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Pia Desideria (Pious Desires)/Book 1 · Pia Desideria
Chapter 3PiaDesid.1.3

II

The Forgotten Priesthood

The author critiques the clerical monopoly that has obscured the biblical truth that all believers are called to a spiritual priesthood.

Establishing and diligently practicing the spiritual priesthood. Anyone who has read Luther's writings with any diligence will have noticed how seriously that blessed man emphasized this spiritual priesthood, since not only the preacher but all Christians are made priests by their Redeemer, anointed with the Holy Spirit, and called to spiritual priestly duties. Peter certainly is not speaking to preachers alone when he says in 1 Peter 2:9: "But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people of his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light."1 Anyone who wants to take in and read at length this teacher's view on the matter, and what the priestly offices are, should read his writings to the Bohemians on how the servants of the church are to be chosen and installed; there he will see how thoroughly it is proven that all spiritual offices belong to all Christians together without distinction—though their regular and public exercise is committed to the ministers appointed for that purpose, and may be carried out by others only in case of need; but those that do not belong to the public exercises are to be practiced continually by everyone at home and in ordinary life.2 It has been a special trick of the accursed devil that, under the papacy, he brought things to this point: all such spiritual offices were handed over to the clergy alone—who therefore also, in their pride, claim for themselves alone the name "spirituals," which in fact belongs to all Christians—while the rest of the Christians are shut out from them. It is as if it were not their place to search the Word of the Lord diligently, much less to instruct, admonish, rebuke, and comfort others, or to do privately what is the church servant's duty to do publicly; it is as if these were nothing but things that hung on the preaching office alone.3 By this the so-called laity have been made sluggish toward what should rightly concern them too, and so a terrible ignorance and state of affairs has arisen.4 By contrast, the so-called clergy could then do whatever they wanted, since no one was allowed to look into their hand or raise the slightest objection.5 Therefore, this usurped monopoly of the clerical estate, along with the exclusion from Scripture already noted above, is one of the foremost means under the papacy by which Rome has secured its power over poor Christians and, where it still rules, continues to maintain it to this day.

Living the Priestly Calling

Every Christian is bound to engage with Scripture and care for the spiritual well-being of their household and neighbors.

So nothing could strike a more sensitive blow against it than Luther showing, on the contrary, how all Christians are called to the spiritual offices and are not only authorized but also—if they mean to be Christians at all—bound to take them up, even if not the public administration of them, which belongs to the appointment by the congregation that holds the same right; for every Christian is obligated not only himself and what is his—prayer, thanksgiving, good works, alms, and6 so on, to offer, and diligently to search the Lord's Word, but also to teach others—especially his household—according to the grace given him, to rebuke, to admonish, to work for their conversion, to build them up, to watch over their lives, to pray for all, and as far as possible to care for their salvation. Once this has first been shown to people, everyone will then take all the more care of himself and apply himself to what serves his own and his neighbor's edification. Where, by contrast, such teaching is not known and practiced, all that false security and laziness arise, because no one thinks that such things concern him; instead, each person imagines that, as he is to his office, trade, craft, and7 so on.

Partners in the Gospel

The exercise of the universal priesthood supports rather than undermines the pastoral office, creating a shared burden for the church.

called, and that this is not the pastor's business—so, on the other hand, the pastor is called to the spiritual duties: engagement with God's Word, praying, studying, teaching, admonishing, comforting, correcting, and8 so9 forth.10 so exclusively called that others would have no need to concern themselves with it at all—indeed, would be interfering in the pastor's office if they had anything to do with it; still less that they themselves should keep a careful watch on the pastor and, where he is negligent, fraternally admonish him, and in everything lend him a hand. But through the proper exercise of this priesthood, the preaching office suffers no harm at all; rather, the lack of it is a primary reason the preaching office cannot accomplish all it should. Without the help of the universal priesthood, it is too weak, and one person is not enough—among the many ordinarily entrusted to a single individual for the care of souls—to accomplish what is needed for building up.11 But when priests fulfill their office, the preacher, as their director and eldest brother, receives considerable help in his public and private duties, so the load does not become too heavy for him.12 We should therefore give further thought to how this subject—which has scarcely been emphasized since Luther's time—might be made better known to the people, for which Herr Joh.13 Vielitz's godly sermons on this matter are very useful—and also how the thing itself might be put into better practice; for this, the earlier proposal of introducing an exercise in reading and explaining Scripture might be quite suitable.14

A Call to Practice

The author concludes with a plea for congregations to revive the practices of Scripture study and brotherly admonition.

For my modest part, I am firmly convinced that much would already have been done, more and more people won over, and the Church noticeably improved, if only in every congregation some people could be brought to these two practices—diligent engagement with God's Word and faithful exercise of their priestly duties—and in doing so, besides the rest, they should especially practice brotherly admonition and correction, which has almost entirely died out among us, but which should rightly be pursued in earnest and protected by the preachers as far as they are able, even if some have to suffer for it.

