Capítulo V: QUE LA VIDA DE LA ALDEA ES MAS QUIETA Y MAS PRIVILEGIADA QUE LA VIDA DE LA CORTE
Freedom from the Burdens of Court
Village life offers the unique privilege of owning one's home without the constant intrusion of billeting officers and courtly demands.
It is a privilege of village life that no billeting officer of the king or of any lord lives there, or may live there, or goes by that name, or can go by it; instead each man lives freely in the house he inherited from his forebears or bought with his own money—and that without any constable dividing up his house or even parceling out his furnishings.12 Those who hang around courts and live in large cities don't enjoy this privilege, because there, people seize their goods, split up their lodgings, divide their furniture, and choose their guests. In the village, a man doesn't face new terms constantly, doesn't need a warrant to get billeted, doesn't struggle to get his name on a list, doesn't have to serve billeting officers, doesn't hunt for lodging near the palace, doesn't quarrel over dividing a house, doesn't put up pledges to secure bedding, doesn't rent beds for servants, doesn't fit out a manger for animals, and doesn't have to give gifts to hostesses.34 The man who has a house of his own does not know what he has; because changing regions every year and terms every day is intolerable labor and an unbearable tax.5
The Dignity of the First Place
It is better to be a person of standing in a small village than a humbled subordinate in the competitive environment of the city.
It's a privilege of village life that the gentleman or rich man who lives there is the best among the good, or one of the best—which cannot be so at court or in the great towns; because there are many others there who outdo him in having more wealth, in going about with larger retinues, in fielding finer liveries, in priding themselves on better blood, in having more kin, in holding more power in the commonwealth, in giving themselves more to business, and even in being far more valiant.6 Julius Caesar used to say he’d rather be first in a village than second in Rome. We would dare to say, and even affirm, that for men whose thoughts are high and whose fortune is low, it would be more honor and more advantage to live honored in a village than humbled in the city. The difference between living in a small place and a large one is this: in the village you’ll see many poor people for whom you feel pity, while in the city or at court you’ll see many rich people of whom you feel envy.7
The Quietude of Domestic Life
Village life provides the time and peace necessary for family, prayer, and personal reflection, free from the frantic busyness of the court.
It's a privilege of village life that everyone there gets to enjoy his lands, his houses, and his property; because there he has no extravagant expenses, his wife doesn't press him with jealousy, he doesn't harbor so many suspicions of her, procuresses don't unsettle him, and lovers don't come calling—instead they raise their daughters, instruct their sons, take honor among their kin, and there they are fathers to everyone. Anyone who lives content in the village enjoys no small blessing. They live more quietly and with less harassment, living for their own good rather than to another's harm. They live as they are bound to rather than as they are inclined, by reason rather than by opinion, on what they earn rather than on what they steal, and as someone who fears to die rather than as one who expects to live forever.8 In the village there are no windows that command your house, no people to elbow you, no horses to trample you, no pages to shout at you, no torches to drip wax on you, no officers of justice to frighten you, no lords to take precedence over you, no noises to startle you, no constables to disarm you, and—best of all—no scoundrels to shake you down for bribes. It is a privilege of the village that, for all these things, there is time in it when time is well divided; and this seems true in that there is time to read a book, to pray the Hours, to hear Mass in church, to go visit the sick, to go hunting in the fields, to take ease with friends, to stroll by the threshing floors, to go see the livestock, to eat early if they wish, to play a while at cards, to take a siesta, and even to shoot the crossbow.9101112 People who move in court circles and live in big cities don't enjoy this privilege, because most of their time there is spent making visits, handling lawsuits, bargaining, engaging in shady deals, and sometimes even just sighing.13 When they told the emperor Augustus that a very meddlesome Roman had died, they say he remarked: "Seeing how little time Bibulus had left for his dealings and business, I don't know how he found the time to die."14
The Simple Joys of the Land
The villager enjoys the fruits of his own labor, avoiding the exorbitant costs of urban living.
