through devout affection and the practice of moral virtues that prepare and purify the soul. This process also requires the other theological virtues to provide illumination, along with the gifts of the Holy Spirit and the gospel beatitudes to bring it to perfection, following the three hierarchical stages: to purify, to illuminate, and to perfect.5 It often happens among animals—and even more so among humans—that where there is less knowledge, there is greater affection and love. We see this in children, who love their parents more the less they know, and in novices, who are often more devout in their simplicity during their first year than they are after they have become doctors. It clearly follows from what has already been said that, to find this higher theology, you don't need great learning inquired into or sought by hard work—though infused knowledge must not be lacking, and it does not fail those who prepare themselves—because, having known through faith that God is wholly desirable and wholly lovable and wholly love, if our affection is purged, disposed, and exercised, I don't know why it would be hindered from transforming itself, kindling, and rising into the One it knows is wholly a clod and lump—or better said, a fountain—of love.6

Beyond Words and Reason

True devotion is not found in books or vocal prayer alone, but in the interior movements of the heart that rise above the self.

So then, as a doctor says and as reason teaches, it's clear that those who always want to read, or pray aloud, or carefully hunt for words of devotion from the mouths of those who speak them, are deceived if they think that by that alone they will succeed at this holy exercise, which consists only in the affections and interior movements of the heart.7 These things are certainly helpful, but they aren't enough. Even if people are moved to some devotion by reading, prayer, and holy words, if you take away the book and the devout words—which are soon forgotten—that devotion will vanish at once. They'll claim it only returns with the book and the words that stir it up. So, if we had to choose between the two, it is an incomparable advantage to have the second; because just as it is more desirable to have a pious and devout affection for the Lord than a sharp, cold understanding enlightened only by study—which heretics and demons possess—so hidden theology is more desirable than speculative theology.8 Still, if a person could have it all, it would be like having two right hands, or the first of gold; and the second, beyond being gold, also adorned with rich stones; for you should know that when the soul's intelligence—which is the highest power among those that know—passes into affection or love of the things it contemplates, it is almost said to rise above itself, and such a work is called excess of the soul, or a rising above itself, or above its own spirit, as you will find written in many books.9 You can take an example from some vessel that holds water or another liquid: once fire is put under it, the liquid heats up in the vessel where it is; but when it boils and bubbles, it seems in some way no longer to fit within itself—rather, the liquid that before lay settled exceeds itself and is carried up above itself by the power of the heat. So it is with the soul that is not yet kindled with the loving heat of mystical theology: while it remains only in the knowledge of speculative theology, it seems to lie still and to be contained within itself, inside itself; but when it conceives the spirit of love in the fervor of the heart, in some way it goes out of itself, leaping from itself or flying above itself. And in this way one can say that what in understanding and intelligence alone was knowledge and speculative theology is called wisdom, which is savory knowledge and mystical theology: it is knowledge by the knowing of the truth, and wisdom because love of the good has been joined to it—so that the second often adds something more, and is always founded on something of the first, at least on faith, which is the special teacher of true speculative theology.10

Wisdom, Art, and Union

The exercise is further defined as wisdom, an art of love, and a path to union with God in the depths of the soul.

This way of praying is also called wisdom, which, as you saw, is a savory knowing; Saint Paul says he spoke of this wisdom only among the perfect, because he didn't give the imperfect such rich food or such high teaching.11 And it is called wisdom because through it people know what God tastes like; of this the Wise Man says, speaking of God: To those who act devoutly he gave wisdom.12 This way of praying is also called the art of love, because it is reached only by love, and through it love multiplies more than by any other art or skill; it is also called this because Christ, the God of love, teaches it to those who have a loving heart. Often, those who cannot be overcome by force are overcome by skill, as we see with David, who defeated Goliath more by skill than by force; similarly, elephants are overcome by the skill of weak hunters. This exercise is called an art so that those with little strength may overcome the strongest One, bring him captive into their inmost being, and put on him the shackles and manacles of love, saying with the Bride: I hold him captive, and I will not let him go.13 This art is called the art of love—love that is said to be as strong as death, which conquers everyone—and from this it's clear that this exercise holds within itself both art and strength, the two best things for conquering everything. It’s also called union, because when a person draws near to God in this way, he becomes one spirit with Him through an exchange of wills: the person wants nothing other than what God wants, and God doesn't depart from the person's will, but in everything they are of one mind—like things that are perfectly united, which almost renounce themselves and conform entirely into a third reality. That’s what happens in this work: if before God and the person had different wills, afterward they agree as one, and neither is left discontent.14 And from this it follows that the person is left united with himself and with his neighbors. If we all had this, the multitude of believers would be one soul and one heart together in the Holy Spirit—in whom the Father and the Son are found made one principle so as to produce Him—and He makes us all one through love, so as to produce us in grace and bring us back, made one, to God, so that He need not lead each of us separately.15 This exercise is also called depth, which holds darkness and deepness; because this exercise is founded on the deep place and deep heart of the human person, which must be dark—that is, stripped of human knowledge—so that in this way, while he is in darkness, the Spirit of God may come upon him over the waters of his desires to say that divine light be made.16

Read the original Latin

Por la causa ya dicha de la mucha excelencia tiene este ejercicio muchos nombres, así en la Escritura Sagrada como en los libros de los santos y doctos varones, ya que unos la llaman teología mística, que quiere decir escondida, porque en el secreto escondimiento del corazón la enseña el buen maestro Jesús, que para sí solo quiso reservar este magisterio, del que dio a sus siervos menos parte y facultad para enseñar a otros que de cualquier otra ciencia, queriendo como principal maestro, guardar para sí la principal doctrina, horque entre las ciencias la teología es reina y señora, que llama según dice el Sabio, a sus doncellas todas las otras ciencias al Alcázar de la fe para que sirvan allí a su señora la teología, la cual. aún es en dos maneras: una se llama especulativa o escudriñadora, que es lo mismo, y otra escondida, que es la que se trata o a la que se intitula este tercero alfabeto; no que en él presuma yo enseñarla, pues ninguno de los mortales la enseñó, porque Cristo guardó para sí este oficio de enseñar en secreto a los corazones en que viviese aquesta teología escondida como ciencia divina y mucho más excelente que la otra teología de que hablamos primero, que se llama escudriñadora; y esta de que nuestro tratado habla no quiere escudriñar, sabiendo que está escrito que el escudriñador de la Majestad será detenido y oprimido de la gloria muy grande de Dios. Esta teología se dice más perfecta o mejor que la primera, según dice Gersón, porque de la primera como de un principio se sirve v en ella como en estribos se esfuerza para subir más arriba por el escalera del amor.

La primera teología enseña Dios para que lo contemplemos ser suma verdad, y esta de que hablamos, presuponiendo aquello que no duda, pasa a amarlo así como sumo bien. La otra pertenece al entendimiento, que aun los demonios tienen harto alumbrado en la fe, pues que, según está escrito, creen y tiemblan mas ésta pertenece a la voluntad enamorada del sumo bien, lo cual pertenece a los justos amadores de Dios. La otra teología con la fe perecerá cuando a la fe sucediere la visión como premio; mas esta teología se perfeccionará añadiendo amor, y ya no será escondida, mas a todos será manifesta desde el pequeño hasta el mayor.

La primera teología, que se llama escudriñadora, usa de razones y argumentos y discursos y probabilidades según las otras ciencias; y de aquí es que se llama teología escolástica y de letrados, la cual, si alguno quiere alcanzar, ha menester buen ingenio y continuo ejercicio y libros y tiempo, y velar, trabajar teniendo enseñado maestro, lo cual también es menester para cualquiera de las otras ciencias. Empero, la teología escondida de que hablamos, no se alcanza de esta manera tan bien como por afición piadosa y ejercicio en las virtudes morales que disponen y purgan el ánima; la cual también ha menester las otras virtudes teologales que la alumbren y los dones del Espíritu Santo y bienaventuranzas evangélicas que la perfeccionen proporcionablemente a los tres actos jerárquicos, que son purgar, alumbrar y perfeccionar. Y porque muchas veces acontece aun en los animales, cuanto más en los hombres, que adonde hay menos conocimiento hay mayor afección y amor, como vemos en los muchachos, que mientras menos conocen aman más a sus padres, y en los novicios, que en los primeros o el primer año son más devotos con su simplicidad que no después que son doctores.

Síguese de lo ya dicho claramente que, para hallar esta más alta teología, no es menester gran ciencia inquirida o buscada por trabajo, aunque la infusa no debe faltar ni falta a los que se disponen, porque habiendo conocido mediante la fe que Dios es todo deseable y todo amable y todo amor, si nuestra afición estuviere purgada y dispuesta y ejercitada, no sé por qué será impedida de se transformar y encender y levantar en aquel que conoce ser todo un terrón y pedazo, o, por lo mejor decir, fuente de amor.

Así que, según dice un doctor y según la razón enseña, cosa clara es que se engañan los que quieren leer siempre o rezar vocalmente o buscar con entero estudio palabras de devoción de la boca de los que las dicen, si piensan que por aquello solo. han de salir con este santo ejercicio, que no consiste sino en aficiones y movimientos interiores del corazón.

Aprovechan por cierto algo aquellas cosas, mas no bastan; porque aunque se muevan los tales a alguna devoción en la lección y oración vocal y santas palabras, empero si les quitas el libro y las palabras devotas, que presto se olvidan, huirá luego la devoción, jurando que no tornan sino con el libro y palabras que la provoquen; donde si de la una o de la otra hubiésemos de carecer, incomparable mejoría es tener la segunda; porque así como es más de desear tener piadosa afición y devota al Señor que no entendimiento agudo y frío solamente con estudio alumbrado, que los herejes y demonios lo tienen, así es más de desear la escondida teología que no la especulativa. Empero, si hombre pudiese tenerlo todo sería tener dos manos derechas o la primera de oro; la segunda, sobre ser de oro, tenerla también de ricas piedras adornada; ca debes saber que cuando la inteligencia del ánima, que es la más alta fuerza entre las que conocen, pasa en afección o amor de las cosas que contempla, casi es dicha levantarse sobre sí misma, y la tal obra se llama exceso de ánima o levantamiento sobre sí mismo o sobre el espíritu suyo, según hallarás en muchos libros escrito.

Puedes tomar ejemplo en alguna vasija que contiene agua u otro licor, el cual poniendo fuego se calienta en el vaso do está; empero, cuando hierve y bulle, parece en alguna manera no caber en sí, mas exceder a sí mismo el licor que antes estaba seguro y ser llevado sobre sí por la virtud del calor. Así el ánima que aún no está encendida con el calor amoroso de la mística teología, entretanto que en sólo el conocimiento de la especulativa está, parece estar echada y que se contiene en sí misma dentro en sí; mas cuando concibe el espíritu del amor en fervor del corazón, en alguna manera sale de sí misma saltando de sí o volando sobre sí; y de esta manera se puede decir que lo que en sólo el entendimiento y la inteligencia fue ciencia y teología especulativa, se dice sabiduría, que es sabrosa ciencia y mística teología: es ciencia, por el conocimiento de la verdad; sabiduría, por haberse llegado el amor de la bondad; de manera que muchas veces añade la segunda y siempre se funda sobre alguna de la primera, al menos sobre la fe, que es la especial doctora de la verdadera teología especulativa.

Llámase también esta manera de oración sabiduría, que, según viste, es sabroso saber; la cual sabiduría dice San Pablo que hablaba entre los perfectos solamente, porque a los imperfectos no les daba tan buen manjar ni tan alta doctrina. Y dícese sabiduría porque mediante ella saben los hombres a qué sabe Dios; donde de aquésta dice el Sabio hablando de Dios: A los que piadosamente obran dio la sabiduría.

Llámase también esta manera de orar arte de amor, porque sólo por amor se alcanza y con ella más que con otra arte o industria alguna se multiplica el amor, y también porque el Dios de amor Cristo la enseña a los de corazón amoroso. Muchas veces se vencen por arte los que no pueden ser por fuerza vencidos, como parece en David, que más por arte que por fuerza venció a Goliat; y los elefantes son por arte de los cazadores flacos vencidos; donde este ejercicio se llama arte para que los de pocas fuerzas venzan al fortísimo y traigan a sus entrañas preso y le echen los grillos y esposas del amor diciendo con la esposa: Preso lo tengo y no lo soltaré.

Esta arte se llama de amor, el cual se dice ser fuerte así como la muerte, que a todos vence, donde en esto se da a entender que este ejercicio contiene en sí arte y fuerza, que son las dos cosas mejores para vencer todas las cosas.

Llámase también unión, porque, llegándose el hombre de esta manera a Dios, se hace un espíritu con él por un trocamiento de voluntades que ni el hombre quiere otra cosa de lo que Dios quiere, ni Dios se aparta de la voluntad del hombre, mas en todo son a una, como las cosas que perfectamente están unidas, que casi se niegan de sí y se conforman totalmente en un tercio; lo cual acaece en este negocio, donde si antes Dios y el hombre tenían diversas voluntades, después concuerdan en uno sin quedar ninguno descontento. Y de esto resulta quedar el hombre unido consigo mismo y con sus prójimos; lo cual si todos tuviésemos sería la muchedumbre de los creyentes un ánima y un corazón en el Espíritu Santo juntos, en el cual se hallan el Padre y el Hijo hechos un principio para lo producir, y él nos hace a todos una cosa por amor, para nos producir en gracia y reducirnos hechos uno a Dios, por no tener que llevar a cada uno por sí.

Llámase también este ejercicio profundidad, la cual contiene oscuridad y hondura; porque este ejercicio se funda en la hondura y profundo corazón del hombre, el cual debe estar oscuro; esto es, privado de humano conocimiento, para que de esta manera estando [en] tinieblas, sobre él venga el espíritu de Dios sobre las aguas de sus deseos a decir que se haga luz divina.

Scripture echoes

  1. Jas.2.19You believe that God is one; you do well. Even the demons believe—and shudder.
  2. 1Cor.13.8-1Cor.13.12Love never fails. But as for prophecies, they will be done away with; as for tongues, they will cease; as for knowledge, it will be done away with. 1Cor.13.9 — For we know in part, and we prophesy in part. 1Cor.13.10 — But when the complete comes, the partial will be done away. 1Cor.13.11 — When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I thought as a child, I reasoned as a child; but when I became an adult, I put away childish things. 1Cor.13.12 — For now we see in a mirror, dimly; but then face to face. Now I know in part; but then I shall know fully, even as I have been fully known.
  3. Jer.31.34;Heb.8.11No longer will they teach one another, each saying to his neighbor and each to his brother, 'Know the LORD,' for all of them shall know me, from the least of them to the greatest, declares the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more. Heb.8.11 — And they shall not each teach his neighbor, and each his brother, saying, 'Know the Lord,' for they shall all know me, from the least of them to the greatest.
  4. Gen.1.2And the earth was formless and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.
  5. Gen.1.3And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.

Notes

  1. 1Source reading 'horque' is treated as 'porque' (because); the sentence also ends mid-relative clause with 'la cual,' which continues in the next sentence.
  2. 2Source 'se sirve v en ella' is read as 'se sirve y en ella' (uses... and on it); 'por el escalera' treated as 'por la escalera' (by the ladder).
  3. 3Source 'manifesta' read as early modern spelling of 'manifiesta' (manifest/made plain).
  4. 4Spanish escudriñadora (from escudriñar, to search/scrutinize) names speculative/inquiry theology over against the 'hidden' mystical theology of s2; rendered 'searching theology'.
  5. 5Dionysian triad (purgation, illumination, perfection) applied to the soul's ascent; kept as 'hierarchical acts' to preserve the technical term.
  6. 6«ciencia inquirida o buscada por trabajo» is rendered as acquired/learned knowledge sought by effort, set against «la infusa» (infused knowledge). «terrón y pedazo … fuente de amor» keeps the source’s rough-to-better metaphor for God as love: first a solid clod/lump, then a fountain.
  7. 7Early modern Spanish 'salir con' = succeed at / come through with / achieve; rendered as 'succeed at' rather than literal 'come out with'.
  8. 8"la escondida teología" (hidden theology) is Osuna's name for mystical theology—wisdom known by loving affection—set over against speculative theology as cold, study-lit understanding.
  9. 9"exceso de ánima" renders the mystical term excessus (going beyond / rapture of the soul), not moral excess; parallel to "levantamiento sobre sí" (rising above itself).
  10. 10Osuna's 'sabrosa ciencia' keeps the traditional Spanish play on sabiduría as knowledge that savors (sabor); rendered 'savory knowledge' to preserve that etymological force without archaism.
  11. 11Spanish sabroso saber keeps Osuna's wordplay on sabiduría (wisdom) as knowledge that has savor (sabor + saber), continued from the previous section's 'sabrosa ciencia'.
  12. 12a qué sabe Dios is deliberate double sense: saber as 'to know' and 'to taste.' Rendered as 'what God tastes like' to keep Osuna's sabor/saber play; not a claim of physical taste.
  13. 13"al fortísimo" is rendered as "the strongest One" (God/Christ drawn into the soul by love); the hunting and binding imagery is metaphorical for spiritual capture by love, not physical force.
  14. 14Spanish tercio here names the third reality formed when two things are perfectly united (a tertium quid), not a mathematical third.
  15. 15lo most naturally points to the Holy Spirit, whom Father and Son, as one principle, produce/process; the same produce/bring-back pattern is then applied to the faithful in grace.
  16. 16Normalized reading supplies the preposition en in estando [en] tinieblas; translation follows that corrected sense ('while he is in darkness').

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