Capítulo XXII. Undécimo privilegio de la virtud, que es cómo nuestro Señor provee a los virtuosos de lo temporal
The Promise of Temporal Provision
God promises to provide for the temporal needs of those who seek His kingdom and righteousness first.
Everything we have discussed so far represents the spiritual riches and goods given to those who love virtue in this life, in addition to the lasting glory reserved for them in the next. All of this was promised to the world at the coming of Christ—as all the prophetic Scriptures testify—which is why he is rightly called the Savior of the world. Through him, we are given true salvation: grace, wisdom, peace, victory, mastery over our passions, the consolations of the Holy Spirit, the riches of hope, and finally, all the goods needed to reach that salvation of which the Prophet said: Israel was saved in the Lord with everlasting salvation.✦1 But if someone is so fleshly that he keeps his eyes more fixed on the goods of the flesh than on those of the spirit (as the Jews used to do), I don't want us to fall out over that, because here we'll give him far better satisfaction than anything he could desire.2 If not, tell me: what did the Wise Man mean when, speaking of true wisdom, in which the perfection of virtue consists, he said: 'Length of days is in her right hand, and in her left, riches and glory'? .3 So she holds in her hands these two kinds of goods with which she invites people: eternal goods in one, and temporal ones in the other.4 Don't think that God starves his own people, or that he is so poorly provided for that, while he feeds the ants and worms of the earth, he leaves those who serve him day and night in his house to go hungry. And if you don't want to take my word for it, read the entire sixth chapter of Saint Matthew, and you'll see the pledges and the assurance you're given there about this.5 Look at the birds of the air —says the Savior— they neither sow nor reap nor store up nor make provision for the future, and your Father who is in heaven takes care to provide for them. So aren't you worth more than they are? . Finally, after these words, the Savior concludes: Don't be anxious about what you'll eat or drink, because those are the things people who don't know God chase after. But you, seek first the Kingdom of God and his righteousness, and everything else will be given to you as well.6 For this reason, among others, the Psalmist invites us to serve God—seeing that some men bind themselves to serve others for this reason alone—saying: Fear the Lord, all his saints, for those who fear him lack nothing.7 The rich of this world will suffer want and hunger, but those who seek the Lord will never lack any good thing. And this is so certain that the same prophet adds in another psalm, saying: I was young, and now I am old, and never to this day have I seen the righteous forsaken, or his children begging for bread. If you want to see more clearly the security the good have in this matter, listen to what God promises in Deuteronomy to those who keep his law: "If you listen to the voice of the Lord your God and keep his commandments, he will make you higher than all the peoples who live on the face of the earth; and all these blessings will come upon you."8 Up to this point these are the words of God through his prophet. So tell me now: What Indies, what treasures, can compare with these blessings?9 And even granting that these promises were given more to the Jewish people than to the Christian people (because to this second people God promises through Ezekiel that he will enrich them with still greater goods—goods of grace and glory)—still, just as under that carnal law God did not stop giving spiritual goods to good Jews, so under this spiritual law he does not stop also giving his temporal prosperities to good Christians; only he gives them those prosperities with two great advantages that the wicked do not know. The first is that, like a most prudent physician, he gives them those prosperities in the measure their need requires, so that they sustain them without puffing them up with vanity. The wicked do no such thing, for they grab hold of all they can, without noticing that the harm excess of temporal goods does to souls is no less than the harm excess of food does to bodies.10 Although eating is necessary to sustain life, too much of it harms that same life. In the same way, although a person’s life is in the blood, a rush of blood often kills them.✦11 The second advantage is that with less noise and display of possessions, he gives them greater rest and contentment—which is the very goal for which people seek everything temporal. Because everything he can do through second causes, he can do12 by himself alone, even more perfectly than through them. And so he did with all the saints, in whose name the Apostle said: We have nothing, and we possess everything—because we have as great a contentment with little as if we were lords of the whole world. Travelers try to carry their money in gold, because that way they travel richer and with less to carry; in the same way, the Lord seeks to provide for his own and ease their load, giving them a small burden and great contentment with it. This, then, is how the just travel: naked and content, poor and rich; but the wicked, on the contrary, are loaded with goods and yet dying of hunger—and, as they say of Tantalus, with the water at their lips and still dying of thirst.13 For this and similar reasons, that great prophet strongly recommended keeping the divine law, wanting this alone to be our concern; he knew very well that with this, everything else was secured. And so he says: Put these words of mine in your hearts, and wear them bound as a sign on your hands, and hanging before your eyes; and teach them to your children, so that they may think on them. When you sit in your house and walk along the road, when you lie down and get up, you will think on them, and you shall write them on the thresholds and doors of your house, so that