It's a privilege of village life that anyone who has a few vineyards can enjoy them to his heart's content—which seems true enough, seeing what great pleasure they take in watching them planted, dug over a second time, earthed up, fenced in, and cleared of weeds; in stacking the cuttings; in eating the early grapes; in making grape syrup for the house; in hanging grapes for the winter; in throwing the pomace to the pigeons; in making a thin after-wine for the farmhands; in setting a jar aside; in aging a cask of old wine; in presenting a wineskin to a friend; in selling a cask at a fine price; in drinking from their own cellar; and above all, in never having to reach into their purse to send out for wine from the tavern.1516 Those who live outside the village have no bundles of vine wood to put by, no vine stocks to burn, no grapes to hang, no wine to drink, not even grape syrup to taste; and if they want any of this, they have to buy it for its weight in gold.
Liberty of Manner and Dress
Village life allows for a natural, unpretentious way of living, where one is not defined by the need for retinues or expensive clothing.
It's a privilege of village life that all the residents can walk through the entire village alone without being charged by the Hermandad or losing any of their dignity.17 Not a little, but a great deal blessed is the one who lives in the village, since he has no need of squires to accompany him, servants to hold his mule, a page to bring him his rain cloak, another page to carry his hat, marten furs to wear in winter, or Florence satins for summer; and what is more than all the rest, if the village is somewhat small, he can go through it not only strolling, but even singing.18 Not only the husband, but even the wife is privileged in the village; she has no need of someone to carry her train, of setting up a dais in church, of sending her cushion on ahead, of taking a housekeeper and a maid along with her, of a squire to take her by the arm, of a page to hand her the Hours, or of a tutor to take the children; though we won't fail to say that some women are so foolish and vain that they want to dress themselves as finely in the village before the farm women as if they were going to the palace to see the ladies.1920 The good of the village is that however alone and unaccompanied a man goes to visit a neighbor, to hear his Mass, to prune the vine, to look over his land, to check on the livestock, and to look in on the plowman, he tends his estate and loses none of his honor.21 It's a privilege of village life that you can go about not only alone, but even without a cloak or mantle—just carrying a small stick, or with your thumbs tucked into your belt, or your hands clasped behind your back. The freedom of the village is significant: if you don't want to wear hose, you wear loose breeches; if you don't want a cloak, you go without an outer garment; if your doublet chafes, you loosen the laces; if it's hot, you go without a cap; if it's cold, you put on a sheepskin coat; if it rains hard, you throw on a rain-cape; if your tunic feels heavy, you wear just your hose and doublet; if it's muddy, you put on stilts; and if there's a stream, you vault over it with a pole.2223 The poor gentleman who, in the village, manages to have a stout woolen tunic, a closed hooded cloak, a good hat, last year's gloves, a pair of Sunday half-boots, and slippers that aren't torn goes to church as puffed up in those clothes as a lord lined with marten fur would.24 Those who live in the town or city don't enjoy this privilege; because there it happens that the husband won't leave the house for having a threadbare cloak, and the wife won't go to Mass for want of a maid.25
The Wisdom of Humble Living
Living simply on foot is more honorable and practical for a gentleman than maintaining the expensive facade of horse-ownership.
