Capítulo XXVII. Contra los que se excusan diciendo que es áspero y dificultoso el camino de la virtud
The Deception of Difficulty
Worldly people excuse themselves from virtue by claiming it is too difficult, failing to realize that this hardness stems from their own disordered appetites rather than from virtue itself.
Worldly people often put forward another excuse in their favor for abandoning virtue, saying that it is harsh and difficult. Although they well know that this harshness does not spring from virtue itself (for, as a friend of reason, virtue is very much in keeping with the nature of the rational creature), but from the bad inclination of our flesh and appetite, which came to us through sin.1 That is why the Apostle said that the flesh lusts against the spirit and the spirit against the flesh, and that these two are contrary to each other.✦ And elsewhere he says: "I delight in the law of God according to the inner man; but I feel another law in my members that contradicts the law of my soul, taking me captive and subjecting me to sin."✦ In these words he makes clear that virtue and the law of God are suited and pleasing to the higher part of our soul, which is wholly spiritual (where the understanding and the will reside); but the keeping of them is hindered by the law of the members—that is, by the bad inclination✦2 and the corruption of our appetite, with all its passions, which rebelled against the higher part of this soul when the soul rebelled against God; and that rebellion is the cause of all this difficulty. For this reason, many people give up on virtue, even though they hold it in high esteem—much like sick people who want to be healthy but hate the medicine because they find it bitter.3 From this it seems that if we could free people from this deception, we would have made great progress, since this is what mainly keeps them from virtue; because, for the rest, there is nothing in it that is not of the greatest worth and dignity.4
Grace Makes the Path Easy
The grace of Christ, the sacraments, and the Holy Spirit are provided to transform the human heart, making the yoke of virtue light and the path to heaven accessible.
I. How the grace given to us through Christ makes the path of virtue easy. So you need to know now that the main cause of this deception is that people fix their eyes only on the difficulty there is in virtue, and not on the help God offers us from his side to overcome it—which is the same kind of deception that the disciple of the prophet Elisha suffered, as we explained above. When he saw the army of Syria surrounding his master's house and did not see the force that stood for him from God's side, he lost heart and counted himself lost, until through the holy prophet's prayer God opened his eyes and he saw how much greater power there was on their side than on that of their enemies. That, then, is the deception of the people we're talking about: because they experience in themselves the difficulty of virtue and have not experienced the favors and help that are given to attain it, they consider this undertaking extremely hard, and so they abandon it. So tell me now, I beg you: if the path of virtue is so hard, what did the Prophet mean when he said, "In the way of your commandments, Lord, I took delight as in all the riches of the world"; and in another place, "Your commandments, Lord, are more to be desired than gold and precious stones, and sweeter than the honeycomb and honey"?✦✦ .5 So he grants not only what we all grant to virtue—its marvelous excellence and preciousness—but also what the world denies it: sweetness and gentleness.6 From this, you can be sure that those who make this burden heavy—even if they are Christians living under the law of grace—have not yet even tasted this mystery.✦7 How pitiful you are! You who claim to be a Christian, tell me: Why did Christ come into the world?✦ Why did he pour out his blood?✦8 Why did he institute the sacraments?9 And why did he send the Holy Spirit? What does Gospel mean? And what does grace mean? And what does Jesus mean?10 What is the meaning of that celebrated name of the Lord you worship? If you don't know, ask the evangelist, who says: You shall name him Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins.✦11 So what does it mean to be a Savior and deliverer from sins, if not to win us forgiveness for past sins and obtain for us the grace to stay free of those yet to come?12 Why, then, did this Savior come into the world, if not to help you be saved?✦ Why did he die on the cross, if not to kill sin?✦ Why did he rise after death, if not to make you rise into this new way of life?✦ Why did he pour out his blood, if not to make of it a medicine that would heal your wounds?13 Why did he institute the sacraments, if not as a remedy and help against sins?14 What is one of the chief fruits of his Passion and his coming, if not that he has smoothed the road to heaven for us—a road that used to be rough and hard?15 That is what Isaiah meant when he said that at the Messiah's coming, the crooked roads would be made straight and the rough ones leveled.✦ Finally, why, on top of all this, did he send the Holy Spirit, if not to transform you from flesh into spirit?✦16 And why did he send him in the form of fire, if not so that, like fire, he might kindle you, light you, quicken you, transform you into himself, and lift you high—to the place from which he came down?✦17 . What is grace for—together with the infused virtues that flow from it—if not to make Christ's yoke easy, to make the practice of the virtues light, to sing in tribulations, to hope in dangers, and to overcome in temptations?18 . This is the beginning, the middle, and the end of the Gospel: just as an earthly and sinful man, Adam, made us sinners and earthly, so another, a heavenly and just man, Christ, should make us heavenly and just.19 What else do the evangelists write? What other promises did the prophets announce? What else did the apostles preach? This is the sum of all Christian theology. This is the abbreviated word that God made upon the earth.✦ This is the consummation and abbreviation that the prophet Isaiah says he heard from God, from which there soon followed in the world such riches of virtues and of justice.✦20 Let's be more specific. I ask you: where does the difficulty in virtue come from? You'll tell me it comes from the evil inclinations of our heart, from our flesh conceived in sin, because the flesh opposes the spirit and the spirit the flesh, as things set against each other. So let's suppose now that God said to you: "Come here, man: I will take away that evil heart you have and give you another, a new heart, and I will give you strength to mortify your evil inclinations and appetite." If God promised you this, would the path of virtue then be hard for you?21 Clearly not. So tell me: what else is it that this Lord has so often promised and sealed in all his Scriptures? Hear what he says through the prophet Ezekiel, speaking especially to those who live under the law of grace: "I," he says, "will give you a new heart, and put a new spirit within you; and I will take away from you the heart of stone you have, and give you a heart of flesh."22 I will put my Spirit within you, and by him I will make you walk in the way of my commandments, keep my statutes, and put them into practice.✦ And you will live in the land I gave your fathers; and you will be my people, and I will be your God.✦ So far, these are the words of Ezekiel. What are you doubting here now—that God will not keep this word with you? Or are you doubting whether, once it is fulfilled, you'll be able to keep his law?23 If you say the first, you make God a false promiser, which is one of the greatest blasphemies there can be. If you say that with this help you still cannot keep his law, you make him a defective provider, since, though he wanted to heal the human person, he did not give a sufficient remedy for it.24 So what is left for you to doubt here? Beyond this, He will also give you strength to mortify these evil inclinations that fight against you and make this path hard for you. This is one of the primary effects of that tree of life which the Savior sanctified with His blood. The Apostle affirms this when he says: Our old self was crucified together with Christ, so that the body of sin might be destroyed, and we might no longer serve sin. Here, the Apostle calls our sense appetite—along with all the evil inclinations that spring from it—the old man and the body of sin. He says it was crucified on the cross with Christ because, through that most noble sacrifice, He won for us grace and strength to overcome this tyrant, freeing us from the force of its evil inclinations and the slavery of sin, as explained above.25 This is the victory and the great favor that the Lord Himself promises through Isaiah, saying: Do not fear, for I am with you; do not turn away from Me, for I am your God; I will strengthen you and help you, and the right hand of My Just One—who is the Son of God Himself—will uphold you.26 You will look for those who fought against you, and you won't find them; they will be as if they never were, and they will lie like a man beaten and spent at the feet of his conqueror. For I am the Lord your God, who will take you by the hand and say to you: "Do not fear, for I will help you." So far, these are the words of God through Isaiah. So who will lose heart with strengthening like that? Who will lose heart from fear of their bad inclinations, since grace conquers them like this?
The Fruits of Divine Transformation
God promises to circumcise the heart, removing the obstacles of sin and replacing them with the strength to love Him, effectively turning the 'yoke' into a source of freedom.
II. Responding to some objections And if you tell me that the just still have their secret little nooks—those wrinkles that, as it is written in Job, accuse them and bear witness against them—the same prophet answers you with a single word: They will be as if they were not.✦2728 For if they remain, they remain for our training, not for our stumbling; they remain to wake us, not to master us; they remain to give us occasions for crowns, not to be snares of sin; they remain for our triumph, not for our fall. Finally, they remain just as it was fitting they should remain: for our testing, for our humility, for knowledge of our weakness, and for the glory of God and of his grace. So their remaining this way works for our good; for just as wild beasts, which by nature are harmful to man, when they are tamed and29 domestic, they serve for a person's good; so too the passions, moderated and tempered, help in many ways with the exercises of virtue.30 So tell me now: if God is the one who strengthens you like this, who will bring you down? If God is for you, who can be against you? . The Lord—says David—is my light and my salvation; whom should I fear?✦31 The Lord is the defender of my life; of whom will I be afraid? If enemy camps pitch against me, my heart won't fear; and if battle rises against me, I will put my hope in him.32 Indeed, my brother: if with promises like these you still don't dare resolve to serve God, you must be very cowardly; and if you don't trust words like these, you're undoubtedly very disloyal.33 God is the one who tells you that he will give you a new being, that he will change your heart of stone and give you a heart of flesh, that he will mortify your passions, that you'll come to such a state that you won't recognize yourself, that you'll look for your bad inclinations and not find them, because he will weaken them and waste them away. So what else do you have left to ask for here? What more do you have left to desire? What do you lack except living faith and living hope, so that you'll entrust yourself to God and throw yourself into his arms? . It seems to me you can't answer this except by saying that your sins are great, and that because of them this grace will, perhaps, be denied you. To this I answer that this is one of the greatest insults you can offer God, for you give the impression that there is something he either cannot or will not remedy when his creature turns to him and asks him for a remedy. I don't want you to take my word for it on this point; believe that holy prophet, who seems to have been thinking of you and coming out to meet you on the road when he wrote those words, which in substance say this: If because of your sins these aforementioned curses have overtaken you, and afterward, moved to repentance, you turn back to the Lord your God with all your heart and soul, he will have pity on you and free you from the captivity you are in; and he will bring you to the land he has sworn to you, even if they have carried you to the ends of the earth.✦34 And he adds more: The Lord God will circumcise your heart and the heart of your children, so that you may love him with all your soul and with all your heart.✦ Oh, if only this Lord would now circumcise your eyes as well and remove the darkness from them, so that you might clearly see the nature of this circumcision! You won't be so crude as to take this circumcision in a bodily sense, because the heart is not capable of that. So what circumcision is this that the Lord promises here? Without a doubt, it is the excess of our passions and evil inclinations that spring from the heart, which are a very great obstacle to his love.35 So all these sterile and harmful branches he promises he will circumcise with the knife of his grace, so that the heart—if one may put it this way—being pruned and circumcised like this, may put all its strength into this one branch alone: the love of God.✦ Then you'll be a true Israelite; then the Lord will have circumcised you, when he has cut the love of the world from your soul and nothing remains in it but his love.✦ I want you to notice carefully how this very thing the Lord promises to do if you turn back to him is the same thing he commands you to do elsewhere, saying: Circumcise yourselves to the Lord and cut away the excesses of your hearts.✦ So then—how is this, Lord? What you here promise to do — do you command me to do it? If you are the one who is to do this, why do you command me to do it? And if I am the one who has to do it, why do you promise me that you will? This difficulty is resolved by those words of Saint Augustine: "Lord, give me grace to do what you command me, and command me whatever you will." He is the one who commands what I must do, and he is the one who gives me grace to do it. In this way, command and promise are found together in the same act; it is one and the same thing that he does and that man does—he as the principal cause, and man as the secondary one. So in this matter God deals with man like a painter who guided the brush in the hands of a disciple of his and so came to make a perfect image—which both clearly make, yet neither the honor nor the power of both is equal. For that is how God works here with us—preserving the freedom of our will—so that after the work is finished, man may have no reason to boast, but only reason to glorify the Lord with the Prophet, saying: "All our works you have wrought, Lord, in us."✦ So remember this word, and by it you'll interpret all God's commandments; because whatever he commands you to do, he promises to be with you to do it. And just as when He commands you,36 to circumcise the heart, he says that he will circumcise it; so when he commands you to love him above all things, he will give you grace so that you can love him that way. This is why God's yoke is called easy: because two pull it—God and man. And so what nature alone made hard, divine grace makes light. And for this reason, after these words, the Prophet goes on to say further below: That commandment I am giving you today is not beyond you, nor very far from you, nor is it raised up in heaven so that you would have to say, "Who among us can go up to heaven to bring it down from there?"37 Nor is it set beyond the sea either, so that you would have occasion to say, "Who can cross the sea and bring it from so far away?" It isn't far off; rather, you will find it very near you—in your mouth and in your heart—so that you may keep it. In these words the holy prophet meant to clear away all the clouds and difficulties that sensual people put in the way of God's law. For when they look at the law without the Gospel—that is, at what they are told to do, without the grace they will be given to do it—they raise this complaint against God's law, calling it heavy and hard, and they fail to see that in this they expressly contradict the words of the evangelist Saint John, who says: True charity consists in keeping God's commandments; and those commandments are not burdensome.38 For whatever is born of God conquers the world—meaning that those who have received the Spirit of God in their souls, through whom they were reborn and made children of the One whose Spirit they received, these, because they have God within them who dwells in them by grace, can do more than everything that is not God; and so neither the world, nor the devil, nor all the power of hell is strong against them. It follows that even if the burden of the divine commandments were very heavy, the new strength communicated by grace makes it light.✦
Love as the Key to Endurance
Perfect charity transforms the experience of hardship, making the labors of virtue delightful and rendering the soul invincible against worldly temptations.
III. How the love of God also makes the path to heaven easy and gentle. So what will it be if, along with everything already said, we also add the help that comes to us from charity? For it is certain that one of the chief qualities of charity is to make the yoke of God's law most gentle.39 Because, as Saint Augustine says, "the labors of those who love are not burdensome; rather, they themselves delight"—like the labors of those who fish, hunt the hills, and chase game.40 What makes a mother not feel the constant toil of raising her child, if not love? What makes a good wife tend to her sick husband night and day without rest, if not love?41 What makes even the beasts and the birds go about so carefully raising their young, go without the food their young eat, work so that they may rest, and dare to defend them with such great courage, if not love?42 What made the apostle Saint Paul speak those so bold words that he writes in the Letter to the Romans? Who will separate us from the love of Christ?43 Will tribulation, or distress, or hunger, or nakedness, or danger, or the sword be able to do this?✦ I am certain that neither death nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present nor things to come, nor strength, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature will be enough to separate us from the love of God.✦44 What else, then, made our father Saint Dominic thirst so deeply for martyrdom—like a deer for springs of water—if not the power of this love?✦ Where else did Saint Lawrence find the joy to roast on the grill and even say that those coals were giving him relief, if not from the great thirst for martyrdom that the flame of this love had kindled in him? For, as Chrysologus says, "true love of God counts nothing hard, nothing bitter, nothing heavy." What iron, what wounds, what torments, what death can overcome perfect love? Love is a coat of mail that cannot be pierced: it turns aside arrows, shakes off darts, scorns dangers, and laughs at death.45 Finally, if it is love, it conquers all things. But perfect love isn't content just to overcome the hardships that come its way; it also wants hardships to be offered to it for the sake of what it loves. From this springs the great thirst that perfect men have for martyrdom—that is, to shed their blood for the One who first shed His for them.46 And since this desire isn't granted to them, they turn harsh against themselves and become their own executioners. For this reason, they martyr their bodies and afflict them with hunger, thirst, cold, heat, and many other hardships; and in this way they find some rest, because their desire is fulfilled at least in part.47 Those who love the world don't understand this language, nor can they grasp how anyone could love what they so much hate and hate what they so much love; yet that is truly how it is. In Scripture we read that the Egyptians held brute animals as gods and worshiped them as such; but, on the48 In contrast, the children of Israel called the Egyptians' gods abominations, and for the glory of the true God, they sacrificed and killed those whom the Egyptians worshiped as gods.49 So in this way the just, as true Israelites, call the gods of the world abominations—honors, pleasures, and riches—to which the world bows down and offers sacrifice.50 They spit on these false gods and put them to death as abominations, for the glory of the true God.51 So, if you want to offer God a sacrifice that pleases Him, look at what the world worships and sacrifice that to Him; and, conversely, for love of Him, embrace what you see the world hates. Didn't those who, after receiving the firstfruits of the Holy Spirit, left the Council rejoicing because they had suffered insults for the name of Christ—didn't they do exactly that?✦ .52 So how is it that what was enough to make prisons, scourges, gridirons, and flames feel sweet won't be enough to make keeping the divine commandments sweet for you? And what is enough every day to enable the just to bear not only the burden of the law, but also the extra load of their fasts, vigils, disciplines, hairshirts, nakedness, and poverty—won't that be enough to enable you to bear the plain burden of the law of God and of His Church?53 Oh, how deceived you are! Oh, how little you understand virtue, and the power of charity and divine grace!
The Wisdom of Choosing the Right Path
Comparing the path of the wicked to the path of the just reveals that the former is far more treacherous and blind, while the latter is illuminated by divine help.
IV. On other things that make the path of virtue easy for us What has been said would be enough to do away completely with this common obstacle that so many raise. But even if none of this were so — even if there were hardships on this path — tell me, I beg you: for the salvation of your soul, would it be so much to do some of what you do for the health of your body? Would it be asking too much to do something to escape eternal torments? What do you think that rich miser in hell would do if he were allowed to return to this world and fix his past mistakes? So it is no less reasonable that you should do now what he would do, since if you turn out wicked the same torment is reserved for you, and so you ought to have the same desire. And besides this, if you carefully considered how much God has done for you, the still more he promises you, the many sins you have committed against him, the many hardships the saints endured, and still more what the Holy One of the saints suffered, you would without a doubt be ashamed not to suffer something for God; and you would even come to fear and dislike any mouthful that tasted good to you.54 For this reason, Saint Bernard said that the sufferings and tribulations of this age don't equal the glory we hope for, the punishment we fear, the sins we’ve committed, or the benefits we’ve received from God.✦55 Any one of these considerations would be enough to take on this life, however hard it might be. To be honest, while hardship exists everywhere and in every way of life, the hardship on the path of the wicked is incomparably greater than that on the path of the good. For though walking is hard work no matter how you walk (because, in the end, the road wears you out), a blind person who walks and stumbles a thousand times suffers far greater hardship than someone who has eyes and watches where they're going. Since this life is a journey, you can't escape its hardships until we reach our place of rest. The wicked person, driven by passion rather than reason, is clearly walking blind—for there is nothing in the world more blind than passion. The good, however, are guided by reason; they see the cliffs and ravines and turn away from them, walking with less hardship and greater safety. This is how that great wise man Solomon understood and confessed it when he said: The path of the just shines like the light, and keeps growing brighter until it reaches full noon.✦ The path of the wicked is dark and shadowy, so they don't see the cliffs they fall into.✦ And it isn't just dark, as Solomon says; it is also treacherous and slippery, as David says.✦✦56 So that from this you can see how many falls someone who walks such a road will take—and that in the dark and without eyes—and so, through these comparisons, you'll understand the difference between one road and another, and between one hardship and another. And even for that little labor that still remains for the good, there are a thousand kinds of helps that lighten and lessen it for them, as we have already said. Because first of all, they are helped by the assistance and God's fatherly providence that guides them, and the grace of the Holy Spirit that animates them, and the power of the sacraments that sanctifies them, and the divine consolations that gladden them, and the examples of the good that strengthen them, and the writings of the saints that teach them, and the joy of a good conscience that comforts them, and the hope of glory that encourages them, along with a thousand other favors and helps from God; by which this path is made so sweet to them that they come, with the Prophet, to say: How sweet, Lord, are the words of your commandments to my throat! Sweeter than honey in my mouth. So anyone who considers all this will see at once, clearly, the harmony among many authorities of divine Scripture, some of which make this path rough, and others smooth; because in one place the Prophet says: For love of the words of your lips, I walked hard paths; and in another he says: In the path of your commandments I took delight as in all riches. Because this path has both of these things—namely, difficulty and ease: the one from nature's side, and the other by the power of grace; and so what was hard for one reason becomes light for another. The Lord meant both when he said that his yoke was easy and his burden light: by saying yoke he meant the weight that is in it, and by saying easy, the ease that grace gives it.✦ If you ask how a yoke can be easy when a yoke is naturally heavy, the answer is that God lightens it, just as He promised through the prophet Hosea: I will be to them like one who lifts the yoke and takes it off their jaws.57 So, is it any wonder that a yoke God lightens—and helps to lift Himself—should be light? If the bush burned and wasn't consumed because God was in it, why should it be surprising that this burden is light, since the same God is in it, helping to carry it? Do you want to see both of these in one and the same person? Hear what Saint Paul says: In everything we suffer tribulations, and we are not crushed; we live in extreme poverty, and we lack nothing; we suffer persecutions, and we are not abandoned; they humiliate us, and we are not put to shame; they cast us down to the ground, and even so we are not lost.✦58 So look: on one side, the burden of hardships, and on the other, the relief and ease that God so often places within them.59 The prophet Isaiah made this even clearer when he said: Those who wait for the Lord will renew their strength; they will take wings like eagles; they will run and not grow weary; they will walk and not faint.✦ Do you see here the yoke broken by the power of grace, and do you see the strength of the flesh exchanged for the strength of the spirit—or better yet, the strength of man for the strength of God?60 Do you see how the holy prophet left out neither the labor nor the rest, nor the advantage of the one over the other, when he said: They will run and not grow weary; they will walk and not faint?✦ So then, my brother, you have no reason to reject this path as rough and hard, since there are so many things in it that make it smooth.
Witnesses to Conversion
The testimonies of saints like Cyprian demonstrate that divine grace can transform a hardened sinner into a new person in a very short time.
V. Examples proving that everything said is true. If all these reasons still don't quite convince you, and your unbelief is like Saint Thomas's—who wouldn't believe unless he saw with his own eyes—then I'll meet you on that ground as well, because I fear no test when defending such a good cause. So, let's consider a man who has been through it all: someone who was once vicious and worldly, but afterward, by God's mercy, has been changed and made into a new person.61 He makes a good judge for this case, because he hasn't just heard about these things; he has seen them, proven them by experience, and drunk from both cups. Well, you could very well consult this man and ask him to tell you which of them he found sweeter.62 Many of those appointed in the Church to examine the consciences of others could bear witness to this, as they are the ones who go down to the sea in ships and see the works of God in the deep waters—that is, the works of his grace and the great changes wrought by it every day, which are undoubtedly wonderful to behold.63 For truly, there is nothing in the world more awe-inspiring, nor anything that grows fresher every day to those who consider it well, than seeing what this divine grace works in the soul of a just person.64 How it transforms the soul, how it lifts it up, how it strengthens it, how it consoles it, how it sets it wholly in order within and without, how it makes a person change the65 habits of the old man, how it turns all his attachments and pleasures upside down, how it makes him love what he once hated and hate what he once loved, and take delight in what once was bland to him and find disgust in what once was sweet!✦ What strength it gives him for the fight! What joy, what peace, what light for knowing the will of God, the vanity of the world, and the worth of the spiritual things he once despised! Above all, what is most awe-inspiring is seeing how quickly these things happen. You don't need to spend years in the schools of the philosophers or wait for gray hair so that age can help you come to your senses and mortify your passions. No: right in the heat of youth, and in the space of just a few days, a person is changed so completely that they barely seem like the same person. That is why Cyprian puts it so well when he says that "this matter is felt before it is grasped," and that "it is not won by many years of study, but by the shortcut of grace," which in a very short time gives the whole of it.66 We can say that this grace is like a kind of spiritual enchantment by which God, in a marvelous way, so changes the hearts of men that he makes them love with the greatest love what they once hated—the practice of the virtues—and hate with the greatest hatred what they once loved—the tastes and pleasures of the vices.67 This is one of the great benefits that those who hear confessions with the devotion and spirit they should draw from that office, because there they see many of these wonders every day—wonders with which our Lord seems to repay them for the labor of their service, and so well that many of us have seen people changed by the sight of these transformations, and greatly advanced on the path of virtue by these daily examples. These men, then, listening in silence, hear like another Jacob the words and mysteries of Joseph, and they value at their true worth what the simple child who recounts them doesn't know how to value.68 But for greater clarity and confirmation of what has been said, I'll add here the example and authority of two great saints who at one time lived under this same delusion and afterward were undeceived; and God willed that they leave both the one and the other in writing for our example and warning. So the blessed martyr Cyprian, writing to a friend of his named Donatus about the beginning and manner of his conversion, says this: “In the time when I was wandering lost and sunk deep in the world, not knowing how to live, without light or knowledge of the truth, I held as impossible what divine grace promised me for my salvation and healing—namely, that a person could be born again and receive another spirit and another way of life, by which he would stop being what he had been before and begin to have a new being and another condition of life; so that, though the substance and form of the body remained the same, the interior person would be wholly changed.✦✦ Before, I used to say that such a change was impossible, because what was so firmly settled in us couldn't be undone so quickly—both because of our corrupt nature and our depraved habits. For how can someone used to long, lavish tables become abstinent? How will someone who delights in shining with gold and purple be willing to stoop to wearing a worn cloak? And for the one who delights in magistracies and public offices—how will his heart bear seeing itself without a position and without honor? And the one who prides himself on going about heavily escorted by attendants and filling the street he walks with servants—how will he not count it a torment to find himself alone and unattended?69 It can only be that past vices and habits will come forward, each claiming its right, and invite and solicit the heart with their flatteries and soft persuasions. It can only be that gluttony will often make its appeal, pride will swell, honor will entice, anger will inflame, cruelty will provoke, and lust will hurl one down.70 This was what I often debated with myself; for, since I was tangled in so many kinds of evils (from which I did not believe I could free myself), my distrust of amendment favored the very vices I served as if they were familiar household servants born in my own house. But after the faults of my past life had been washed away and the light from on high entered my heart, already purified and made clean by the water of holy Baptism; after the Spirit from heaven had been received and the second birth made me a new man—then, in a wonderful way, the things that once seemed doubtful began to settle firmly for me, the dark ones grew clear, the closed ones opened, those that once seemed hard began to look easy, and those that had seemed impossible became possible.71 So much so that it was very clear that what had been born of flesh, and so lived according to the flesh, belonged to man; but what the Holy Spirit had brought to life belonged to God, not to man.✦ You know well enough, friend Donato—you know well what this Spirit from heaven took from me and what he gave me: namely, death to the vices and life to the virtues. You know all this well, for I'm not preaching my own praises here, but the glory of God. In this case boasting is excused; though it cannot be called boasting, but gratitude, when it is not attributed to the72 man's virtue, but to the grace of God. It's clear that stopping sinning came from his grace, just as having sinned before came from a corrupt nature. So far these are Cyprian's words, and in them you can plainly see your own self-deception and that of many others who, measuring the difficulty of virtue by their own strength, take it as hard and even impossible to attain, and who don't consider that when people throw themselves into God's arms and resolve to leave sin, his grace receives them—grace that makes this path as smooth as you've seen here in this example. For it's certain that no lie is being told you here, and that the grace that did not fail this saint will not fail you either, if you turn back to Jesus Christ our Lord as he did.
The Call to Immediate Action
Drawing on the conversion of Saint Augustine, the author urges the reader to stop procrastinating and embrace the grace that is freely offered to all who seek it.
Consider another example, just as admirable as this one. In the eighth book of his Confessions, Saint Augustine writes that when he began to consider leaving the world, he faced great difficulties; it seemed that, on one hand, all his past pleasures rose up before him and asked, "How? And do you want to leave us forever? And from this moment on, are you never going to see us again, for all eternity?" On the other hand, he says that virtue appeared to him with a joyful and serene face, accompanied by many good examples—young women, widows, and others who lived chastely in every state and age—saying to him, "How? Can't you do what these men and women can do? Are these men and women able to do what they do by their own strength, or by the power of God?73 Look: because you rely on yourself, you fall. Throw yourself on God and don't be afraid, because he won't turn away or abandon you.✦ Throw yourself on him with full confidence, for he will receive you and save you.74 In the thick of this hard-fought battle, this saint says he began to weep bitterly; that he withdrew alone and cast himself down under a fig tree; and that, giving free rein to his tears, he began to cry out from the depths of his heart, saying: «How long, Lord, how long will you be angry with me? How long will there be no end to my shameful ways?75 How long is this 'tomorrow, tomorrow' going to last? Why not 'right now'?76 Why is there no end to my wickedness in this very hour?» . When the saint finished recounting these and other things, he said that our Lord suddenly changed his heart so completely that he never again had any desire for carnal vices or anything else of the world. Instead, he felt his heart entirely free and released from all his former cravings. Now, freed from these chains, he begins in the following book to give thanks to his deliverer, saying: "O Lord! I am your servant, I am your servant, and the son of your handmaid.✦ You broke my bonds, Lord; to you I will offer a sacrifice of praise.✦ Let my heart and my tongue praise you, and let all my bones say: Lord, who is like you?✦ . Where was it, Christ Jesus, my helper—where had my free will been all those years, since it would not turn to you?77 From how deep an abyss you drew it out in a moment, so that I might bow my neck to your sweet yoke and to the light burden of your holy law!78 How delightful it then became for me to do without the world's pleasures! And how sweet it is to let go of what I once feared to lose! You drove out from my soul, true and highest Delight, every other vain delight. You drove them out, and You entered in their place—sweeter than any other delight, and more beautiful than any other beauty. Up to this point, these are the words of Saint Augustine. So tell me now: if this is how it goes—if the power and effectiveness of divine grace are so great—what is it that holds you captive, so that you don't do the same? If you believe this is true, and that this grace is powerful enough to work this change, and that it won't be refused to anyone who seeks it with all their heart (because God is the same now as He was then, without partiality), what is keeping you from leaving that miserable bondage and embracing the Highest Good offered to you for free?✦✦79 Why would you rather gain one hell by way of another hell than one paradise by way of another paradise?80 Don't be a coward, and don't distrust. Try this work once and trust in God; you'll barely have started before He comes out to meet you with open arms, just as He did the prodigal son.✦81 It is a remarkable thing that if a swindler promised to teach you an art of alchemy by which you could turn copper into gold, you wouldn't refuse to try it, even if it cost you a great deal; and here God gives you His word of a way for you to make yourself heaven from earth, spirit from flesh, and an angel from a man—and you won't try it?82 And since, in the end, sooner or later you're bound to know this truth—in this life or the next—I beg you to think carefully how thoroughly cheated you'll find yourself on the day of reckoning, seeing yourself condemned because you left the the path of virtue as rough and hard, knowing clearly then that it was far better and more delightful than the path of vices, and the only one that led to eternal delights.
Read the original Spanish
Otra excusa suelen alegar en su favor los hombres del mundo para desamparar la virtud, diciendo que es áspera y dificultosa. Aunque esta aspereza bien conocen que no nace della (pues, como amiga de la razón, es muy conforme a la naturaleza de la criatura racional), sino de la mala inclinación de nuestra carne y apetito, la cual nos vino por el pecado. Por lo cual dijo el Apóstol que la carne codiciaba contra el espíritu y el espíritu contra la carne, y que estas dos cosas eran entre sí contrarias. Y en otro lugar: Huélgome —dice él— con la ley de Dios, según el hombre interior; mas siento otra ley en mis miembros que contradice a la de mi ánima, y me cautiva y sujeta al pecado. En las cuales palabras da a entender él que la virtud y la ley de Dios es conforme y agradable a la porción superior de nuestra ánima, que es toda espiritual (donde está el entendimiento y la voluntad), mas la guarda della se impide por la ley de los miembros, que es por la mala inclinación
y corrupción de nuestro apetito, con todas sus pasiones, el cual rebeló contra la porción superior desta ánima cuando ella rebeló contra Dios; la cual rebelión es causa de toda esta dificultad. Pues por esta razón son tantos los que dan de mano a la virtud, aunque la estimen en mucho; como hacen algunas veces los enfermos, que, aunque desean la salud, aborrecen la medicina, porque la tienen por desabrida. Por do parece que, si sacásemos a los hombres deste engaño, habríamos hecho una gran jornada, pues esto es lo que principalmente los aparta de la virtud; porque, por lo demás, no hay en ella cosa que no sea de grandísimo precio y dignidad.
I. De cómo la gracia que se nos da por Cristo hace fácil el camino de la virtud
Has, pues, ahora, de saber que la causa principal deste engaño es poner los hombres los ojos en sola esta dificultad que hay en la virtud, y no en las ayudas que de parte de Dios se nos ofrecen para vencerla; que es aquella manera de engaño que padecía el discípulo del profeta Eliseo —según arriba declaramos—, el cual, como veía el ejército de Siria que tenía cercada la casa de su señor, y no veía el que de parte de Dios estaba en su defensa, desmayaba y teníase por perdido, hasta que por oración del santo profeta le abrió Dios los ojos y vio cuánto mayor poder había de su parte, que de la de los contrarios. Pues tal es el engaño de estos que hablamos, porque, como ellos experimentan en sí la dificultad de la virtud, y no han experimentado los favores y socorro que se dan para alcanzarla, tienen por dificultosísima esta empresa, y así se despiden della.
Pues dime ahora, ruégote: Si el camino de la virtud es tan dificultoso, ¿qué quiso significar el Profeta cuando dijo: En el camino de tus mandamientos, Señor, me deleité así como en todas las riquezas del mundo; y en otro lugar: Tus mandamientos, Señor, son más dignos de ser deseados que el oro y las piedras preciosas, y más dulces que el panal y la miel? . De manera que no sólo concede lo que todos concedemos a la virtud, que es su maravillosa excelencia y preciosidad, sino también lo que el mundo le quita, que es dulzura y suavidad. Por donde puedes tener por cierto que los que hacen esta carga pesada, aunque sean cristianos y vivan en la ley de gracia, no han aún desayunádose deste misterio. ¡Pobre de ti! Tú, que dices que eres cristiano, dime: ¿Para qué vino Cristo al mundo? , ¿para qué derramó su sangre? , ¿para qué instituyó los sacramentos?
, ¿para qué envió el Espíritu Santo? ¿Qué quiere decir Evangelio? , ¿qué quiere decir gracia? , ¿qué, J? ¿Qué significa este nombre tan celebrado de ese mismo Señor que adoras? Y, si no lo sabes, pregúntalo al evangelista, que dice: Ponerle has por nombre J, porque él hará salvo a su pueblo de sus pecados. Pues ¿qué es ser Salvador y librador de pecados, sino merecernos el perdón de los pecados pasados y alcanzarnos gracia para excusar los venideros? ¿Para qué, pues, vino este Salvador al mundo, sino para ayudarte a salvar?
¿Para qué murió en la cruz, sino para matar el pecado? ¿Para qué resucitó después de muerto, sino para hacerte resucitar en esta nueva manera de vida? ¿Para qué derramó su sangre, sino para hacer della una medicina con que sanase tus llagas? ¿Para qué ordenó los sacramentos, sino para remedio y socorro de los pecados? ¿Cuál es uno de los más principales frutos de su pasión y de su venida, sino habernos allanado el camino del cielo, que antes era áspero y dificultoso? Así lo significó Isaías, cuando dijo que en la venida del Mesías los caminos torcidos se enderezarían y los ásperos se allanarían. Finalmente, ¿para qué, sobre todo esto, envió el Espíritu Santo, sino para que, de carne, te hiciese espíritu? ¿Y para qué lo envió en forma de fuego, sino para que, como fuego, te encendiese y alumbrase y avivase y transformase en sí mesmo, y te levantase a lo alto, de donde él bajó?
. ¿Para qué es la gracia, con las virtudes infusas que della proceden, sino para hacer suave el yugo de Cristo, para hacer ligero el ejercicio de las virtudes, para cantar en las tribulaciones, para esperar en los peligros y vencer en las tentaciones? . Este es el principio y el medio y el fin del Evangelio, conviene saber: que, así como un hombre terrenal y pecador, que fue Adán, nos hizo pecadores y terrenos, así otro hombre celestial y justo, que fue Cristo, nos hiciese celestiales y justos. ¿Qué otra cosa escriben los evangelistas? ¿Qué otras promesas anunciaron los profetas? ¿Qué otra predicaron los apóstoles? Esta es la suma de toda la teología cristiana.
Esta es la palabra abreviada que Dios hizo sobre la tierra.
Esta es la consumación y abreviación que el profeta Isaías dice que oyó a Dios, de la cual se siguieron luego en el mundo tantas riquezas de virtudes y de justicia.
Declaremos esto más en particular. Pregúntote: ¿De dónde procede la dificultad que hay en la virtud? Decirme has que de las malas inclinaciones de nuestro corazón, de nuestra carne concebida en pecado, porque la carne contradice al espíritu y el espíritu a la carne, como cosas entre sí contrarias. Pues pongamos ahora por caso que te dijese Dios: «Ven acá, hombre: Yo te quitaré ese mal corazón que tienes y te daré otro corazón nuevo, y te daré fuerzas para mortificar tus malas inclinaciones y apetito». Si esto te prometiese Dios, ¿serte hía entonces dificultoso el camino de la virtud? Claro está que no. Pues dime: ¿Qué otra cosa es la que tiene este Señor tantas veces prometida y firmada en todas sus Escrituras? Oye lo que dice por el profeta Ezequiel, hablando señaladamente con los que viven en la ley de gracia: Yo —dice él— os daré un corazón nuevo, y pondré un espíritu nuevo en medio de vosotros; y quitaros he el corazón que tenéis de piedra, y daros he corazón de carne.
Y pondré mi espíritu en medio de vosotros, y mediante él haré que andéis por el camino de mis mandamientos y guardéis mis justicias y las pongáis por obra. Y moraréis en la tierra que yo di a vuestros padres; y seréis vosotros mi pueblo, y yo seré vuestro Dios. Hasta aquí son palabras de Ezequiel. ¿De qué dudas tú ahora aquí: de que no guardará Dios contigo esta palabra? , ¿o si podrás con el cumplimiento della guardar su ley? Si dices lo primero, haces a Dios falso prometedor, que es una de las mayores blasfemias que pueden ser. Si dices que con este socorro no podrás cumplir su ley, háceslo defectuoso proveedor, pues, queriendo remediar el hombre, no dio para ello bastante remedio. Pues ¿qué te queda aquí en qué dudar?
Allende desto, también te dará virtud para mortificar estas malas inclinaciones que pelean contra ti y te hacen dificultoso este camino. Este es uno de los principales efectos de aquel árbol de vida que el Salvador con su sangre santificó. Así lo confiesa el Apóstol, cuando dice: Nuestro viejo hombre fue juntamente crucificado con Cristo, para que así fuese destruido el cuerpo del pecado, para que ya no sirviésemos más al pecado. Y llama aquí el Apóstol viejo hombre y cuerpo de pecado a nuestro apetito sensitivo, con todas las malas inclinaciones que dél proceden; el cual dice que fue crucificado en la cruz con Cristo, porque por aquel nobilísimo sacrificio nos alcanzó gracia y fortaleza para poder vencer este tirano y quedar libres de las fuerzas de sus malas inclinaciones y de la servidumbre del pecado, como arriba se declaró. Esta es aquella vitoria y aquel tan gran favor que el mismo Señor promete por Isaías, diciendo así: No temas, porque yo estoy contigo; no te apartes de mí, porque yo soy tu Dios; yo te esforzaré y te ayudaré, y la mano diestra de mi Justo —que es el mismo Hijo de Dios— te sostendrá. Buscarás a los que peleaban contra ti, y no los hallarás; serán como si no fuesen, y quedarán como un hombre rendido y gastado ante los pies de su vencedor. Porque yo soy tu Señor Dios, que te tomaré por la mano y te diré: «No temas, que yo te ayudaré». Hasta aquí son palabras de Dios por Isaías.
Pues ¿quién desmayará con tal esfuerzo? ¿Quién desmayará con el temor de sus malas inclinaciones, pues así las vence la gracia?
II. Responde a algunas objeciones
Y, si me dices que todavía quedan a los justos sus rinconcillos secretos, que son aquellas rugas que, como se escribe en Job, los acusan y dan testimonio contra ellos, a eso te responde el mismo profeta con una palabra, diciendo: Serán como si no fuesen.
Λ Porque, si quedan, quedan para nuestro ejercicio, y no para nuestro escándalo; quedan para despertarnos, y no para enseñorearnos; quedan para darnos ocasiones de coronas, y no para ser lazos de pecados; quedan para nuestro triunfo, no para nuestro caimiento; finalmente, quedan de tal manera como convenía que quedasen: para nuestra probación, y para nuestra humildad, y para el conocimiento de nuestra flaqueza, y para gloria de Dios y de su gracia. De manera que el haber así quedado redunda en provecho nuestro; porque, así como las bestias fieras, que de suyo son perjudiciales al hombre, cuando son amansadas y
domésticas sirven al provecho del hombre, así también las pasiones, moderadas y templadas, ayudan en muchas cosas a los ejercicios de la virtud.
Pues dime ahora: Si Dios es el que así te esfuerza, ¿quién te derribará? ; si Dios es por ti, ¿quién contra ti? . El Señor —dice David— es mi lumbre y mi salud, ¿a quién temeré? El Señor es defensor de mi vida, ¿de quién habré yo temor? Si asentaren reales de enemigos contra mí, no temerá mi corazón; y si se levantare batalla contra mí, en él tendré yo mi esperanza. Por cierto, hermano mío: Si con tales promesas como estas no osas determinarte a servir a Dios, que debes ser muy cobarde; y si de tales palabras no te fías, sin duda eres muy desleal. Dios es el que te dice que te dará otro nuevo ser, que te mudará el corazón de piedra y te lo dará de carne, que mortificará tus pasiones, que vendrás a tal estado, que no te conocerás, que mirarás por tus malas inclinaciones, y no las hallarás, porque él las debilitará y enflaquecerá.
Pues ¿qué tienes más aquí que pedir? , ¿qué tienes más que desear? ¿Qué te falta, sino fe viva y esperanza viva, para que te quieras fiar de Dios y arrojarte en sus brazos? .
Paréceme que no puedes responder a esto, sino diciendo que son grandes tus pecados y que por ellos te será, por ventura, negada esta gracia. A esto te respondo que una de las mayores injurias que puedes hacer a Dios es esta, pues das a entender que hay alguna cosa que él o no pueda, o no quiera remediar, convirtiéndose a él su criatura y pidiéndole remedio. No quiero que en esta parte creas a mí; cree a aquel santo profeta, el cual parece que se acordaba de ti y te salía al camino cuando escribió aquellas palabras, que, en sentencia, dicen así: Si por tus pecados te hubieren comprehendido estas maldiciones susodichas, y después, movido a penitencia, te volvieres a tu Señor Dios con todo tu corazón y ánima, él se apiadará de ti y te librará del cautiverio en que estuvieres; y te traerá a la tierra que te tiene jurada, aunque te hayan llevado hasta el cabo del mundo. Y añade más: Y circuncidará el Señor Dios tu corazón y el corazón de tus hijos, para que así le puedas amar con toda tu ánima y con todo tu corazón. ¡Oh, si te circuncidase ahora este Señor también los ojos y te quitase las tinieblas de ellos, para que vieses claramente la manera desta circuncisión! No serás tan grosero que entiendas esta circuncisión corporalmente, porque de eso no es capaz el corazón. Pues ¿qué circuncisión es esta que el Señor aquí promete? Sin duda es la demasía de nuestras pasiones y malas inclinaciones que nacen del corazón, las cuales son un muy grande impedimento de su amor.
Pues todas estas ramas estériles y dañosas promete él que circuncidará con el cuchillo de su gracia, para que, estando el corazón, si decirse puede, desta manera podado y circuncidado, emplee toda su virtud por sola esta rama del amor de Dios. Entonces serás verdadero israelita, entonces te habrá circuncidado el Señor, cuando él hubiere cercenado de tu anima el amor del mundo y no quedare en ella más que su amor.
Y querría que notases atentamente cómo esto que el Señor aquí promete que hará, si te volvieres a él, eso mismo te manda él en otra parte que hagas, diciendo: Circuncidaos al Señor y cercenad las demasías de vuestros corazones. Pues, ¡cómo, Señor! , lo que vos aquí prometéis de hacer, ¿me mandáis a mí que haga? Si vos habéis de hacer esto, ¿para qué me lo mandáis? ; y si yo lo tengo de hacer, ¿para qué me lo prometéis?
Λ Esta dificultad se suelta con aquellas palabras de san Agustín, que dicen: «Señor, dadme gracia para hacer lo que vos me mandáis, y mandadme lo que quisiéredes». De manera que él es el que me manda lo que tengo de hacer y el que me da gracia para hacerlo; por donde en una misma cosa se hallan juntamente mandamiento y promesa, y una misma cosa hace él y hace el hombre: él como causa principal, y el hombre como menos principal. De suerte que se ha Dios en esta parte con el hombre como el pintor que rigiese el pincel en las manos de un discípulo suyo y así viniese a hacer una imagen perfecta; la cual está claro que hacen ambos, mas no es igual ni la honra ni la eficacia de ambos. Pues así lo hace Dios aquí —guardada la libertad de nuestro albedrío— con nosotros, porque después de acabada la obra no tenga el hombre por qué gloriarse, sino por qué glorificar al Señor con el Profeta, diciendo: Todas nuestras obras obraste, Señor, en nosotros.
Pues acuérdate desta palabra, y por ella glosarás todos los mandamientos de Dios; porque todo cuanto él te manda que hagas, él promete ser contigo para hacerlo. Y, así como cuando te manda
circuncidar el corazón, él dice que lo circuncidará, así cuando te manda que le ames sobre todas las cosas, él te dará gracia para que así lo ames. De aquí nace llamarse el yugo de Dios suave, porque lo tiran dos, conviene saber: Dios y el hombre. Y, así, lo que la naturaleza sola hacía dificultoso, la divina gracia hace ligero. Y, por esto, acabadas estas palabras, dice luego el Profeta más abajo: Ese mandamiento que yo te mando hoy, ni está sobre ti, ni muy lejos de ti, ni está levantado en el cielo, para que hayas de decir: «¿Quién de nosotros podrá subir al cielo, para traerlo de allí?» Ni tampoco está puesto de ese cabo de la mar, para que tengas ocasión de decir: «¿Quién podrá pasar la mar, y traerlo de tan lejos?» No está, pues, así alejado, sino muy cerca de ti lo hallarás, en tu boca y en tu corazón, para haberlo de cumplir. En las cuales palabras quiso el santo profeta quitar todos los nublados y dificultades que los hombres sensuales ponen en la ley de Dios, porque, como miran a la ley sin el Evangelio (esto es, lo que les mandan hacer, sin la gracia que les darán para poderlo hacer), ponen este achaque en la ley de Dios, llamándola pesada y dificultosa, y no miran que expresamente contradicen en esto a las palabras del evangelista san Juan, que dice: La verdadera caridad consiste en que guardemos los mandamientos de Dios; los cuales mandamientos no son pesados. Porque todo aquello que nace de Dios, vence el mundo; quiere decir que los que recibieron en sus ánimas el Espíritu de Dios, mediante el cual fueron reengendrados y hechos hijos de aquel cuyo Espíritu recibieron, estos, como tienen dentro de sí a Dios que en ellos mora por gracia, pueden más que todo lo que no es Dios, y, así, ni el mundo ni el demonio ni todo el poder del infierno es poderoso contra ellos.
De donde se sigue que, aunque la carga de los mandamientos divinos fuera muy pesada, las nuevas fuerzas que por la gracia se comunican la hacen liviana.
III. De cómo el amor de Dios hace también fácil y suave el camino del cielo
Pues ¿qué será si, con todo lo susodicho, juntamos también el socorro que nos viene por parte de la caridad? Ca cierto es que una de las principales condiciones de la caridad es hacer suavísimo el yugo de la ley de Dios. Porque, como dice san Agustín, «no son penosos los trabajos de los que aman, sino antes ellos mismos deleitan»; como los de los que pescan, montean y cazan. ¿Quién hace a la madre no sentir los trabajos continuos de la crianza del niño, sino el amor? ¿Quién hace a la buena mujer curar noche y día, sin cesar, el marido enfermo, sino el amor? ¿Quién hace hasta las bestias y las aves andar tan solícitas en la crianza de sus hijos, y ayunar lo que ellos comen, y trabajar porque ellos descansen, y atreverse a defenderlos con tan grande coraje, sino el amor? ¿Quién hizo al apóstol san Pablo decir aquellas tan animosas palabras que él escribe en la epístola a los Romanos? : ¿Quién nos apartará del amor de Cristo?
¿Habrá tribulación, o angustia, o hambre, o desnudez, o peligro, o cuchillo que esto pueda? Cierto estoy que ni muerte, ni vida, ni ángeles, ni principados, ni virtudes, ni las cosas presentes, ni las venideras, ni fuerza, ni alteza, ni profundidad, ni otra criatura alguna será bastante para apartarnos del amor de Dios. ¿Quién, otrosí, hizo a nuestro padre santo Domingo tener tan grande sed del martirio, como el ciervo de las fuentes de las aguas, sino la fuerza deste amor? ¿De dónde le vino a san Lorenzo estar con tanta alegría asándose en las parrillas, que viniese a decir que aquellas brasas le daban refrigerio, sino de la sed grande que tenía del martirio, la cual había encendido la llama deste amor? Porque «el verdadero amor de Dios —como dice Crisólogo— ninguna cosa tiene por dura, ninguna por amarga, ninguna por pesada». ¿Qué hierro, qué heridas, qué penas, qué muerte pueden vencer al amor perfecto? El amor es una cota de malla que no se puede falsear: despide las saetas, sacude los dardos, escarnece los peligros, burla de la muerte. Finalmente, si es amor, todas las cosas vence.
Mas no se contenta el perfecto amor con vencer los trabajos que se le ofrecen, sino desea también que se le ofrezcan por lo que ama. De aquí nace una gran sed que los varones perfectos tienen de martirios, que es derramar sangre por aquel que primero derramó la suya por ellos. Y, como no se les cumple este deseo, encruelécense contra sí mismos y hacen de sí verdugos contra sí. Por esto martirizan sus cuerpos y aflígenlos con hambre, sed, frío, calor, y con otros muchos trabajos; y desta manera descansan algún tanto, porque se les cumple en algo su deseo.
Este lenguaje no entienden los amadores del mundo, ni alcanzan cómo se pueda amar lo que ellos tanto aborrecen, y aborrecer lo que tanto aman; mas verdaderamente es ello así. En la Escritura leemos que los egipcios tenían por dioses los animales brutos, y como a tales los adoraban; mas, por el
contrario, los hijos de Israel llamaban abominaciones a los que ellos llamaban dioses, y sacrificaban y mataban para gloria del verdadero Dios a los que ellos adoraban por dioses.
Λ Pues desta manera los justos, como verdaderos israelitas, llaman abominaciones a los dioses del mundo, que son las honras, los deleites y las riquezas, a quien él adora y sacrifica. Escupen y matan estos falsos dioses, como unas abominaciones, para gloria del verdadero Dios. Y, así, el que quisiere ofrecer a Dios sacrificio agradable, mire lo que el mundo adora, y eso le sacrifique; y, por el contrario, abrace por su amor lo que viere que aborrece. ¿Por ventura no lo hacían así aquellos que, después de haber recibido las primicias del Espíritu Santo, iban alegres delante del Concilio, por haber padecido injurias por el nombre de Cristo? . Pues ¿cómo lo que bastó para hacer dulces las cárceles, y los azotes, y las parrillas, y las llamas, no bastará para hacerte dulce la guarda de los mandamientos divinos? Y lo que basta cada día para hacer llevar a los justos, no solamente la carga de la ley, sino también la sobrecarga de sus ayunos, vigilias, disciplinas, cilicios, desnudez y pobreza, ¿no bastará para hacer a ti llevar la simple carga de la ley de Dios y de su Iglesia? ¡Oh, cómo vives engañado!
¡Oh, cómo no conoces la virtud, y las fuerzas de la caridad y de la gracia divina!
IV. De otras cosas que nos hacen suave el camino de la virtud
Lo dicho bastaba suficientemente para deshacer del todo este común impedimento que muchos alegan. Mas, ya que nada desto fuese así, ya que en este camino hubiese trabajos, dime, ruégote: ¿Qué mucho era, por la salvación de tu ánima, hacer algo de lo que haces por la salud de tu cuerpo? ¿Qué mucho sería hacer algo por escapar de tormentos eternos? ¿Qué te parece que haría aquel rico avariento que está en el infierno, si le diesen licencia para tornar a este mundo a enmendar los yerros pasados? Pues no menos es razón que hagas tú ahora de lo que él hiciera, pues, si fueres malo, te está guardado el mismo tormento, y así has de tener el mismo deseo.
Y, demás desto, si atentamente considerares lo mucho que Dios por ti ha hecho, lo mucho más que te promete, y los muchos pecados que tienes contra él cometidos, y los muchos trabajos que padecieron los santos, y mucho más lo que padeció el Santo de los santos, sin duda te avergonzarías de no padecer algo por Dios; y aun de cualquier bocado que bien te supiese vendrías a tener miedo y descontentamiento. Por lo cual dijo san Bernardo que «no igualaban las pasiones y tribulaciones deste siglo, ni con la gloria que esperamos, ni con la pena que tememos, ni con los pecados que habemos cometido, ni con los beneficios que habemos recibido de Dios». Cualquiera destas consideraciones bastaba para acometer esta vida, por trabajosa que fuera.
Mas, para decirte la verdad, aunque en todas partes y en todas las maneras de vidas haya trabajos, sin comparación es mayor el trabajo que hay en el camino de los malos, que en el de los buenos. Porque, aunque sea trabajo caminar de cualquier manera que caminares (porque, al fin, el camino cansa), pero muy mayor trabajo pasa el ciego que camina y mil veces tropieza, que el que tiene ojos y mira por dónde va. Pues, como esta vida sea camino, no se pueden en ella excusar trabajos, hasta que vamos al lugar de los descansos. Mas el malo, como no se rige por razón, sino por pasión, claro está que camina a ciegas, pues no hay en el mundo cosa más ciega que la pasión. Pero los buenos, como se guían por razón, ven estos despeñaderos y barrancos, y desvíanse dellos, y así caminan con menos trabajo y mayor seguridad. Así lo entendió y confesó aquel gran sabio Salomón, cuando dijo: La senda de los justos resplandece como la luz, y va siempre creciendo hasta llegar al mediodía. Mas el camino de los malos es escuro y tenebroso, y así no ven los despeñaderos en que caen. Y no sólo es escuro, como aquí dice Salomón, sino también deleznable y resbaladizo, como dice David.
Para que por aquí veas cuántas caídas dará quien camina por tal camino (y esto, a escuras y sin ojos), y así entiendas por estas semejanzas la diferencia que va de camino a camino y de trabajo a trabajo.
Λ Y, aun para ese poco de trabajo que a los buenos queda, hay mil maneras de ayudas que los alivian y diminuyen, como ya dijimos. Porque, primeramente, ayúdalos la asistencia y
providencia paternal de Dios que los rige, y la gracia del Espíritu Santo que los anima, y la virtud de los sacramentos que los santifica, y las consolaciones divinas que los alegran, y los ejemplos de los buenos que los esfuerzan, y las escrituras de los santos que les enseñan, y la alegría de la buena conciencia que los consuela, y la esperanza de la gloria que los alienta, con otros mil favores y socorros de Dios; con los cuales se les hace tan dulce este camino, que vienen con el Profeta a decir: ¡Cuán dulces son, Señor, las palabras de tus mandamientos a mi garganta! Más que la miel en mi boca.
Pues quienquiera que todo esto considerare, verá luego claramente la concordia de muchas autoridades de la Escritura divina, de las cuales unas hacen este camino áspero, y otras, suave; porque en un lugar dice el Profeta: Por amor de las palabras de tus labios, yo anduve por caminos duros; y en otro dice: En el camino de tus mandamientos me deleité así como en todas las riquezas. Porque este camino tiene ambas estas cosas, conviene saber: dificultad y suavidad; la una, por parte de la naturaleza, y la otra, por virtud de la gracia; y, así, lo que era dificultoso por una razón, se hace ligero por otra. Lo uno y lo otro significó el Señor cuando dijo que su yugo era suave y su carga liviana: porque en decir yugo significó el peso que aquí había, y en decir suave, la facilidad que por parte de la gracia se le daba.
Y, si por ventura preguntares cómo es posible que sea yugo y sea suave, pues la condición del yugo es ser pesado, a esto se responde que la causa es porque Dios lo alivia, como él lo prometió por el profeta Oseas, diciendo: Yo les seré como quien levanta el yugo y lo quita de encima de sus mejillas. Pues, luego, ¿qué maravilla es que sea liviano el yugo que Dios alivia y el que él mismo ayuda a levantar? Si la zarza ardía y no se quemaba, porque Dios estaba en ella, ¿qué mucho es que esta sea carga, y sea liviana, pues el mismo Dios está en ella ayudándola a llevar? ¿Quieres ver lo uno y lo otro en una misma persona? Oye lo que dice san Pablo: En todas las cosas padecemos tribulaciones, y no nos angustiamos; vivimos en extrema pobreza, y no nos falta nada; sufrimos persecuciones, y no somos desamparados; humíllannos, y no somos confundidos; abátennos hasta la tierra, y no somos por eso perdidos. Cata aquí, pues, por un cabo, la carga de los trabajos, y por otro, el alivio y suavidad que Dios suele poner en ellos.
Pues aún más claro significó esto el profeta Isaías, cuando dijo: Los que esperan en el Señor mudarán la fortaleza, tomarán alas como águilas; correrán, y no trabajarán, andarán, y no desfallecerán. ¿Ves, pues, aquí, el yugo desecho por virtud de la gracia, y ves trocada la fortaleza de carne en fortaleza de espíritu, o por mejor decir, la fortaleza de hombre en fortaleza de Dios? ¿Ves cómo el santo profeta ni calló el trabajo, ni calló el descanso, ni la ventaja que había de lo uno a lo otro, cuando dijo: Correrán, y no trabajarán, andarán, y no desfallecerán? Así que, hermano mío, no tienes por qué desechar este camino por áspero y dificultoso, pues tantas cosas hay en él que lo hacen llano.