you always keep them before your eyes—so that the days of your life, and of your children's, may be multiplied in the land God will give you.14 O holy prophet! What did you see, what did you find in the keeping of these divine commandments, that you recommended it so?15 Truly, as a great prophet and secretary of the divine counsels, you understood the inestimable greatness of this good, and how it contained all goods present and to come—temporal and eternal, spiritual and bodily; once this duty was fulfilled, everything else was secured.16 You understood very well that when a person occupied himself in doing God's will, he was not for that reason wasting a day's work; rather, he was tilling his vineyard, watering his garden, managing his estate, and attending to his affairs far better than if he did them with his own hand—for by that he laid the charge on God, so that God would do them by His.17 Because this is the law of that pact and covenant God has made with human beings: that if they devote themselves to keeping his testament, he would devote himself to looking after their affairs.18 It's certain that this contract won't fail on God's side; rather, if a person is a good servant to him, he will be an even better Lord.19 This is the one thing the Savior said was necessary: to know and love God; because whoever keeps God content has everything else secure. Saint Paul says that piety is useful for everything, because all the promises of the present life and the life to come belong to it.20 So you see here how openly the Apostle promises to piety (which is the worship and veneration of God) not only the goods of the next life, but also those of this one, insofar as they serve and help us to reach that life.✦ Though this doesn't excuse a person from working and doing their own part, according to the quality and condition of their state of life.
The Consequences of Neglecting God
The author warns that those who despise God's law face severe temporal calamities and national destruction.
I. On the needs and poverty of the wicked. But on the contrary, anyone who wants to know how great the adversities, calamities, and poverty reserved for the wicked really are should read chapter twenty-eight of Deuteronomy, and he will see things that fill him with terror and awe; for among many other words it says this: If you will not listen to the voice of the Lord your God and keep his commandments, these curses will come upon you and overtake you.✦ And finally, after many other very terrible curses, it adds and says: All these curses will come upon you and overtake you until you perish. These are all words of divine Scripture, along with many more that I have left out here. Anyone who reads them carefully will be left stunned and beside themselves at such horrible things. Perhaps then they will open their eyes and begin to understand something of the terrifying rigor of divine justice, the horrible malice of sin, and the strange hatred God has for it—since he punishes it with such strange penalties in this life—and from that, they will see what can be expected in the next.21 Along with this, they will pity the insensitivity and misery of the wicked, who live so blindly that they don't see what is reserved for them. Don't think these threats were just empty words; they weren't so much threats as they were prophecies of the disasters that eventually fell upon those people. For in the time of Ahab, king of Israel, when he was besieged in Samaria by the army of the king of Syria, we read that the men were eating22 dove dung—and what's more, this food was sold for a great sum of money; and things reached such a point that even mothers killed their children to eat them; and Josephus writes that the same thing happened in the siege of Jerusalem.23 So then, the captivities of this people are already very well known, along with the total destruction of their commonwealth and kingdom.24 For the eleven tribes were carried off into perpetual captivity by the king of the Assyrians—a captivity that was never revoked; and the one tribe that remained was, after a long time, laid waste and destroyed by the army of the Romans, where the number of captives was very great, and the number of the dead was incomparably greater still, as that same historian writes. No one should deceive themselves by thinking these calamities belonged only to that people, for they fall on any people that has God's law yet despises and breaks it—as He Himself testifies through Amos when He says: "Did I not bring the children of Israel up from Egypt, the Philistines from Capadocia, and the Syrians from Cyrene?"✦ For the Lord's eyes are fixed on the kingdom that sins, to destroy it and cast it off the face of the earth.✦ This makes it clear that all these shifts of kingdoms—destroying some and planting others—happen because of sins.✦ Anyone who wants to see whether this applies to us should look at the histories of the past, and they'll see how God measures all the wicked by the same rule—especially those who have the true law and don't keep it. By that, they'll see how much of Europe, Africa, and Asia that was once full of churches of Christian peoples is now held by barbarians and pagans; and they'll see how many destructions the Church has suffered from the Goths, the Huns, and the Vandals, who in Saint Augustine's time destroyed the whole province of Africa, sparing neither man nor woman, neither old man nor child nor maiden. At this same time, the kingdom of Dalmatia, with the neighboring provinces, was so laid waste by these same barbarians that, as Saint Jerome, a native of that province, says, "anyone who passed through it saw nothing but sky and earth"—so utterly ruined it had become. All of this shows us how virtue and true religion not only help us gain eternal goods, but also help us not lose temporal ones. So let the consideration of this, together with all the rest, serve to draw our hearts to that same virtue that frees us from so many evils and is accompanied by so many goods.