It's a privilege of village life that anyone can go about there not only alone and without a cloak, but even walk or stroll on foot without owning a mule or keeping a horse.26 If you live in the village and get around on foot, you’re spared the trouble of hunting for a colt, buying a mule, finding a servant, grooming the animal, trimming its mane, buying harness, mending bridles, stuffing saddles, looking after spurs, fixing stirrup straps, shoeing it every month, providing green fodder, storing straw, putting away barley, and even repairing mangers.27 All these little details are, for a poor gentleman, not only annoying but costly too; and you feel the expense every time you reach for your purse or talk of marrying off a daughter.28 It's not something to skip over lightly—what a poor gentleman does when he goes into town for market day.29 He puts on a long hooded cloak, wraps a plain cloth around his head, pulls on an old hat, straps on light riding spurs, and puts on his Sunday boots. He rents a donkey from a neighbor, rides off like a gentleman with his feet tucked into the saddlebags and a stick in his hand to prod her. Best of all, he tells everyone he meets that his horse went lame from a nail, and he tells the people at the market that he left it stabled at the bridge inn.30 When he gets back to the village, he tells his neighbors he went to the city to visit a sick person, or to intercede for a prisoner, or to look after a lawsuit, or to put a price on a colt, or to buy silk and cloth, or to collect a third of his pay—when the truth is he brings the saddlebags full of greens for the pot, salt for the house, shoes for the household, oil for Friday, candles for supper, and it wouldn't be surprising if he also brought a pruning hook to prune his vineyard.31 I ask the readers of this writing to notice more than laugh at what we've said here, for it's healthier advice for a poor gentleman to go looking for his food on a donkey than to go hungry on a horse.32
Read the original Latin
Es previlegio de aldea que en ella no biva n pueda bivir, ni se llame ni se pueda llamar ningún hombre aposentador de rey ni de señor, sino que libremente more cada uno en la casa que heredó de sus passados o compró por sus dineros, y esto sin que ningún alguacil le divida la casa ni aun le parta la ropa. No gozan deste previlegio los que andan en las cortes y biven en grandes pueblos; porque allí les toman las cosas, parten los aposentos, dividen la ropa, escogen los huéspedes conoscerá condiciones nuevas, no sacará cédula para que le aposenten, no trabajará que le pongan en la nómina, no terná que servir aposentadores, no buscará posada cabe palacio, no reñirá sobre el partir la casa, no dará prendas para que le fíen ropa, no alquilará camas para los criados, no adobará pesebre para las bestias ni dará estrenas a sus huéspedas. No sabe lo que tiene el que casa de suyo tiene; porque mudar cada año regiones y cada día condiciones es un trabajo intolerable y un tributo insuffrible.
Es previlegio de aldea que el hidalgo o hombre rico que en ella hiviere sea el mejor de los buenos o uno de los mejores, lo qual no puede ser en la corte o en los grandes pueblos; porque allí a y otros muchos que le exceden en tener más riquezas, en andar más acompañados, en sacar mejores libreas , en presciarse de mejor sangre, en tener más parentela, en poder más en la república, en darse más a negocios y aun en ser muy más valerosos. Julio César dezía que más quería ser en una aldea el primero que en Roma el segundo. Ossariamos dezir y aun afirmar que para los hombres que tienen los pensamientos altos y la fortuna baxa les sería más honra y provecho bivir en aldea honrados que no en la ciudad abatidos. La dife rencia que va de morar en lugar pequeño o grande es que en el aldea verás a muchos pobres a quien tengas mancilla y en la ciudad o corte verás a muchos ricos a quien tengas embidia.
Es previlegio de aldea que cada uno goze en ella de sus tierras, de sus casas y de sus haziendas; porque allí no tiene gastos extravagantes, no les piden celos sus mugeres, no tienen ellos tantas sospechas dellas, no los alteran las alcahuetas, no los visitan las enamoradas, sino que crían sus hijas, doctrinan sus hijos, hónranse con sus deudos y son allí padres de todos. No tiene poca bionaventurança el que bive contento en el aldea; porque bive más quieto y menos importunado, bive en provecho suyo y no en daño de otro, bive como es obligado y no como es inclinado, bive conforme a razón y no según opinión, bive con lo que gana y no con lo que roba, bive como quien teme morir y no como quien espera siempre bivir. En el aldea no ay ventanas que sojuzguen tu casa, no ay gente que te dé codaços, no ay cavallos que te atropellen, no ay pajes que te griten, no ay hachas que te enceren, no ay justizias que te atemoricen, no ay señores que te precedan, no ay ruydos que te espanten, no ay alguaciles que te desarmen, y, lo que es mejor de todo, que no ay truhanes que te cohechen Fa previlegio de aldes que para todas estas cosas a ya en ella tiempo quando el tiempo es bien repartido; y paresce esto ser verdad en que ay tiempo para leer en un libro, para rezar en unes horas , para oyr misse en la iglesia, para ir a visitar los enfermos, para irse a caza a los campos, para holgarse con los amigos, para passearse por las eras, para ir a ver el ganado, para comer, si quisieren, temprano, para jugar un rato al triunfo, para dormir la siesta y aun para jugar a la ballesta.