Read the original Latin

Die Aufrichtung und fleißige Uebung des geistlichen Priesterthums.

Es wird Jeder, der etwas fleißig in Luthers Schriften gelesen, beobachtet haben, mit welchem Ernst der selige Mann solches geistliche Priesterthum getrieben habe, da nicht nur der Prediger, sondern alle Christen von ihrem Erlöser zu Priestern gemacht, mit dem heiligen Geist gesalbet, und zu geistlichen priesterlichen Verrichtungen berufen sind. Denn Petrus redet ja nicht mit den Predigern allein, wenn er sagt 1 Petr. 2,9: „Ihr aber seid das auserwählte Geschlecht, das königliche Priesterthum, das heilige Volk, das Volk des Eigenthums, daß Ihr verkündigen sollt die Tugenden deß, der Euch berufen hat von der Finsterniß zu seinem wunderbaren Licht. “ Wer ausführlich dieses unsers Lehrers Meinung hievon, und was die priesterlichen Aemter seien, vernehmen und lesen will, der lese seine Schriften an die Böhmen, wie man die Diener der Kirche wählen und einsetzen soll, da wird er sehen, wie stattlich erwiesen sei, daß allen Christen insgesammt ohne Unterschied alle geistlichen Aemter zustehen, obwohl deren ordentliche und öffentliche Verrichtung den dazu bestellten Dienern anbefohlen ist, und nur im Nothfall von Andern verrichtet werden mögen; die aber, welche nicht zu den öffentlichen Verrichtungen gehören, sollen immerfort zu Hause und im gemeinen Leben von Allen getrieben werden. Es ist eine besondere List des leidigen Teufels gewesen, daß es derselbe im Papstthum dahin gebracht, daß alle solche geistliche Aemter allein der Klerisei überwiesen (die sich daher auch hochmüthiger Weise allein den Namen „Geistlichen,“ welcher allen Christen thatsächlich zugehört, aneignet) und die übrigen Christen davon ausgeschlossen sind, als käme denselben nicht zu, in dem Wort des Herrn fleißig zu forschen, geschweige denn Andre neben sich zu unterrichten, zu vermahnen, zu strafen, zu trösten, und das privatim zu thun, was dem Kirchendiener öffentlich zu thun obliegt; sondern als wären dies lauter Dinge, die an dem Predigtamte allein hingen. Damit sind die sogenannten Laien zu dem, was sie billig mit angehen sollte, träge gemacht, und so ist eine schreckliche Unwissenheit und Wesen entstanden. Hingegen konnten nun die sogenannten Geistlichen thun, was sie wollten, da ihnen Niemand in die Karte sehen oder die geringste Einrede thun durfte. Daher ist dieses angemaaßte Monopol des geistlichen Standes neben der oben angedeuteten Abhaltung von der Schrift eins der vorzüglichsten Mittel im Papstthum, womit Rom seine Gewalt über die armen Christen befestiget hat und, wo es noch herrschet, bis jetzt erhält.

Es konnte also nicht empfindlicher angegriffen werden, als daß im Gegentheil Luther zeigte, wie alle Christen zu den geistlichen Aemtern berufen, und nicht nur befugt, sondern auch, wenn sie anders Christen sein wollen, verbunden sein, sich derselben anzunehmen, wenn auch nicht der öffentlichen Verwaltung derselben, wozu die Verordnung der das gleiche Recht besitzenden Gemeine gehört; denn es ist jeder Christ verpflichtet, nicht nur selbst sich und was an ihm ist, Gebet, Danksagung, gute Werke, Almosen u. s. w. zu opfern, und in dem Wort des Herrn emsig zu forschen, sondern auch Andern absonderlich seine Hausgenossen, nach der Gnade, die ihm gegeben ist, zu lehren, zu strafen, zu ermahnen, an ihrer Bekehrung zu arbeiten, zu erbauen, ihr Leben zu beobachten, für alle zu beten, und für ihre Seligkeit nach Möglichkeit zu sorgen. Wenn dies erst den Leuten gewiesen, so wird dann Jeder so viel mehr auf sich selbst Acht geben, und sich dessen befleißigen, was zu seiner und seines Nebenmenschen Erbauung dient. Wo hingegen solche Lehre nicht bekannt und getrieben wird, entsteht alle Sicherheit und Trägheit, indem Niemand denkt, daß ihn dergleichen angehe, sondern Jeder bildet sich ein, wie er zu seinem Amt, Handel, Handwerk u. s. w.