Read the original Spanish
Todo esto que hasta aquí habemos dicho son riquezas y bienes espirituales que se dan a los amadores de la virtud en esta vida, demás de la gloria perdurable que les está guardada en la otra; los cuales todos se prometieron al mundo en la venida de Cristo (según que todas las Escrituras proféticas testifican), por lo cual se llama con razón Salvador del mundo, porque por él se nos da la verdadera salud, que es la gracia, y la sabiduría, y la paz, y la vitoria y señorío de nuestras pasiones, y las consolaciones del Espíritu Santo, y las riquezas de la esperanza, y, finalmente, todos los bienes que se requieren para alcanzar aquella salud, de la cual dijo el Profeta: Israel fue hecho salvo en el Señor con salud eterna.
Mas, si alguno hubiere tan de carne que tenga más puestos los ojos en los bienes de carne, que en los del espíritu (como hacían los judíos), no quiero que por esto nos desavengamos, porque aquí le daremos mucho mejor despacho de lo que él pueda desear. Si no, dime: ¿Qué quiso significar el Sabio cuando, hablando de la verdadera sabiduría, en que está la perfección de la virtud, dijo: La longura de días está en su diestra, y en su siniestra, riquezas y gloria? . De manera que ella tiene en sus manos estos dos linajes de bienes con que convida a los hombres: en la una, bienes eternos, y en la otra, temporales. No pienses que mata Dios a los suyos de hambre, ni que sea tan desproveído que, dando de comer a las hormigas y gusanos de la tierra, deje ayunos a los que día y noche le sirven en su casa. Y, si no quieres creer a mí, lee todo el capítulo sexto de san Mateo, y verás las prendas y la seguridad que allí se te da sobre esto. Mirad —dice el Salvador— las aves del cielo, que no siembran, ni cogen, ni encierran ni hacen provisión para adelante, y vuestro Padre, que está en los cielos, tiene cuidado de proveerlas. Pues ¿no sois vosotros de más precio que ellas?
. Finalmente, después destas palabras, concluye el Salvador, diciendo: No queráis, pues, estar solícitos sobre qué comeremos o qué beberemos, porque estas cosas buscan las gentes que no conocen a Dios. Mas vosotros buscad primero el Reino de Dios y su justicia, y todo lo demás se os dará como por añadidura. Pues por esta causa, entre otras, nos convida el Salmista a servir a Dios (viendo que por sola esta se obligan unos hombres a servir a otros hombres), diciendo: Temed al Señor todos sus santos, porque ninguna cosa falta a los que lo temen. Los ricos deste mundo padecerán necesidad y hambre, mas a los que buscan al Señor nunca fallecerá todo bien. Y es esto una cosa tan cierta, que el mismo profeta añade en otro salmo, diciendo: Mozo fui, y ahora soy viejo, y nunca hasta hoy vi al justo desamparado, ni a sus hijos buscar pan.
Y, si quieres más por extenso ver el recaudo que los buenos tienen en esta parte, oye lo que Dios promete en el Deuteronomio a los guardadores de su ley, diciendo: Si oyeres la voz del Señor, tu Dios, y guardares sus mandamientos, hacerte ha él más alto que todas las gentes que moran sobre la haz de la tierra; y vendrán sobre ti todas estas bendiciones. Hasta aquí son palabras de Dios por su profeta. Pues dime ahora: ¿Qué Indias, qué tesoros se pueden comparar con estas bendiciones?