No gozan deste previlegio los que en las cortes andan y en los grandes pueblos biven; porque allí lo más del tiempo se les passa en visitar, en pleytear, en negociar, en trampear y aun a las vezes en sospirar. Como dixessen al emperador Augusto que un romano muy entremetido era muerto, dizen que dixo: Según le faltava tiempo a Bíbulo para negociar, no sé cómo tuvo espacio para se morire.
Es previlegio de aldea que el que tuviere algunas viñas goze muy a su contento dellas, lo qual paresce ser verdad en que toman muy gran recreación en verlas plantar, verlas binar, verlas cubrir, verlas cercar, verlas vardar nojos, en hazer una tinada dellos, en comer de las uvas tempranas, en hazer arrope para casa, en colgar uvas para el invierno, en echar orujo a las palomas, en hazer una aguapié para los moços, en guardar una tinaja aparte, en añejar alguna cuba de añejo, en presentar un cuero al amigo, en vender muy bien una cuba, en bever de su propia bodega, y sobre todo, en no echar mano a la bolsa para embiar por vino a la taberna. Los que moran fuera del aldea no tienen manojos que guardar, `ni cepas que quemar, ni uvas que colgar, ni vino que bever, ni aun arrope que gustar; y si algo desto quieren tener, a peso de oro lo han de comprar.
Es previlegio de aldea que todos los aldeanos se puedan andar por toda el aldea solos sin que caigan en caso de hermandad, ni pierdan cosa de su gravedad. No poco, sino mucho es bienaventurado el que bive en el aldes, pues no ha menester escuderos que le acompañen, moços que le tengan la mula, paje que le traiga la capa de agua, otro paje que le lleve el sombrero, ropas de martas que traiga el invierno, rasos de Florencia para traer el verano; y lo que más es de todo, que si el aldea es algo pequeña, no sólo se puede ir por ella passeando, mas aun cantando. No sólo el marido, mas aun la mugor es en el aldea previlegiada; la qual no tiene necessidad de quien le lleve la falda, de poner estrado en la iglesia, de embiar delante sí el almohada, de llevar consigo ama y donzella, de escudero que la lleve de braço, de paje que le dé las horas ni de bachiller que lleve a los hijos; aunque no dexaremos de dezir que son algunas tan locas y vanas que tan galanas se quieren poner en el aldea delante las labradoras como si fuessen a palacio a ver las damas. El bien del aldea es que por solo y desacompañado que vaya uno a visitar al vezino, a oyr su misa, a podar la viña, a ver ia heredad, a reconoscer el ganado y a requerir al yuguero , grangea su hazienda y no pierde nada de su honra.
Es prévilegio de aldea que cada vezino se pueda andar no solamente solo, mas aun sin capa y sin manteo, es a saber, una varilla en la mano, o puestos los pulgares en la cinta o bueltas las manos atrás. No pequeña, sino grande es la libertad del aldea, en que si uno no quiere traer calças trae çaragüelles; si no quiere traer capa, ándase en cuerpo; si le congoxa el jubón, afloxa las agujetas; si ha calor, ándase sin gorra; si ha frío, vistese un zamarro; si llueve mucho, embístese un capote; si le pesa el sayo, ándase en calças y jubón; si ha ze lodos, cálçase unos zancos; y si ay algún arroyo, sáltale con un palo. El pobre hidalgo que en el aldea alcança a tener un sayo de paño recio, un capuz cerrado, un sombrero bueno, unos guantes de sobreaño, unos boreeguíes domingueros y unos pantuflos no rotos, tan hinchado va él a la iglesia con aquellas ropas como irá un señor aforrado de martas. No gozan deste previlegio los que moran en la villa o ciudad; porque allí a contesce el marido no salir de casa por tener la capa raída y la muger no ir a misa por falta de ama.