V. Prueba por ejemplos ser verdad todo lo dicho
Y, si todas estas razones no te acaban de convencer, y tu incredulidad es como la de santo Tomás, que no quería creer sino lo que viese con los ojos, también descenderé contigo a este partido, porque no temo ninguna prueba, defendiendo tan buena causa. Pues, para esto, tomemos ahora un hombre que lo haya corrido todo: que algún tiempo fue vicioso y mundano, y, después, por la misericordia de Dios, está ya trocado y hecho otro. Este es bueno para juez desta causa, pues no solamente ha oído, sino también visto y probado por experiencia ambas cosas, y bebido de ambos cálices. Pues a este podrías tú muy bien consultar y pedirle te dijese cuál dellos halló más suave. Desto podrían dar muy bien testimonio muchos de los que están diputados en la Iglesia para examinadores de las conciencias ajenas, porque estos son los que descienden a la mar en navíos y ven las obras de Dios en las muchas aguas; que son las obras de su gracia y las grandes mudanzas que cada día se hacen por ella, las cuales sin duda son de grande admiración. Porque, verdaderamente, no hay en el mundo cosa de mayor espanto, ni que cada día se haga más nueva a quien bien la considera, que ver lo que en el ánima de un justo obra esta divina gracia. ¡Cómo la transforma, cómo la levanta, cómo la esfuerza, cómo la consuela, cómo la compone toda, dentro y fuera, cómo le hace mudar las
costumbres del hombre viejo, cómo le trueca todas sus aficiones y deleites, cómo le hace amar lo que antes aborrecía y aborrecer lo que antes amaba, y tomar gusto en lo que antes le era desabrido y disgusto en lo que antes le era sabroso! ¡Qué fuerzas le da para pelear! , ¡qué alegría, qué paz, qué lumbre para conocer la voluntad de Dios, la vanidad del mundo y el valor de las cosas espirituales que antes despreciaba! Y, sobre todo esto, lo que mayor espanto pone es ver en cuán poco tiempo se obran todas estas cosas, porque no es menester cursar muchos años en las escuelas de los filósofos y aguardar al tiempo de las canas para que la edad nos ayude a cobrar seso y mortificar las pasiones, sino que en medio del fervor de la mocedad, y en espacio de muy pocos días, se muda un hombre tan mudado, que apenas parece el mismo. Por lo cual dice muy bien Cipriano que, «este negocio, primero se siente, que se aprehenda», y que «no se alcanza por estudio de muchos años, sino por el atajo de la gracia», que en muy breve lo da todo. La cual gracia podemos decir que es como unos espirituales hechizos con que Dios, por una manera maravillosa, muda los corazones de los hombres de tal modo, que les hace amar con grandísimo amor lo que antes aborrecían —que era el ejercicio de las virtudes — y aborrecer con grandísimo aborrecimiento lo que antes amaban —que eran los gustos y deleites de los vicios—.
Este es uno de los grandes provechos que sacan del oficio de confesar los que esto hacen con aquella devoción y espíritu que deben, porque allí ven cada día muchas destas maravillas; con las cuales parece que les paga nuestro Señor el trabajo de su servicio, tan bien pagado, que muchos habemos visto mudados con la vista destas mudanzas, y muy aprovechados en el camino de la virtud con estos cotidianos ejemplos. Estos, pues, callando, oyen como otro Jacob las palabras y misterios de José, y estiman con su justo precio lo que no sabe estimar el niño simple que lo relata.
Mas, para mayor claridad y confirmación de lo dicho, añadiré aquí el ejemplo y autoridad de dos grandes santos, los cuales en un tiempo vivieron en este mismo engaño, y después vieron el desengaño; y lo uno y lo otro quiso Dios que dejasen escrito para nuestro ejemplo y aviso. Pues el bienaventurado mártir Cipriano, escribiendo a un amigo suyo llamado Donato el principio y manera de su conversión, dice así:
«En el tiempo que andaba yo perdido y engolfado en el mundo, sin saber de mi vida, sin tener lumbre y conocimiento de la verdad, tenía por imposible lo que para mi salud y remedio la divina gracia me prometía, conviene saber: que el hombre podía volver a nacer de nuevo y recibir otro espíritu y otra manera de vida, con la cual dejase de ser lo que antes era y comenzase a tener otro nuevo ser y otra condición de vida; de tal modo que, aunque la sustancia y figura del cuerpo fuese la misma, el hombre interior del todo se mudaría. Antes decía yo que era imposible la tal mudanza, porque no podía tan presto deshacerse lo que tan asentado estaba en nosotros, así por parte de la naturaleza corrupta, como de la costumbre depravada. Porque ¿cómo será posible que sea abstinente el que está acostumbrado a mesas largas y delicadas? ; ¿cómo se querrá abajar a traer una capa raída el que huelga de resplandecer con oro y púrpura? ; y el que se deleita con los magistrados y cargos de república, ¿cómo lo sufrirá el corazón verse sin oficio y sin honra? ; y el que se precia de andar muy acompañado de servidores y de hinchir la calle por do va de criados, ¿cómo no tendrá por tormento verse solo y desacompañado? No puede ser, sino que los vicios y costumbres pasadas han de acudir a pedir cada uno su derecho, y convidar y solicitar el corazón con sus halagos y blanduras. No puede ser, sino que muchas veces ha de solicitar la gula, y envanecerse la soberbia, y deleitar la honra, e inflamar la ira, e indignar la crueldad, y despeñar la lujuria.
Esto era lo que yo conmigo muchas veces trataba; porque, como estaba enlazado en tantas maneras de males (de los cuales no creía poder librarme), con la desconfianza de la enmienda favorecía a los mismos vicios, a quien servía como a criados familiares nacidos en mi casa. Mas, después que limpiadas las culpas de la vida pasada entró la luz de lo alto en el corazón purificado ya y limpio con el agua del santo Bautismo; después que recibido el Espíritu del cielo el segundo nacimiento me hizo otro nuevo hombre, luego, por una manera maravillosa, comenzaron a asentárseme las cosas antes dudosas, y aclarárseme las escuras, y a abrírseme las cerradas, y a aparecérseme fáciles las que antes parecían difíciles, y posibles las que se me hacían imposibles. De tal manera que se parecía bien claro ser propio del hombre lo que había nacido de carne, y así vivía según carne; mas de Dios, y no del hombre, lo que el Espíritu Santo había animado. Bien sabes tú, por cierto, amigo Donato, bien sabes lo que este Espíritu del cielo me quitó y lo que me dio, lo cual es, muerte de los vicios y vida de las virtudes. Bien sabes tú todo esto, porque no predico yo aquí mis alabanzas, sino la gloria de Dios. Excusada es en este caso la jactancia; aunque no se puede llamar jactancia, sino agradecimiento, lo que no se atribuye a la
virtud del hombre, sino a la gracia de Dios. Pues está claro que el haber dejado de pecar procedió de su gracia, así como el haber antes pecado fue de la naturaleza corrupta».
Hasta aquí son palabras de Cipriano, en las cuales abiertamente ves el engaño tuyo y de muchos otros, los cuales, midiendo la dificultad de la virtud con sus propias fuerzas, tienen por dificultoso y aun por imposible alcanzarla, y no miran que, en arrojándose en los brazos de Dios y determinando salir de pecado, los recibe su gracia; la cual hace tan llano este camino, cuanto aquí has visto por este ejemplo, pues es cierto que ni aquí se te dice mentira, ni tampoco faltará a ti la gracia que a este santo no faltó, si te volvieres a Jesucristo nuestro Señor, como él lo hizo.
Oye otro ejemplo no menos admirable que este. Escribe san Agustín en el octavo libro de sus Confesiones que como él comenzase a tratar en su corazón de dejar el mundo, que se le ofrecían grandes dificultades en esta mudanza, y que le parecía que, por una parte, todos sus deleites pasados se le atravesaban delante y le decían: «¿Cómo? , ¿y para siempre nos quieres dejar? , ¿y desde ahora nunca más eternamente nos has de ver?» Por otra parte, dice que se le representaba la virtud con un rostro alegre y sereno, acompañada de muchos buenos ejemplos, así de doncellas como de viudas, y de otras personas que en todo género de estados y edades castamente vivían, diciéndole: «¿Cómo? , ¿no podrás tú lo que estos y estas pueden? ¿Por ventura estos y estas pueden lo que pueden por su virtud, o por la de Dios? Mira que, porque estribas en ti, caes.
Arrójate en Dios y no temas, porque no se desviará ni te desamparará. Arrójate en él seguramente, que él te recibirá y te salvará».
En medio desta batalla tan reñida, dice este santo que comenzó a llorar fuertemente, y que se apartó a solas y se dejó caer debajo de una higuera, y que soltando las riendas a lágrimas, comenzó a dar voces de lo íntimo de su corazón, diciendo: «¿Hasta cuándo, Señor, hasta cuándo te airarás contra mí? ¿Hasta cuándo no se dará fin a mis torpezas? ¿Hasta cuándo ha de durar este “mañana, mañana”? ¿Por qué no será “luego”? ¿Por qué no se da en esta hora fin a mis maldades?» .
Acabadas estas y otras cosas que este santo allí refiere, dice luego que le mudó nuestro Señor súbitamente el corazón de tal manera, que nunca más tuvo apetito de vicios carnales ni de otra cosa del mundo, sino que del todo sintió su corazón libre y suelto de todos los apetitos pasados; y así, como suelto ya destas cadenas, comienza en el libro siguiente a dar gracias a su libertador, diciendo: «¡Oh Señor! , yo soy tu siervo, yo tu siervo, e hijo de tu sierva. Rompiste, Señor, mis ataduras; a ti sacrificaré sacrificio de alabanza. Alábente mi corazón y mi lengua, y todos mis huesos digan: Señor, ¿quién es como tú? . ¿Dónde estaba, Cristo Jesús, ayudador mío, dónde estaba tantos años había mi libre albedrío, pues no se convertía a ti? ¡De cuán profundo piélago lo sacaste en un momento, para que sujetase yo mi cuello a tu dulce yugo y a la carga liviana de tu santa ley! ¡Cuán deleitable se me hizo luego carecer de los deleites del mundo!
¡Y cuán dulce dejar lo que antes recelaba perder! Echabas tú fuera de mi ánima, verdadero y sumo deleite, todos los otros vanos deleites. Echábaslos fuera, y entrabas tú en lugar dellos, más dulce que todo otro deleite y más hermoso que toda otra hermosura». Hasta aquí son palabras de san Agustín.
Pues dime ahora: Si esto así pasa, si tan grande es la virtud y eficacia de la divina gracia, ¿qué es lo que te tiene cautivo, para que no hagas otro tanto? Si tú crees que esto es verdad y que esta gracia es poderosa para hacer esta mudanza, y que esta no se negará a quien de todo su corazón la buscare (pues es ahora el mismo Dios que entonces era, sin acepción de personas), ¿qué te detiene para que no salgas de esa miserable servidumbre y abraces el Sumo bien que se te ofrece de balde? ¿Por qué quieres más con un infierno ganar otro infierno, que con un paraíso otro paraíso? No seas cobarde ni desconfiado. Prueba una vez este negocio y confía en Dios; que no lo habrás comenzado, cuando te salga él a recibir como al hijo pródigo, los brazos abiertos. Cosa maravillosa es que, si un burlador te prometiese enseñar un arte de alquimia con que pudieses hacer del cobre oro, no dejarías, aunque te costase mucho, de probarla; y date aquí la palabra Dios de manera como puedas tú de tierra hacerte cielo, y de carne espíritu, y de hombre ángel, ¿y no lo quieras probar?
Y, pues en cabo, tarde o temprano, has de conocer esta verdad, en esta vida o en la otra, ruégote pienses atentamente cuán burlado te hallarás el día de la cuenta, viéndote condenado, porque dejaste el
camino de la virtud por áspero y dificultoso, conociendo allí tan claramente que era mucho mejor y más deleitable que el de los vicios, y el que solo llevaba a los deleites eternos.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Gal.5.17 — For the flesh desires what is contrary to the Spirit, and the Spirit what is contrary to the flesh; these are opposed to each other, so that you may not do the things you wish.
- ↩Rom.7.22-Rom.7.23 — For I delight in the law of God, according to the inner person. Rom.7.23 — But I see another law in my members, waging war against the law of my mind, and making me captive to the law of sin which is in my members.
- ↩Rom.7.22-Rom.7.23 — For I delight in the law of God, according to the inner person. Rom.7.23 — But I see another law in my members, waging war against the law of my mind, and making me captive to the law of sin which is in my members.
- ↩Ps.119.14 — I have rejoiced in the way of your testimonies as much as in all riches.
- ↩Ps.19.10 — The fear of the LORD is pure, standing forever; the judgments of the LORD are true, righteous altogether.
- ↩Matt.11.28-Matt.11.30 — Come to me, all you who labor and are burdened, and I will give you rest. Matt.11.29 — Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. Matt.11.30 — For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.