berufen, und dies nicht des Pfarrers Sache sei, so sei hingegen der Pfarrer zu den geistlichen Verrichtungen, der Beschäftigung mit Gottes Wort, Beten, Studiren, Lehren, Vermahnen, Trösten, Strafen u. s. w. dermaßen allein berufen, daß Andere sich nichts darum zu bekümmern hätten, ja wohl dem Pfarrer in sein Amt griffen, wo sie irgendwie damit umgingen; geschweige denn, daß sie auch selbst auf den Pfarrer mit Achtung geben, und wo er säumig ist, ihn selbst brüderlich ermahnen, überhaupt aber in Allem ihm an die Hand gehen sollten. Durch den ordentlichen Gebrauch dieses Priesterthums geschieht aber dem Predigtamte so gar kein Abbruch, daß vielmehr der Mangel desselben eine der wichtigsten Ursachen ist, warum das Predigtamt nicht alles das ausrichten kann, was es billig sollte, weil es ohne die Hülfe des allgemeinen Priesterthums zu schwach, und ein Mann nicht genug ist, bei so Vielen, als gewöhnlich Einem Einzigen zur Seelsorge anvertraut werden, das auszurichten, was zur Erbauung nöthig ist. Wenn aber die Priester ihr Amt thun, so hat der Prediger als ihr Direktor und ältester Bruder eine bedeutende Hülfe in seinem Amte und dessen öffentlichen und besonderen Verrichtungen, so daß ihm die Last nicht zu schwer wird. Man sollte daher billig in weitere Ueberlegung ziehen, wie nicht nur diese Materie, die nach Luthers Zeiten kaum mehr getrieben worden, den Leuten bekannter gemacht werden könnte, wozu des Herrn Joh. Vielitz gottselige Predigten hierüber sehr dienlich, sondern wie auch die Sache selbst in bessere Uebung zu bringen wäre; wozu der vorige Vorschlag einer einzuführenden Uebung im Lesen und Erklären der Schrift nicht ungeeignet sein möchte.

Meines geringen Theils bin ich fest überzeugt, daß schon Viel gethan wäre, immer Mehrere gewonnen, und die Kirche merklich gebessert werden würde, wenn nur in jeder Gemeine Einige zu diesen beiden Stücken, zu fleißiger Beschäftigung mit Gottes Wort und zu treuer Ausübung ihrer priesterlichen Pflichten gebracht werden könnten, wobei sie außer dem Uebrigen vornämlich die brüderliche Ermahnung und Bestrafung ausüben sollten, die fast ganz unter uns erloschen, aber billig ernstlich getrieben, und von den Predigern nach Vermögen geschützt werden sollte, wenn Einige deshalb etwa leiden müssen.

Scripture echoes

  1. 1Pet.2.9But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, so that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light.
  2. 1Pet.2.9But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, so that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light.
  3. Matt.18.15-Matt.18.17;Gal.6.1If your brother sins against you, go and show him his fault, between you and him alone. If he listens to you, you have gained your brother. Matt.18.16 — But if he does not listen, take one or two others along with you, so that by the mouth of two or three witnesses every matter may be established. Matt.18.17 — And if they refuse to listen to them, tell it to the church; and if they refuse even to listen to the church, let them be to you as a Gentile and a tax collector. Gal.6.1 — Brothers and sisters, even if someone is caught in any trespass, you who are spiritual should restore such a person in a spirit of gentleness, watching yourself, lest you too be tempted.

Notes

  1. 1German Tugenden (Luther's rendering of Greek aretas) rendered as excellencies; praises or mighty deeds would also be defensible.
  2. 2Schriften an die Böhmen points to Luther's treatise on choosing and installing church ministers (commonly linked with De instituendis ministris Ecclesiae / counsel to the Bohemians).
  3. 3Geistlichen kept as spirituals (the clerical title-claim); clergy would also be natural in modern English, but the point is the exclusive appropriation of the name that belongs to all Christians.
  4. 4Wesen rendered as state of affairs; older German can mean condition, way of life, or goings-on. The exact nuance is a little open.
  5. 5in die Karte sehen is idiomatic: to see into someone's cards / scrutinize their doings.
  6. 6„Verordnung der das gleiche Recht besitzenden Gemeine“: the public exercise of spiritual offices is ordered by the congregation, which shares the same right to those offices, not by a clerical monopoly.
  7. 7„Sicherheit“ here is spiritual/carnal security—complacent ease about the soul—not civil safety.
  8. 8Continues the preceding section's incomplete clause (Jeder bildet sich ein, wie er zu seinem Amt, Handel, Handwerk u. s. w. berufen…): lay vocation vs. pastoral vocation are set in reciprocal parallel.
  9. 9Fragment of the abbreviation u. s. w. (und so weiter, 'and so forth'); kept as a separate sentence per input segmentation.
  10. 10Final fragment of u. s. w. (und so weiter); completes the list-extension after s1–s2.
  11. 11Priesterthum / allgemeines Priesterthum rendered as 'priesthood' / 'universal priesthood' (Lutheran common priesthood of believers), not the ordained pastoral office (Predigtamt).
  12. 12Priester here means Christians exercising the universal priesthood (from context), not only ordained clergy; Prediger is the public preacher/pastor.
  13. 13Breaks mid-name/title: des Herrn Joh. continues in s8 as Vielitz. 'billig' = rightly/properly, not 'cheaply'.
  14. 14Completes s7's 'des Herrn Joh. Vielitz…': not only make the doctrine known (via Vielitz's sermons) but also put it into practice (via Scripture-reading exercise).

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