Es previlegio de aldea que cada uno se pueda andar en ella no solamente solo y en cuerpo, mes aun a pie caminar o se passear sin tener mula ni mantener cavallo. El que en el aldea bive y anda a pie ahorra de buscar potro, de ccmprar mula, de buscar moço, de ha zerla almohazar , de tusarle las crines, de comprar guarniciones, de adobar frenos, de henchir sillas , de guardar las espuelas, de remendar los aciones , de herrarla cada mes, de darle verde, de encerrar paja, de ensilar cebada y aun de adobar pesebres. Tcdas estas menudencias para un pobre hidalgo no sólo son enojosas, mas aun costosas; el gasto de las quales se siente todas las vezes que se echa mano a la bolsa o se habla de casar una hija. No es de passar entre renglones lo que haze un pobre hidalgo quando va a la villa a mercado. El se viste un largo oapuz, se reboça una toca casera, se encas queta un sombrero viejo, se pone unas espuelas ginetas, se calça los boroeguies del domingo, alquila una borrica a su vezino, vase en ella cavallero, lleva los pies metidos en las alforjas, en la mano un palo con que la aguija, y lo mejor de todo es que a los que le topan dize que tiene el cavallo enclavado y a los del mercado dize que lo dexa en el mesón de la puente arrendado . Ya que buelve al aldea, dize a sus vezinos que fué a la ciudad a visitar un enfermo, o a rogar por un preso, o a hazer vor un pleyto, o a poner en prescio un potro, o a sacar seda y pafio, o a cobrar el tercio de su sueldo, como sea verdad que lleve las alforjas llenas de verdura para la olla, de sal para casa, de calçado para la gente, de azeite para el viernes, de candelas para la cena, y no seré mucho lleve alguna podadera para podar su viña. A los lectoros de esta escritura ruego que más lo noten que lo rían esto que aquí hemos dicho, pues le es más sano consejo al pobre hidalgo ir a buscar de comer en una borrica que no andar hambreando en un cavallo.
Notes
- 1 ↩Source reading "no biva n pueda bivir" is treated as "no biva ni pueda bivir" (OCR/spacing corruption).
- 2 ↩"Aposentador" is the court officer who billeted the royal household on private houses; "alguacil" is rendered "constable" for the local officer enforcing such divisions; "ropa" here is household goods/furnishings, not only clothing.
- 3 ↩After the court abuses (les toman... escogen los huéspedes), the text runs "conoscerá condiciones nuevas, no sacará cédula...". Parallel "no..." futures and the next sentence on changing "condiciones" make a missing "no" before "conoscerá" the most plausible reading: he will not meet new conditions. Rendered accordingly.
- 4 ↩"Cédula" = official billeting order/warrant; "nómina" = official lodging roster; "estrenas" = customary gifts/tips to landladies; "huéspedas" = female hosts/landladies. The long "no..." chain is taken as freedoms of village life, not further court burdens.
- 5 ↩"Casa de suyo" = a house that is his own (owned, not rented or billeted). "Condiciones" continues the lodging/terms sense from s2. "Tributo" kept as "tax" for the fiscal/forced-levy force of court mobility.
- 6 ↩Source 'allí a y otros muchos' is treated as 'allí hay otros muchos' ('there are many others there'). 'hiviere' read as 'viviere'; 'presciarse' as 'preciarse'.
- 7 ↩Source 'dife rencia' is line-split 'diferencia'; 'embidia' is 'envidia'. 'mancilla' rendered as pity/compassion (tener mancilla de).