- ↩John.3.17;1Tim.1.15 — For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him. 1Tim.1.15 — The saying is trustworthy and worthy of full acceptance: Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners, of whom I am the foremost.
- ↩Matt.26.28;Heb.9.22 — For this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. Heb.9.22 — And under the law almost everything is cleansed with blood, and without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness.
- ↩Matt.1.21 — She will bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.
- ↩John.3.17;1Tim.1.15 — For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him. 1Tim.1.15 — The saying is trustworthy and worthy of full acceptance: Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners, of whom I am the foremost.
- ↩Rom.6.6;1Pet.2.24 — We know this: our old self was crucified with him, so that the body of sin might be rendered powerless, that we might no longer be enslaved to sin. 1Pet.2.24 — He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, so that, having died to sins, we might live for righteousness — by whose wounds you were healed.
- ↩Rom.6.4 — Therefore we were buried with him through baptism into death, so that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, so also we might walk in newness of life.
- ↩Isa.40.3-Isa.40.4;Luke.3.5 — A voice calls: "In the wilderness prepare the way of the LORD; make straight in the desert a highway for our God." Isa.40.4 — Every valley shall be raised up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; the uneven ground shall become level, and the rough places a plain. Luke.3.5 — Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low; and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough ways shall be made smooth;
- ↩John.3.6;Rom.8.9-Rom.8.11 — What is born of the flesh is flesh, and what is born of the Spirit is spirit. Rom.8.9 — But you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if indeed the Spirit of God dwells in you. But if anyone does not have the Spirit of Christ, that person does not belong to him. Rom.8.10 — But if Christ is in you, the body is dead because of sin, yet the Spirit is life because of righteousness. Rom.8.11 — And if the Spirit of him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you, he who raised Christ Jesus from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through his Spirit who dwells in you.
- ↩Acts.2.3-Acts.2.4 — And there appeared to them tongues as of fire, distributed, and it sat upon each one of them. Acts.2.4 — And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit, and began to speak in other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance.
- ↩Isa.10.22-Isa.10.23;Rom.9.28 — For though your people, Israel, are like the sand of the sea, only a remnant of them will return. Destruction is decreed, overflowing with righteousness. Isa.10.23 — For the Lord GOD of hosts will carry out destruction, firmly decreed, in the midst of all the earth. Rom.9.28 — For the Lord will execute his word on the earth, accomplishing it and cutting it short.
- ↩Isa.10.22-Isa.10.23;Rom.9.28 — For though your people, Israel, are like the sand of the sea, only a remnant of them will return. Destruction is decreed, overflowing with righteousness. Isa.10.23 — For the Lord GOD of hosts will carry out destruction, firmly decreed, in the midst of all the earth. Rom.9.28 — For the Lord will execute his word on the earth, accomplishing it and cutting it short.
- ↩Ezek.36.27 — And I will put my Spirit within you, and I will cause you to walk in my statutes; you shall keep my ordinances and do them.
- ↩Ezek.36.28 — And you shall dwell in the land that I gave to your fathers, and you shall be my people, and I will be your God.
- ↩Job.16.8 — You have seized me—it stands as a witness against me; my falsehood rises up within me and testifies to my face.
- ↩Ps.27.1 — Of David. The LORD is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? The LORD is the stronghold of my life; whom shall I dread?
- ↩Deut.30.1-Deut.30.4 — And when all these things come upon you—the blessing and the curse that I have set before you—and you take them to heart among all the nations where the LORD your God has driven you, Deut.30.2 — and you return to the LORD your God and obey his voice, according to all that I am commanding you today—you and your children—with all your heart and with all your soul, Deut.30.3 — then the LORD your God will restore your fortunes and have compassion on you, and he will again gather you from all the peoples where the LORD your God has scattered you. Deut.30.4 — If your outcasts are at the farthest reaches of the heavens, from there the LORD your God will gather you, and from there he will take you.
- ↩Deut.30.6 — And the LORD your God will circumcise your heart and the heart of your offspring, to love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul, for the sake of your life.
- ↩Deut.30.6 — And the LORD your God will circumcise your heart and the heart of your offspring, to love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul, for the sake of your life.
- ↩Deut.30.6 — And the LORD your God will circumcise your heart and the heart of your offspring, to love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul, for the sake of your life.
- ↩Jer.4.4;Deut.10.16 — Circumcise yourselves to the LORD, and remove the foreskins of your heart, O men of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem, lest my wrath go forth like fire, and burn with none to quench it, because of the evil of your deeds. Deut.10.16 — So circumcise the foreskin of your heart, and do not be stiff-necked any longer.
- ↩Isa.26.12 — LORD, you will ordain peace for us, for indeed all our works you have done for us.
- ↩1John.5.3 — For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments, and his commandments are not burdensome.
- ↩Rom.8.35 — Who will separate us from the love of Christ? Tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or danger, or sword?
- ↩Rom.8.38-Rom.8.39 — For I am convinced that neither death nor life, neither angels nor rulers, neither the present nor the future, nor powers Rom.8.39 — nor height, nor depth, nor any other created thing will be able to separate us from the love of God that is in Christ Jesus our Lord
- ↩Ps.42.1 — To the choirmaskil. A Maskil of the Sons of Korah.
- ↩Acts.5.41 — So they went away from the presence of the council, rejoicing that they had been counted worthy to suffer dishonor for the Name.
- ↩Rom.8.18 — For I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not worth comparing with the glory that is about to be revealed to us.
- ↩Prov.4.18 — But the path of the righteous is like the light of dawn, shining brighter and brighter until the fullness of day.
- ↩Prov.4.18;Prov.4.19 — But the path of the righteous is like the light of dawn, shining brighter and brighter until the fullness of day. Prov.4.19 — The way of the wicked is like deep darkness; they do not know what makes them stumble.
- ↩Prov.4.18-Prov.4.19 — But the path of the righteous is like the light of dawn, shining brighter and brighter until the fullness of day. Prov.4.19 — The way of the wicked is like deep darkness; they do not know what makes them stumble.
- ↩Ps.35.6 — Let their way be dark and slippery, and let the angel of the LORD pursue them.
- ↩Matt.11.30 — For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.
- ↩2Cor.4.8-2Cor.4.9 — We are pressed in every way, but not crushed; perplexed, but not driven to despair; 2Cor.4.9 — persecuted, but not abandoned; struck down, but not destroyed;
- ↩Isa.40.31 — But those who wait on the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings like eagles; they shall run and not grow weary; they shall walk and not faint.
- ↩Isa.40.31 — But those who wait on the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings like eagles; they shall run and not grow weary; they shall walk and not faint.
- ↩Rom.6.6;Eph.4.22;Col.3.9 — We know this: our old self was crucified with him, so that the body of sin might be rendered powerless, that we might no longer be enslaved to sin. Eph.4.22 — you were taught to put off your former way of life, the old self, which is being corrupted according to the desires of deceit; Col.3.9 — Do not lie to one another, since you have put off the old self with its practices,
- ↩John.3.3-John.3.7 — Jesus answered him, "Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God." John.3.4 — Nicodemus said to him, "How can a man be born when he is old? He cannot enter a second time into his mother's womb and be born, can he?" John.3.5 — Jesus answered, "Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. John.3.6 — What is born of the flesh is flesh, and what is born of the Spirit is spirit. John.3.7 — Do not be astonished that I said to you, 'You must be born again.'
- ↩Eph.3.16;2Cor.4.16 — that he may grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with power through his Spirit in the inner person 2Cor.4.16 — Therefore we do not lose heart; even though our outer self is wasting away, our inner self is being renewed day by day.
- ↩John.3.6 — What is born of the flesh is flesh, and what is born of the Spirit is spirit.
- ↩Deut.31.6;Josh.1.5;Heb.13.5 — Be strong and courageous. Do not fear or be dismayed before them, for the LORD your God is the one who goes with you. He will not fail you or forsake you. Josh.1.5 — No one will stand before you all the days of your life. Just as I was with Moses, I will be with you. I will not fail you, and I will not abandon you. Heb.13.5 — Let your way of life be free from the love of money, being content with what you have; for he has said, "I will never leave you nor forsake you."
- ↩Ps.116.16 — O LORD, I am your servant; I am your servant, the son of your maidservant. You have loosed my bonds.
- ↩Ps.116.16-Ps.116.17 — O LORD, I am your servant; I am your servant, the son of your maidservant. You have loosed my bonds. Ps.116.17 — To you I will offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving, and in the name of the LORD I will call.
- ↩Ps.35.10 — All my bones shall say, 'LORD, who is like You, delivering the poor from the one too strong for him—the poor and the needy from the one who robs him?'
- ↩Acts.10.34;Rom.2.11;Deut.10.17 — Then Peter opened his mouth and said, "Truly I understand that God is not one who shows partiality. Rom.2.11 — For there is no partiality with God. Deut.10.17 — For the LORD your God is God of gods and Lord of lords, the great God, mighty and awesome, who shows no partiality and accepts no bribes.
- ↩Deut.4.29;Jer.29.13 — But from there you will seek the LORD your God, and you will find Him, when you search for Him with all your heart and with all your soul. Jer.29.13 — You will seek me and find me, for when you seek me with all your heart.
- ↩Luke.15.11-Luke.15.32 — And he said, "A certain man had two sons." Luke.15.12 — And the younger of them said to his father, 'Father, give me the share of the estate that falls to me.' And he divided his livelihood between them. Luke.15.13 — And not many days later, the younger son, having gathered everything together, departed to a distant country, and there he squandered his property by living recklessly. Luke.15.14 — And after he had spent everything, a severe famine struck that region, and he began to be in want. Luke.15.15 — And he went and attached himself to one of the citizens of that country, and he sent him to his fields to feed pigs. Luke.15.16 — He longed to fill his stomach with the pods that the pigs were eating, and no one gave him anything. Luke.15.17 — But when he came to himself, he said, 'How many of my father's hired workers have bread enough to spare, and here I am perishing of hunger!' Luke.15.18 — I will get up and go to my father, and I will say to him, 'Father, I have sinned against heaven and before you.' Luke.15.19 — I am no longer worthy to be called your son. Make me as one of your hired servants. Luke.15.20 — And he got up and went to his own father. But while he was still a long way off, his father saw him and was moved with compassion, and ran and fell on his neck and kissed him. Luke.15.21 — And the son said to him, 'Father, I have sinned against heaven and before you; I am no longer worthy to be called your son.' Luke.15.22 — But the father said to his servants, 'Quickly, bring out the best robe and put it on him, and put a ring on his hand and sandals on his feet.' Luke.15.23 — And bring the fattened calf, kill it, and let us eat and celebrate. Luke.15.24 — because this son of mine was dead and has come back to life; he was lost and has been found. And they began to celebrate. Luke.15.25 — Now his older son was in the field; and as he came and drew near to the house, he heard music and dancing. Luke.15.26 — And he called one of the servants and asked him what these things might be. Luke.15.27 — But he said to him, 'Your brother has come, and your father has killed the fattened calf, because he has received him back safe and sound.' Luke.15.28 — But he was angry and refused to go in. So his father came out and pleaded with him. Luke.15.29 — But he answered his father, 'Look, all these years I have served you, and I never disobeyed your command, yet you never gave me even a young goat so that I could celebrate with my friends.' Luke.15.30 — but when this son of yours who has devoured your livelihood with prostitutes came, you killed the fattened calf for him Luke.15.31 — And he said to him, 'Son, you are always with me, and all that is mine is yours.' Luke.15.32 — But we had to celebrate and be glad, for this brother of yours was dead and has come to life; he was lost and has been found.
Notes
- 1 ↩"della" = de ella, referring to virtue: the harshness is not native to virtue but to fallen appetite.
- 2 ↩Sentence ends mid-clause in the source and continues in GuiaPec.1.30.2.s1; translation preserves that break.
- 3 ↩"dan de mano a la virtud" rendered as "give up virtue" (set aside / abandon); "desabrida" as "bitter" (unpalatable, distasteful).
- 4 ↩"Por do" = archaic "por donde" (from which / by which); "gran jornada" rendered as "great progress" (literally a long day's journey / major advance).
- 5 ↩Source sentence is only a period ('.'); no recoverable Spanish wording. Left empty rather than inventing text.
- 6 ↩'concede' is the Prophet (from s1) affirming both virtue's excellence and its sweetness; 'suavidad' rendered as gentleness rather than mere softness.
- 7 ↩'desayunádose deste misterio' is figurative (literally 'have not yet breakfasted on this mystery'); rendered as first tasting/entering the mystery.
- 8 ↩Source opens with a leading comma as a continued rhetorical series after s6; rendered as a standalone parallel question.
- 9 ↩Source opens with a leading comma as a continued rhetorical series after s6–s7; rendered as a standalone parallel question. Plural 'sacramentos' kept as general sacraments.
- 10 ↩Source reads only «, ¿qué, J?», almost certainly a truncated parallel to the previous «qué quiere decir…» questions, with «J» as the common abbreviation for Jesús. Restored as «and what does Jesus mean?» from that parallel and from s5–s6, which treat the name of the Lord and the Matthean naming oracle.
- 11 ↩Spanish source abbreviates the name as «J» («Ponerle has por nombre J»); rendered as Jesus, the intended full form, matching the Matthean naming oracle.
- 12 ↩«excusar los venideros»: in Golden Age Spanish, excusar often means avoid / keep free from, not merely excuse or pardon. Rendered as «keep free of those still to come» (preventive grace against future sins).
- 13 ↩della = de ella (of it), referring to his blood; sanase is imperfect subjunctive of purpose.
- 14 ↩ordenó rendered as 'institute' (establish/ordain the sacraments), not mere 'order/arrange'.
- 15 ↩allanado = leveled/smoothed/made passable; áspero y dificultoso matches the chapter's excuse about virtue's 'harsh and difficult' path.
- 16 ↩de carne... espíritu keeps the Pauline flesh/spirit contrast: transforming the fleshly person into a spiritual one, not denying bodily existence.
- 17 ↩mesmo = mesmo/mismo (himself); avivase = enliven/quicken/rekindle.
- 18 ↩"virtudes infusas" kept as "infused virtues" (technical scholastic term for virtues poured into the soul by grace, not acquired by practice alone).
- 19 ↩"conviene saber" rendered as "namely" (appositive clarification of what the Gospel's beginning-middle-end is). "nos hiciese" is imperfect subjunctive; kept as "should make" to preserve the intended design of the Gospel, parallel to Adam's actual effect.
- 20 ↩Spanish 'consumación y abreviación' tracks the Isaiah/Vulgate pair consummatio et abbreviatio (cf. Isaiah 10:22–23; Romans 9:28): God's brief, decisive word that brings justice to completion. Kept close to the source wording rather than paraphrased as 'short decree' alone, because the previous sentence already names it 'la palabra abreviada'.
- 21 ↩Early modern Spanish 'serte hía' = modern 'te sería' (would it be for you).
- 22 ↩Early modern futures 'quitaros he' / 'daros he' = modern 'os quitaré' / 'os daré' (I will take from you / I will give you).
- 23 ↩Old Spanish della = de ella, referring to the promised word; con el cumplimiento della rendered as 'once it is fulfilled' / by its fulfillment.
- 24 ↩remediar el hombre: 'heal/remedy the human person' (generic singular man); socorro kept as divine 'help' rather than casual aid.
- 25 ↩"apetito sensitivo" rendered as "sense appetite" (scholastic term for the lower appetitive powers), not mere bodily craving.
- 26 ↩Source glosses "mi Justo" as the Son of God; the parenthetical is Granada's interpretive expansion, retained as such.
- 27 ↩rinconcillos secretos: diminutive of rincón; rendered as 'secret little nooks' for the residual hidden recesses of fault in the just, not physical corners.
- 28 ↩rugas follows Job's biblical image of wrinkles that testify against a person; kept as 'wrinkles' rather than paraphrased as faults, so the Job echo stays audible.
- 29 ↩Sentence is truncated mid-clause at the section break; continuation is in GuiaPec.1.30.18 (domésticas...).
- 30 ↩This sentence continues the previous section's simile: wild beasts, when tamed and made domestic, serve human benefit—so moderated passions serve the practice of virtue.
- 31 ↩Spanish 'lumbre' rendered as 'light' (biblical sense); 'salud' as 'salvation,' not physical health.
- 32 ↩'asentaren reales' = pitch military camps/encampments (older Spanish 'reales'), not 'royals' or coinage.
- 33 ↩Resultative 'que debes ser' rendered as inferential 'you must be' (not restrictive 'that you should be').
- 34 ↩Granada paraphrases the prophet's words 'en sentencia' (in substance/sense), not as a tight lemma-for-lemma quote; rendered as paraphrase, not as a fixed Bible version.
- 35 ↩'Demasía' rendered as 'excess' (what needs cutting away); 'su amor' taken as love of/for God, consistent with the preceding promise of loving him with whole heart and soul.
- 36 ↩Section boundary cuts mid-clause; the thought continues in GuiaPec.1.30.26.s1 (circumcise the heart / love above all things).
- 37 ↩"ni está sobre ti" rendered as "is not beyond you" (too hard / above your strength), matching Deuteronomy 30:11 sense.
- 38 ↩Rendered "caridad" as "charity" for the theological-virtue force of the 1 John citation; "love" is also allowable under lexeme policy.
- 39 ↩Spanish 'Ca' is an archaic causal particle (for/because); rendered 'For' to keep its logical force without archaism.
- 40 ↩'montean' means to hunt in the woods or hills (montería), distinct from general hunting ('cazan'); kept as 'hunt the hills' to preserve the three-sport sequence.
- 41 ↩'curar' here means to care for/nurse, not to heal or cure; rendered 'tend'.
- 42 ↩'ayunar lo que ellos comen' = go hungry of / fast what the young eat—i.e., deny themselves the food their offspring consume.
- 43 ↩Source opens with a colon before the question (': ¿Quién...'), likely a quotation introducer left from the previous sentence; rendered as the question alone.
- 44 ↩Spanish 'virtudes' here follows the angelic/power sense of Latin virtutes (powers); 'fuerza' corresponds to fortitudo (strength/might) in the Romans catalogue.
- 45 ↩'falsear' of armor means to breach or pierce; rendered as 'pierced' rather than moral 'falsify'.
- 46 ↩Spanish 'sed' here means 'thirst' (desire), not the Latin adversative 'sed'; the fallback gloss mis-tagged it as a connective.
- 47 ↩'martirizan' keeps the source's martyrdom register (they put their bodies through a living martyrdom), not only generic 'mortify'.
- 48 ↩Source sentence ends mid-phrase at the section break ('mas, por el'); the following section begins with 'contrario…', so the intended connective is almost certainly 'por el contrario' ('on the contrary'). Translation renders only the supplied text and leaves the break audible.
- 49 ↩This sentence continues the previous section's unfinished clause ('mas, por el contrario…'). 'Ellos' is rendered as 'the Egyptians' from that context.
- 50 ↩Spanish 'él' is singular and refers to 'el mundo' (the world), not to an individual person.
- 51 ↩'Escupen y matan' continues the Israelite sacrificial image from the previous section: the just reject and destroy attachment to worldly idols, not literal persons.
- 52 ↩Source sentence is only a bare period; likely a segmentation artifact between s4 and s6.
- 53 ↩'Disciplinas' here means ascetical corporal disciplines (self-scourging), not abstract training; 'cilicios' are hairshirts.
- 54 ↩«el Santo de los santos» names Christ as the Holy One among the saints; rendered as «the Holy One of the saints» rather than the sanctuary title «Holy of Holies».
- 55 ↩«pasiones» here means sufferings (as in the Passion), not disordered desires; coordinated with «tribulaciones».
- 56 ↩deleznable y resbaladizo: rendered as treacherous and slippery; deleznable can also mean crumbling/unstable underfoot, but the paired image is of a path that gives way and slips.
- 57 ↩Spanish mejillas is literally 'cheeks'; rendered 'jaws' to keep the animal-yoke image of Hosea 11:4, where the yoke rests on the animal's jaws.
- 58 ↩Granada's Spanish track of Paul blends hardship-and-consolation pairs closest to 2 Cor 4:8–9, with a poverty/lack-nothing pair that also echoes 2 Cor 6:10; rendered from the Spanish wording, not a modern English Bible.
- 59 ↩Archaic Spanish cata aquí ('look here / behold') rendered as natural modern 'look here'; por un cabo / por otro as 'on one side / on the other'.
- 60 ↩Spanish desecho can mean broken, cast off, or undone; rendered as 'broken' to match the earlier yoke imagery of the chapter.
- 61 ↩«lo haya corrido todo» rendered as «has been through it all» (experienced both lives fully); alternative: «has run the whole course».
- 62 ↩«más suave» rendered as «sweeter»; the sense is which cup/life proved milder and more pleasant.
- 63 ↩«examinadores de las conciencias ajenas» points to confessors / spiritual directors charged with examining others' consciences.
- 64 ↩«espanto» rendered as awe-inspiring wonder (aligned with «admiración» in s5), not mere terror.
- 65 ↩Source sentence is truncated mid-clause; continuation begins in GuiaPec.1.30.48.s1 («costumbres del hombre viejo...»). «la» tracks feminine «ánima» (soul); final «le» shifts to the person whose habits are changed.
- 66 ↩«primero se siente, que se aprehenda»: grace is first experienced interiorly, then understood; «atajo de la gracia» is a deliberate shortcut metaphor against long philosophical study.
- 67 ↩«espirituales hechizos» is a deliberate metaphor (spiritual charms/enchantments/spells), not occult practice; rendered as 'spiritual enchantment' to keep the wonder without modern occult coloring.
- 68 ↩Granada’s image casts the confessor as Jacob, who hears and rightly weighs what the penitent (the “simple child,” like young Joseph) narrates without fully grasping its spiritual price.
- 69 ↩hinchir is an older form of henchir/llenar, 'to fill'; rendered as 'filling'.
- 70 ↩The Spanish personifies the vices as agents (solicitar la gula, envanecerse la soberbia, etc.); the English keeps that agency rather than making the convert the grammatical subject of each verb.
- 71 ↩Old Spanish escuras = oscuras; rendered as 'the dark ones' (obscure things) parallel to dudosas/cerradas.
- 72 ↩Source sentence is truncated mid-phrase at 'a la'; neighboring next section continues 'virtud del hombre, sino a la gracia de Dios.' Translation preserves the break without inventing the completion.
- 73 ↩Spanish «virtud» here carries both moral excellence and strength/power; rendered as virtue to keep the chapter's keyword and the God-vs-self contrast.
- 74 ↩Spanish seguramente here means securely / with sure trust, not the modern English hedge “probably.” Rendered as “with full confidence.”
- 75 ↩torpezas: shameful baseness/foulness (moral turpitude), not mere clumsiness; rendered as 'shameful ways' for natural modern English.
- 76 ↩luego here is early-modern 'at once / immediately' (contrast with mañana, mañana), not modern Spanish 'later'.
- 77 ↩libre albedrío rendered free will, the theological term for free choice of the will in Augustine's conversion narrative.
- 78 ↩piélago can mean open sea or deep abyss; deep abyss fits the Augustinian conversion image better here.
- 79 ↩Sumo bien rendered as Highest Good (classic scholastic/devotional title for God as supreme good). de balde rendered free of charge to keep the free-gift force.
- 80 ↩con un infierno / con un paraíso keeps the instrument/path sense: a hellish life already is a hell that earns hell; a life of virtue already is a paradise that earns paradise.
- 81 ↩negocio here is the spiritual undertaking/enterprise of conversion, not commercial business; rendered work.
- 82 ↩date aquí la palabra Dios: God gives/pledges His word here; kept as gives you His word to preserve the contrast with the swindler's empty promise.
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