Y, puesto caso que estas promesas más se dieron al pueblo de los judíos que al de los cristianos (porque este segundo promete Dios por Ezequiel que enriquecerá con otros mayores bienes, que son bienes de gracia y gloria), pero, todavía, así como en aquella ley carnal no dejaba Dios de dar bienes espirituales a los buenos judíos, así en esta espiritual no deja de dar también sus prosperidades temporales a los buenos cristianos; sino que las prosperidades dáselas con dos grandes ventajas, que no conocen los malos. La una, que, como médico prudentísimo, se las da en aquella medida que pide su necesidad, para que de tal manera les sustenten, que no los envanezcan. Lo cual no hacen los malos, pues abarcan todo cuanto pueden, sin mirar que no es menor el daño que la demasía de los bienes temporales hace en las ánimas, que la del mantenimiento en los cuerpos. Porque, aunque el comer sea necesario para sustentar la vida, pero el demasiado comer hace daño a la mesma vida. Y, así también, aunque en la sangre esté la vida del hombre, pero, con todo esto, muchas veces el pujamiento de sangre mata al hombre. La otra ventaja es que con menor estruendo y aparato de cosas les da mayor descanso y contentamiento; que es el fin para que buscan los hombres todo lo temporal. Porque, todo lo que él puede hacer por medio de las causas segundas, puede hacer
por sí solo, aún más perfectamente que por ellas. Y así lo hizo con todos los santos, en nombre de los cuales decía el Apóstol: Nada tenemos, y todo lo poseemos; porque tan grande contentamiento tenemos con lo poco, como si fuésemos señores de todo el mundo. Los caminantes procuran llevar en oro su dinero, porque así van más ricos y con menos carga; y desta manera procura el Señor de proveer y aliviar los suyos, dándoles pequeña carga, y grande contentamiento con ella. Desta manera, pues, caminan los justos: desnudos, y contentos, pobres, y ricos; mas, por el contrario, los malos: llenos de bienes, y muriendo de hambre, y —como dicen de Tántalo— el agua a la boca, y muriendo de sed.
Pues por esta y otras semejantes causas encomendaba tanto aquel gran profeta la guarda de la divina ley, queriendo que solo este fuese nuestro cuidado; porque sabía él muy bien que con esta todo lo demás estaba cumplido. Y, así, dice él: Poned estas mis palabras en vuestros corazones, y traedlas atadas por señal en vuestras manos, y colgadas delante de vuestros ojos; y enseñadlas a vuestros hijos, para que piensen en ellas. Cuando estuvieres asentado en tu casa y anduvieres por el camino, cuando te acostares y levantares, pensarás en ellas, y escribirlas has en los umbrales y puertas de tu casa, de manera que siempre las traigas ante los ojos, para que así se multipliquen los días de tu vida, y de tus hijos, en la tierra que Dios te dará. ¡Oh santo profeta! , ¿que veías, qué hallabas en la guarda de estos mandamientos divinos, porque así la encomendabas? Verdaderamente, como grande profeta y secretario de los consejos divinos, entendías la grandeza inestimable deste bien, y cómo en él estaban todos los bienes presentes y venideros, temporales y eternos, espirituales y corporales; y, cumplido con esta obligación, todo lo demás estaba cumplido. Entendías muy bien que, cuando el hombre se ocupaba en hacer la voluntad de Dios, no por eso perdía jornada, sino que antes labraba su viña, y regaba su huerta, y granjeaba su hacienda, y entendía en sus negocios, muy mejor que haciéndolos él por su mano; pues con aquello echaba él a Dios cargo, para que él los hiciese por la suya.
Λ Porque esta es la ley de aquel pacto y concierto que tiene Dios hecho con los hombres: que, entendiendo ellos en la guarda de su testamento, él entendería en la guarda de sus cosas. Y está cierto que no ha de cojear por la parte de Dios este contrato, sino que, si el hombre le fuere buen siervo, él será mejor Señor. Esta es aquella sola una cosa que el Salvador dijo ser necesaria, que es conocer y amar a Dios; porque, quien a Dios tiene contento, todo lo demás tiene seguro. La piedad —dice san Pablo—, para todas las cosas aprovecha, porque para ella son todas las promesas de la vida presente y advenidera. Ves, pues, aquí, cuán abiertamente promete aquí el Apóstol a la piedad (que es el culto y la veneración de Dios), no sólo los bienes de la otra vida, sino también los desta, en cuanto nos sirven y ayudan para alcanzar aquella. Aunque no se excusa, por esto, que el hombre trabaje y haga lo que es de su parte, conforme a la calidad y condición de su estado.
I. De las necesidades y pobreza de los malos
Mas, por el contrario, quien quisiere saber qué tan grandes sean las adversidades y las calamidades y pobreza que están guardadas para los malos, lea el capítulo veintiocho del Deuteronomio, y verá cosas que le pongan espanto y admiración; porque, entre otras muchas palabras, dice así: Si no quieres oír la voz de tu Señor, Dios y guardar sus mandamientos, vendrán sobre ti estas maldiciones, y comprehenderte han. Y, finalmente, después de otras muchas y muy terribles maldiciones, añade y dice: Vendrán sobre ti todas estas maldiciones, y comprehenderte han hasta que perezcas. Todas estas son palabras de la Escritura divina, con otras muchas más, que dejo aquí de referir. Las cuales, quienquiera que leyere con atención, quedará como atónito y fuera de sí, leyendo cosas tan horribles; y entonces, por ventura, abrirá los ojos y comenzará a entender algo del rigor espantable de la justicia divina, y de la malicia horrible del pecado, y del odio tan extraño que Dios tiene a él, pues con tan extrañas penas lo castiga en esta vida; por donde verá lo que se puede esperar en la otra. Y, juntamente con esto, compadecerse ha de la insensibilidad y miseria de los malos, que tan ciegos viven para no ver lo que les está guardado.
Y no pienses que estas amenazas sean de solas palabras, porque todo esto no fue tanto amenaza, cuanto profecía de las calamidades que a aquel pueblo sucedieron. Porque en tiempo de Acab, rey de Israel, estando él cercado en Samaria por el ejército del rey de Siria, se lee que comían los hombres
estiércol de palomas, y aun, que este manjar se vendía por gran suma de dineros; y llegó el negocio a términos, que hasta las madres mataban a sus hijos para comer; y lo mismo escribe Josefo haber acaecido en el cerco de Jerusalén. Pues, ya los cautiverios deste pueblo, muy notorios son, con toda la destrucción de su república y reino. Porque los once tribus fueron llevados en perpetuo cautiverio, que nunca fue revocado, por el rey de los asirios; y uno solo que quedaba fue, después de mucho tiempo, asolado y destruido por el ejército de los romanos; donde fue muy grande el número de los cautivos, y mucho mayor, sin comparación, el de los muertos; como el mismo historiador escribe.
Ni menos se engañe nadie creyendo que estas calamidades pertenecían a solo aquel pueblo, porque generales son a todos los pueblos que, teniendo ley de Dios, la menosprecian y quebrantan; como él mesmo lo testifica por Amós, diciendo: ¿Por ventura no hice yo subir a los hijos de Israel de Egipto, y a los palestinos de Capadocia, y a los sirios de Cirene? Porque los ojos del Señor están puestos sobre el reino que peca, para destruirlo y echarlo de sobre la haz de la tierra. Dando a entender que todas estas mudanzas de reinos, destruyendo unos y plantando otros, se hacen por pecados. Y quien quisiere ver si esto nos toca, revuelva las historias pasadas, y verá cómo por un mesmo rasero lleva Dios a todos los malos, especialmente a los que, teniendo verdadera ley, no la guardan. Por ahí verá cuánta parte de Europa, de África y de Asia, que antes estaba llena de iglesias de pueblos cristianos, está ahora poseída de bárbaros y paganos, y verá cuántas destrucciones ha padecido la Iglesia por los godos, por los hunos y por los vándalos, que en tiempo de san Agustín destruyeron toda la provincia de África, sin perdonar a hombre ni mujer, ni viejo ni niño ni doncella. Y en este mesmo tiempo, de tal manera fue asolado por los mesmos bárbaros el reino de Dalmacia, con las provincias comarcanas, que, como dice san Jerónimo, natural de esta provincia, «quien por ella pasaba no veía más que cielo y tierra»; tan asolada había quedado. Lo cual todo nos declara cómo la virtud y verdadera religión no sólo ayuda para alcanzar los bienes eternos, sino también para no perder los temporales. Porque la consideración desto, con todas las demás, sirva para aficionar nuestros corazones a esa mesma virtud, que de tantos males nos libra, y de tantos bienes está acompañada.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Isa.45.17 — Israel is saved by the LORD, an everlasting salvation; you will not be put to shame, nor will you be confounded, forever and ever.
- ↩Lev.17.11;Deut.12.23 — For the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you upon the altar to make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood that makes atonement by the life. Deut.12.23 — Only be sure that you do not eat the blood, for the blood is the life, and you shall not eat the life with the flesh.
- ↩1Tim.4.8 — For bodily training has some benefit, but godliness is beneficial in every way, since it holds promise for the present life and for the life to come.
- ↩Deut.28.15 — But if you do not obey the LORD your God, being careful to do all his commandments and his statutes that I am commanding you today, then all these curses will come upon you and overtake you.