- 8 ↩Source 'bionaventurança' read as 'bienaventuranza' (blessedness / good fortune).
- 9 ↩Normalized 'Fa previlegio de aldes que ... a ya en ella tiempo' as 'Es previlegio de aldea que ... haya en ella tiempo' (print/OCR garble).
- 10 ↩'truhanes que te cohechen': rendered as scoundrels who extort/bribe; 'cohechar' can mean to bribe or corrupt.
- 11 ↩'hachas que te enceren': court processional torches dripping wax, not axes.
- 12 ↩'rezar en unas horas' and 'triunfo' kept as Books of Hours / card-play (triumph), not generic hours or victory.
- 13 ↩trampear: early modern sense of sharp practice / living by tricks and schemes, not mere 'tramping'.
- 14 ↩entremetido: meddlesome busybody, always thrusting himself into others' affairs. Bíbulo is the proper name Bibulus.
- 15 ↩Period vineyard jargon: 'vardar nojos' is taken as clearing weeds/nuisances from the vines; 'tinada dellos' as stacking the resulting cuttings/brush. Alternative local readings of the farming terms are possible but do not change the overall sense of hands-on enjoyment of the vineyard cycle.
- 16 ↩'Arrope' is boiled-down grape must (syrup); 'aguapié' is the weak wine made by pouring water over pressed pomace; 'cuero' is a leather wineskin of wine given as a gift.
- 17 ↩"Caso de hermandad" likely alludes to the Santa Hermandad (rural police/peace force): walking alone without retinue did not put a villager under suspicion or under their jurisdiction, as it might a person of rank elsewhere. Less likely is a generic "case of needing company."
- 18 ↩Source "aldes" read as "aldea" (village); likely typesetting/scribal error.
- 19 ↩Source "mugor" read as "muger"/mujer (wife); clear typographical error.
- 20 ↩"Las horas" rendered as the Book of Hours (prayer book a page would carry for a lady), not clock-time; fits courtly attendance practice.
- 21 ↩Source "ver ia heredad" read as "ver la heredad" (look over his land/estate); "ia" is almost certainly a damaged or mis-set "la".
- 22 ↩Source 'si ha ze lodos' is treated as corrupt orthography for a muddy-conditions sense (likely 'si hay de lodos' / 'si hace lodos'); rendered 'if it's muddy'.
- 23 ↩'ándase en cuerpo' = goes without outer wear (cloak/cape), not naked; period sense of informal undress.
- 24 ↩'guantes de sobreaño' rendered as 'last year's gloves' (year-old / leftover-from-last-year gloves).
- 25 ↩'allí a contesce' read as 'allí acontesce' (acontece): 'there it happens'.
- 26 ↩Source 'mes' read as 'mas' ('but'); 'en cuerpo' rendered as without a cloak/outer garment, matching the chapter's clothing sense.
- 27 ↩Normalized OCR forms: 'ccmprar'→comprar, 'ha zerla almohazar'→hacerla almohazar; feminine 'la' refers to the mule throughout the list.
- 28 ↩Source 'Tcdas' read as 'Todas'.
- 29 ↩'Passar entre renglones' idiomatically means to pass over / leave unmentioned between the lines; rendered as 'skip over lightly'.
- 30 ↩Normalized OCR: 'oapuz'→capuz, 'encas queta'→encasqueta, 'boroeguies'→borceguíes. 'Cavallo enclavado' = horse lamed by a nail in the shoe; 'arrendado' = left hired/stabled.
- 31 ↩Normalized: 'hazer vor'→hacer por, 'prescio'→precio, 'pafio'→paño, 'no seré mucho'→no será mucho. Oil for Friday alludes to Friday abstinence from meat.
- 32 ↩Source 'lectoros' read as 'lectores'.
Menosprecio de Corte y Alabanza de Aldea (Contempt of Court and Praise of Village) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit