Canción II
The Soul's Message Through Shepherds
The soul, unable to speak directly to her Beloved, turns to intermediaries to convey her longing and pain.
Shepherds, you who go out there by the sheepfolds toward the hill, if by chance you see the one I love most, tell him that I languish, suffer, and die.1 Explanation In this song, the soul wants to use third parties and intermediaries with her Beloved, asking them to tell him of her sorrow and pain; because it is the way of a lover—since she can't communicate with the Beloved by being present with him—to do so by the best means she can. And so, here the soul wants to use her affections, desires, and groans as messengers that know so well how to reveal the secret of the heart to her Beloved; and so she asks them to go saying:
Interpreting the Shepherds and Their Mission
The soul explains that her desires, affections, and the angels are the shepherds who carry her prayers to God, and that the Beloved responds only when the time is right.
You shepherds who go.2 She calls her desires, affections, and sighs shepherds, since they feed the soul with spiritual goods—because a shepherd is one who pastures—and through them God communicates himself to her and provides divine pasture, for without them little is communicated to her; and she says: You who are going. Which is to say: you who go out from pure love. Because not all affections and desires reach him, but only those that come from true love. There by the sheepfolds to the hilltop. He calls the hierarchies and choirs of the angels "sheepfolds," through whom our sighs and prayers pass from choir to choir up to God.3 He calls him here a hilltop because he is the highest height, and because in him, as from a hilltop, all things are surveyed and seen—the higher and the lower sheepfolds alike.4 To him our prayers go, with the angels offering them up, as we have said, according to what the angel told Tobias: "When you were praying with tears and burying the dead."5 . . "I offered your prayer to the Lord"; "When you were praying with tears and burying the dead, I was offering your prayers to God."6 These shepherds of the soul can also be understood as the angels themselves; for they not only carry our messages to God, but also bring God's messages to our souls, feeding them, like good shepherds, on sweet communications and inspirations from God—which God also works through their means—and they shelter and defend us from the wolves, who are the demons.7 So now, whether you take these shepherds as the affections or as the angels, the soul wants them all to be her partners and means toward her Beloved; and so she says to them all: If by chance you see him. And that amounts to saying: If by my good fortune and happiness you should reach his presence so that he sees and hears you—and here it's worth noting that (though it's true God knows and understands everything, and even sees and notes the very thoughts of the soul, as Moses says) we speak of him seeing our needs and prayers, or hearing them, when he remedies or fulfills them; for not just any needs and petitions rise to the point where God hears them so as to fulfill them, until in his eyes they come to enough ripeness and the right time and measure, and then we say he sees and hears them, as can be seen in Exodus, where after the children of Israel had spent four hundred years afflicted in the bondage of Egypt, God says to Moses: Vidi aflictionem Populi mei.✦8 . . et descendi, ut liberem eum; I saw the affliction of my people, and I have come down to free them.✦9 Even though he had always seen it; and Saint Gabriel also told Zechariah not to be afraid, because God had already heard his prayer—to give him the son he had been asking for for many years—even though God had always heard him; and so every soul must understand that, although God may not answer its need and plea at once, he will not for that reason fail to answer at the right time; for he is a helper, as David says, in times of need and in tribulation, if the soul does not faint and give up. This, then, is what the soul means here when it says: If you happen to see. That is: if by chance the time has come when he sees fit to grant my petitions. The one I love most. That is to say, more than anything else.✦10 This is true when nothing is set before the soul that discourages her from doing or suffering anything for him in his service; and when the soul can also truly say what the following verse says, it is a sign that she loves him above all things.
The Sickness, Suffering, and Death of Love
The soul describes her threefold distress in the Beloved's absence—sickness of understanding, suffering of will, and death of memory—and her humble trust in God's response.