- ↩Amos.9.7 — "Are you not like the sons of the Cushites to me, O sons of Israel? declares the LORD. Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt, and the Philistines from Caphtor, and Aram from Kir?"
- ↩Amos.9.8 — Behold, the eyes of the Lord GOD are upon the sinful kingdom, and I will destroy it from the face of the earth—except that I will not utterly destroy the house of Jacob, declares the LORD.
- ↩Jer.1.10 — See, I have appointed you this day over the nations and over the kingdoms, to pluck up and to break down, to destroy and to overthrow, to build and to plant.
Notes
- 1 ↩Spanish salud here is soteriological (salvation/wholeness), not physical health; rendered as salvation throughout, including the prophetic close (salud eterna).
- 2 ↩despacho: golden-age sense of settling a request/case; rendered as 'satisfaction' (also possible: 'answer', 'settlement'). desavengamos: 'fall out' / quarrel.
- 3 ↩Source sentence is only a bare period ('.'); no recoverable Spanish content to translate.
- 4 ↩ella = true wisdom (sabiduría) from the preceding sentence; 'linajes de bienes' rendered as 'kinds of goods'.
- 5 ↩prendas: sureties/pledges of assurance; paired with seguridad as 'pledges and assurance'.
- 6 ↩como por añadidura keeps the sense of goods given as an addition or bonus after the main pursuit; rendered as 'as well' for natural contemporary English.
- 7 ↩por sola esta points back to secure provision: men already serve other men for temporal support alone; how much more should we serve God, who provides better.
- 8 ↩Spanish 'recaudo' here means the secure provision or safeguard the virtuous have for temporal needs, not a legal receipt or collection.
- 9 ↩'Indias' evokes the colonial Indies as the age's emblem of fabulous wealth; kept as 'Indies' to preserve Granada's contemporary rhetorical punch rather than flattening it to a generic 'riches'.
- 10 ↩"la demasía del mantenimiento" continues the food/sustenance comparison: excess of nourishment harming the body, parallel to excess of temporal goods harming the soul.
- 11 ↩"pujamiento de sangre" is early modern medical language for a surge or excess of blood (plethora); rendered as "rush of blood" to keep the natural-analogy force without archaism.
- 12 ↩Sentence is incomplete at the section boundary; it continues in GuiaPec.1.24.6.s1 ("by himself alone, even more perfectly than through them").
- 13 ↩desnudos here pairs with the light-burden image: not mere physical nakedness, but unencumbered of excess goods while still content.
- 14 ↩escribirlas has is older Spanish future periphrasis (has de escribirlas / escribirás); rendered as 'you shall write them'.
- 15 ↩Source opens with unaccented ¿que veías beside qué hallabas; both read as parallel interrogatives ('what… what…'). The final porque is resultative ('that / for which reason'), not merely causal.
- 16 ↩secretario de los consejos divinos keeps the older sense of trusted keeper/scribe of God's counsels (here of Moses), not a modern office title.
- 17 ↩no por eso perdía jornada is an occupational idiom: he was not losing/wasting a workday. echaba… a Dios cargo means he put the responsibility/charge on God; por la suya = by His (hand), contrasting él por su mano.
- 18 ↩Spanish 'entender en' is a Golden Age idiom for occupying oneself with / attending to a matter; 'testamento' is the divine covenant/testament; 'sus cosas' is their temporal affairs, not merely objects.
- 19 ↩'No ha de cojear por la parte de Dios' keeps the source's limp metaphor for failure to uphold one's side of a bargain; 'mejor Señor' means God will prove the better master, not merely a superior rank.
- 20 ↩'Piedad' here tracks Pauline godliness (εὐσέβεια); kept as 'piety' to match the Spanish and the definition in the next sentence as worship and veneration of God.
- 21 ↩Spanish 'odio tan extraño… a él' and 'tan extrañas penas' use 'extraño/extrañas' in the older sense of extraordinary/startling as well as strange; rendered as 'strange' to keep the force of something alien and shocking.
- 22 ↩Section ends mid-clause; the sentence continues in GuiaPec.1.24.12.s1 with the siege-famine details (dove dung sold as food, maternal cannibalism).
- 23 ↩This sentence continues the previous section's unfinished clause about the siege of Samaria under Ahab (men reduced to eating dove dung).
- 24 ↩Early modern Spanish república here means the body politic / commonwealth, not a modern republic.
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