Tell him that I am sick, I suffer, and I die. In this, the soul represents three needs—namely, sickness, suffering, and death—because the soul that truly loves God with a love of some perfection ordinarily suffers in three ways in his absence, according to the three powers of the soul, which are understanding, will, and memory. As for the understanding, she says that it sickens because it does not see God, who is the health of the understanding, as he himself says through David: Salus tua ego sum; "I am your health."✦11 As for the will, she says that it suffers because it does not possess God, who is the refreshment and delight of the will, as David also says: Torrente voluptatis tuae potabis eos; "With the torrent of your delight you will fill us."✦ As for the memory, she says that it dies because, remembering that it lacks all the goods of the understanding—which is to see God—and the delights of the will—which is to possess him—and that it is also very possible to lack him forever amid the dangers and occasions of this life, it suffers in this memory a feeling like death, because it sees that it lacks the sure and perfect possession of God, who is the life of the soul, as Moses says: Ipse est enim vita tua; "He truly is your life."✦ Jeremiah also presents these three kinds of needs to God in the Lamentations, saying: Recordare paupertatis.12 . . absynthii, et felli; "Remember my poverty and the wormwood and the gall."13 Poverty refers to the understanding, because the riches of the wisdom of the Son of God belong to it—in whom, as Saint Paul says, all his treasures are stored up: In quo sunt omnes thesauri sapientiae, et scientiae absconditi. Wormwood, which is an extremely bitter herb, refers to the will, because the sweetness of possessing God belongs to this power, and lacking that, it is left with bitterness; and that this bitterness belongs to the will spiritually is made clear in Revelation, when the angel said to Saint John: Accipe librum; et devora illum, et faciet amaricari ventrem tuum—that when he ate that book it would make his stomach bitter, taking "stomach" there to mean the will.14 Gall refers not only to the memory but to all the powers and forces of the soul, because gall means the death of the soul, as Moses makes clear when speaking to the condemned in Deuteronomy, saying: Fel draconum vinum eorum, et venenum aspidum insanabile; "Their wine shall be the gall of dragons, and the incurable poison of asps." This refers to being without God, which is the death of the soul. These three needs and sufferings are grounded in the three theological virtues—faith, charity, and hope—which correspond to the three powers named here, in this order: understanding, will, and memory. And it is worth noting that in this verse the soul does nothing more than lay its need and suffering before the Beloved, because the one who loves with discretion does not make it his business to ask for what he lacks and longs for, but only to show his need so that the Beloved may do as he is pleased—just as when the blessed Virgin said to her beloved Son at the wedding at Cana in Galilee, not asking him directly for the wine, but saying: Vinum non habent; "They have no wine."✦ And Lazarus's sisters sent word to him, not that he should heal their brother, but that he should see that the one he loved was sick: Domine, ecce, quem amas, infirmatur.✦ And this for three reasons: first, because the Lord knows better than we do what is good for us; second, because the Beloved feels more compassion when he sees the need of the one who loves him and that one's resignation; third, because the soul is safer from self-love and possessiveness when it shows its lack than when it asks for what it thinks it is missing.15 That is exactly what the soul is doing here now in laying out its three needs; and it is as if it said: Tell my Beloved that I am sick and he alone is my health—let him give me my health; and that since I suffer and he alone is my joy, let him give me my joy; and that since I am dying and he alone is my life, let him give me life.
Read the original Spanish
Pastores, los que fuerdes Allá por las majadas al otero, Si por ventura vierdes. A aquel que yo más quiero, Decidle que adolezco, peno y muero.
DECLARACIÓN
En esta canción el alma se quiere aprovechar de terceros y medianeros para con su Amado, pidiéndoles le den parte de su dolor y pena; porque propiedad es del amante, ya que por la presencia no puede comunicarse con el Amado, de hacerlo con los mejores medios que puede. Y así, el alma de sus afectos, deseos y gemidos se quiere aquí aprovechar como de mensajeros que tan bien saben manifestar lo secreto del corazón a su Amado; y así, los requiere que vayan diciendo:
Pastores, los que fuerdes.
Llamando pastores a sus deseos, afectos y gemidos, por cuanto ellos apacientan al alma de bienes espirituales, porque pastor quiere decir apacentador; y mediante ellos se comunica Dios a ella y le da divino pasto, porque sin ellos poco se le comunica; y dice:
Los que fuerdes.
Que es como decir: Los que de puro amor saliéredes. Porque no todos los afectos y deseos van hasta él, sino los que salen de verdadero amor.
Allá por majadas al otero.
Llama majadas a las jerarquías y coros de los ángeles, por los cuales de coro en coro van nuestro gemidos y oraciones a Dios. Al cual aquí llama otero, por ser él la suma alteza, y porque en él, como el otero, se otean y ven todas las cosas y las majadas superiores e inferiores. Al cual van nuestras oraciones, ofreciéndoselas los ángeles, como habemos dicho, según lo dijo el ángel a Tobías, diciendo: Quando orabas cum lacrymis, et sepeliebas mortus. . . ego obtuli orationem tuam Domino; «Cuando orabas con lágrimas y enterrabas los muertos, yo ofrecía tus oraciones a Dios». También se pueden entender estos pastores del alma por los mismos ángeles; porque, no sólo llevan a Dios nuestros recaudos, sino también traen los de Dios a nuestras almas, apacentándolas, como buenos pastores, de dulces comunicaciones e inspiraciones de Dios, por cuyo medio Dios también las hace, y ellos nos amparan y defienden de los lobos, que son los demonios. Ahora, pues, entienda estos pastores por los afectos, ahora por los ángeles, todos desea el alma que le sean parte y medios para con su Amado; y así, a todos les dice:
Si por ventura vierdes.
Y es tanto como decir: Si por mi buena dicha y ventura llegáredes a su presencia, de manera que él os vea y oiga donde es de notar que (aunque es verdad que Dios todo lo sabe y entiende, y hasta los mismos pensamientos del alma ve y nota, como dice Moisés) entonces se dice ver nuestras necesidades y oraciones, u oírlas, cuando las remedia o las cumple; porque, no cualesquier necesidades y peticiones llegan al colmo que las oiga Dios para cumplirlas, hasta que en sus ojos lleguen a bastante sazón y tiempo y número, y entonces se dice verlo y oírlo, según es de ver en el Éxodo, que, después de cuatrocientos años que los hijos de Israel habían estado afligidos en la servidumbre de Egipto, dice Dios a Moisés: Vidi aflictionem Populi mei. . . et descendi, ut liberem eum; Vi la aflicción de mi pueblo, y he bajado para librarlos. Como quiera que siempre la hubiese visto; y también dijo San Gabriel a Zacarías que no temiese, porque ya Dios había oído su oración, de darle el hijo que muchos años le había andado pidiendo, como quiera que siempre le hubiese oído; y así, ha de entender cualquier alma que, aunque Dios no acuda luego a su necesidad y ruego, que no por eso dejará de acudir en el tiempo oportuno; porque él es ayudador, como dice David, en las oportunidades y en la tribulación, si ella no desmayare y cesare. Esto, pues, quiere decir aquí el alma cuando dice:
Si por ventura vierdes.
Es a saber: Si por ventura es llegado el tiempo en que tenga por bien de otorgar mis peticiones.
Aquel que yo más quiero.
Es a saber, más que a todas las cosas. Lo cual es verdad cuando al alma no se le pone nada delante que la acobarde hacer y padecer por él cualquiera cosa de su servicio; y cuando el alma también puede con verdad decir lo que en el verso siguiente se dice, es señal que le ama sobre todas las cosas.
Decidle que adolezco, peno y muero.
En el cual representa el alma tres necesidades, conviene a saber, dolencia, pena y muerte; porque el alma que de veras ama a Dios con amor de alguna perfección, en la ausencia padece ordinariamente de tres maneras, según las tres potencias del alma, que son entendimiento, voluntad y memoria. Acerca del entendimiento, dice que adolece, porque no ve a Dios, que es la salud del entendimiento, según él lo dice por David diciendo: Salus tua ego sum; «Yo soy tu salud». Acerca de la voluntad, dice que pena, porque no posee a Dios, que es el refrigerio y deleite de la voluntad, según también lo dice David, diciendo: Torrente voluptatis tuae potabis eos; «Con el torrente de tu deleite nos hartarás». Acerca de la memoria, dice que muere, porque, acordándose que carece de todos los bienes del entendimiento, que es ver a Dios, y de los deleites de la voluntad, que es poseerle, y que también es muy posible carecer de él para siempre entre los peligros y ocasiones de esta vida, padece en esta memoria sentimiento a manera de muerte, porque echa de ver que carece de la cierta y perfecta posesión de Dios, el cual es vida del alma, según lo dice Moisés, diciendo: Ipse est enim vita tua; «Él ciertamente es tu vida».
Estas tres maneras de necesidades representa también Jeremías a Dios en los Trenos diciendo: Recordare paupertatis. . . absynthii, et felli; «Recuérdate de mi pobreza y del absintio y de la hiel». La pobreza se refiere al entendimiento, porque a él pertenecen las riquezas de la sabiduría del Hijo de Dios, en el cual, como dice San Pablo, están encerrados todos sus tesoros: In quo sunt omnes thesauri sapientiae, et scientiae absconditi. El absintio, que es yerba amarguísima, se refiere a la voluntad, porque a esta potencia pertenece la dulzura de la posesión de Dios, de la cual, careciendo, se queda con amargura; y que la amargura pertenezca a la voluntad espiritualmente, se da a entender en el Apocalipsis, cuando el ángel dijo a San Juan: Accipe librum; et devora illum, et faciet amaricari ventrem tuum; que en comiendo aquel libro le había de amargar el vientre, entendiendo allí por vientre la voluntad. La hiel se refiere, no sólo a la memoria, sino a todas las potencias y fuerzas del alma, porque la hiel significa la muerte del alma, según da a entender Moisés, hablando con los condenados, en el Deuteronomio diciendo: Fel draconum vinum eorum, et venenum aspidum insanabile; «Hiel de dragones será el vino de ellos, y veneno de áspides insanable». Lo cual significa allí el carecer de Dios, que es muerte del alma.
Estas tres necesidades y penas están fundadas en las tres virtudes teologales, que son fe, caridad y esperanza; las cuales se refieren a las dichas tres potencias por el orden que aquí se ponen, entendimiento, voluntad y memoria; y es de notar que el alma en el dicho verso no hace más que representar su necesidad y pena al Amado, porque el que discretamente ama no cura de pedir lo que le falta y desea, sino de representar su necesidad para que el amado haga lo que fuere servido, como cuando la bendita Virgen dijo a su amado Hijo en las bodas de Caná de Galilea, no pidiéndole directamente el vino, sino diciendo: Vinum non habent; «No tienen vino». Y las hermanas de Lázaro le enviaron a decir, no que sanase a su hermano, sino que mirase que al que amaba estaba enfermo: Domine, ecce, quem amas, infirmatur. Y esto por tres cosas: la primera, porque mejor sabe el Señor lo que nos conviene que nosotros; la segunda, porque más se compadece el amado viendo la necesidad del que lo ama y su resignación; la tercera, porque más seguridad lleva el alma acerca del amor propio y propiedad en representar la falta que en pedir lo que a su parecer le falta. Ni más ni menos hace acá ahora el alma representando sus tres necesidades; y es como si dijera: Decid a mi Amado que adolezco y él sólo es mi salud, que me dé mi salud, y que pues peno y él sólo es mi gozo, que me dé mi gozo, y que pues muero y él sólo es mi vida, que me dé vida.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Deut.31.21 — And when many evils and troubles have come upon them, then this song will testify against them as a witness, for it will not be forgotten from the mouth of their offspring; for I know their inclination, what they are doing today, before I bring them into the land that I swore.
- ↩Exod.3.7-Exod.3.8 — Then the LORD said, "I have surely seen the affliction of my people who are in Egypt, and I have heard their cry because of their taskmasters, for I know their sufferings. Exod.3.8 — So I have come down to deliver them from the hand of Egypt and to bring them up from that land to a good and broad land, to a land flowing with milk and honey, to the place of the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite.
- ↩Deut.6.5;Matt.22.37 — And you shall love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength. Matt.22.37 — And he said to him, 'You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind.'
- ↩Ps.35.3 — Draw the spear, and close ranks against my pursuers; say to my soul, "I am your salvation."
- ↩Ps.36.9 — They drink their fill of the abundance of your house, and from your river of delights you give them drink.
- ↩Deut.30.20 — to love the LORD your God, to obey his voice, and to hold fast to him, for he is your life and the length of your days, that you may dwell in the land that the LORD swore to your fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give to them
- ↩John.2.3 — And when the wine ran out, the mother of Jesus said to him, "They have no wine."
- ↩John.11.3 — So the sisters sent word to him, saying, 'Lord, the one you love is ill.'
Notes
- 1 ↩adolezco rendered as languish (afflicted/sick with longing); the triad adolezco, peno y muero keeps three distinct intensifying verbs rather than collapsing them.
- 2 ↩Archaic Spanish 'fuerdes' (future subjunctive of ir, modern 'fuereis') addresses those who go/wander; rendered as plain contemporary 'you who go' rather than 'you that go forth'.
- 3 ↩majadas: pastoral "sheepfolds"/folds, the poem's image San Juan maps onto the angelic hierarchies.
- 4 ↩otero: hilltop/lookout height; San Juan plays on otear (to survey from a height).
- 5 ↩Quoted Latin ends "sepeliebas mortus"; most plausible intended reading is mortuos ("the dead").
- 6 ↩Latin fragment (ego obtuli orationem tuam Domino) continues the Tobit citation; the Spanish in guillemets restates the angel's words as a whole.
- 7 ↩recaudos: commissions/messages/errands carried to God; rendered "messages" to keep the angelic messenger sense without flattening to mere "prayers" (already covered earlier).
- 8 ↩"See" and "hear" are explained as God's effective noticing—his remedying or fulfilling—not bare omniscience, which the parenthetical already affirms.
- 9 ↩Source keeps the Vulgate continuation in Latin, then immediately glosses the whole saying in Spanish; English preserves that Latin-then-gloss shape.
- 10 ↩"Es a saber" is older Spanish for "namely / that is to say," clarifying the degree of the Beloved preferred in the preceding line.
- 11 ↩Spanish salud here parallels dolencia/adolece (sickness). Latin salus can also mean salvation; the Spanish gloss keeps the health metaphor.
- 12 ↩The Latin quotation is truncated here; the complete Vulgate phrase continues in s4 as Recordare paupertatis, absynthii, et felli (Lam 3:19). Trenos = Lamentations.
- 13 ↩absintio/absynthii rendered as wormwood (the bitter herb); hiel as gall. Together with s1 this completes Lam 3:19.
- 14 ↩vientre rendered as stomach (Rev 10:9); San Juan allegorizes it as the will.
- 15 ↩Spanish 'propiedad' here means proprietary attachment or possessiveness (the soul's clinging claim on what it wants), not legal property.
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