SR
Chapter 18MenosprAldea.1.18

Capítulo XVII: DE MUCHOS Y MUY ILUSTRES VARONES QUE DE SU VOLUNTAD Y NO POR NECESSIDAD DEXARON LAS CORTES Y SE RETRAXERON A SUS CASAS

The Wisdom of Withdrawal

Marcus Crassus and Diogenes demonstrate the necessity of leaving the court to find true peace.

Marcus Crassus was one of the illustrious captains Rome had in the days when it was conquering the kingdoms of Asia, because he was very brave in fighting and very sound in governing. Marcus Crassus supported the consul Sulla and was a staunch opponent of the consul Marius and the dictator Julius Caesar. For this reason, when Caesar was captured by pirates in the Adriatic Sea, he immediately cried out, "It doesn't grieve me to be a captive—only the pleasure my enemy Marcus Crassus will take from it." Marcus Crassus had a philosopher named Alexander as his teacher, whom he treated as a father in counsel, a brother in governance, a friend in hardship, and a master in learning. This philosopher, Alexander, traveled with his friend Marcus Crassus for eighteen years. Eventually, he asked for leave to return to his own land and retire to his home. As he departed, he said to Crassus, "For the love I have borne you, the teaching I have given you, and the services I have performed for you, I ask no reward other than this: once I have left and parted from you, do not call me back or write me a letter. I am so tired of court life that I not only want to leave it, but to forget it entirely." Dionysius of Syracuse, though the greatest of tyrants, was also a great lover of philosophers and a friend to wise men. He used to say of the Greek philosophers that one should listen to them, but not believe them, because their business was talking, not doing. Eight illustrious philosophers came from Greece to Syracuse, the city where Dionysius lived: Plato, Chilo, Demophon, Diogenes, Myrto, Pylades, Ovidio, and Surrano, along with many others. They made more use of his wealth than Dionysius did of their teaching.12 For eleven years running the philosopher Diogenes stayed in Dionysius's house and court; and when he had already left Dionysius's house and returned to Greece, and one day was washing some cabbages, another philosopher said to him, to mock him and even sting him: "If you hadn't left Dionysius's court, you wouldn't be washing cabbages."3 To which Diogenes replied: And even if you were content with cabbages, you wouldn't be at Dionysius's court.

Cato’s Blessed Life

Cato the Censor serves as a model of virtuous living found only in retirement from the court.

Cato the Censor, from whom all the Catos took their renown, was the most virtuous and most highly regarded Roman among all the ancient Romans; because in the sixty-eight years he lived, no man ever saw him act frivolously or lose his gravity. Plutarch says of him these words: Cato was prudent in counsel; gentle in conversation; severe in correction; generous with favors; temperate in eating; upright in life; reliable in what he promised; grave in what he commanded; and even inexorable in justice.4 When good Cato was fifty-eight years old, he left the Roman court and went to live in a village near Picenio, where Puzol is now, and there the good old man stayed for the rest of his life farming and living off his own estate.5 While good Cato was living in that poor house of his, apart and alone, reading his books at times and pruning the vines at others, they wrote these words in charcoal on the doors of his house: O felix Cato, tu solus scis vivere. Which means: O blessed Cato, for you alone know how to live! From this so noble antiquity one can gather that no courtier at court knows how to live or learns how to die.

Lucullus and the Peace of the Soul

Lucullus finds that true happiness is not in worldly success, but in the peace to enjoy one's own company.

The Roman consul and general Lucullus spent sixteen consecutive years fighting the Parthians. From that campaign, he earned great fame for himself, great honor for Rome, vast territories for the republic, and even immense wealth for his own household—for among all the illustrious Roman commanders, only Lucullus managed to enjoy in his old age what he had won in his youth.6 After Lucullus came back from Asia and saw that the republic was split into the factions of Sulla's men and Marius's men, he decided to leave the Roman court and build houses near Naples, by the sea—what they now call Castil del Lobo—where he stayed another eighteen years, until he died surrounded by comforts and free of troubles.7 Lucullus's home was frequently visited by captains heading to Asia and ambassadors coming from Rome. One night, when he had no guests and his steward apologized for a meager dinner because no one was dining with him, Lucullus replied with excellent grace: "Even if there were no guests to dine with Lucullus, you should have remembered that Lucullus still had to dine with Lucullus." Plutarch, recounting Lucullus's pursuits after his retirement, says: "Every day he would enter his library as if it were a delightful haunt of the Muses, and there he spent his time reading, talking, and debating."8 As if to say: "Not a day passed that Lucullus did not withdraw into a great library he kept, where he with others, and others with him, spent their time reading, debating, and conversing." From this notable example, you can see that true happiness doesn't lie in having whatever you want to eat, but in God giving you the peace to enjoy it.

Diocletian’s Garden

The Emperor Diocletian chooses the humble labor of gardening over the heavy burden of imperial rule.

Aelius Spartianus writes that the emperor Diocletian, after governing the empire for eighteen years, renounced his position entirely and left the Roman court, intending to retire to his home to finish his life in peace and quiet. He often said that people should pity only the emperor and envy only the plowman.9 Two years after Diocletian stepped down, the Romans sent a very solemn embassy to him, earnestly begging him to take pity on the Roman republic and return to Rome, because as long as he lived, they would trust the imperial throne to no one else. When the ambassadors arrived at his humble home, Diocletian was busy in his small garden, weeding his lettuce. He was pruning some vines, and when they delivered their message, he replied: "Do you really think, friends, that a man who has planted, weeded, and watered lettuce like this wouldn't be better off eating it in peace at home than returning to the chaos of Rome?" He added: "I’ve already tasted what it’s like to command, and I’ve also tasted what it’s like to plow and dig. Please, leave me in my home; I’d much rather earn my living with my hands in this village than carry the Roman Empire on my back." From this imperial example one can gather how much better a life the rough-haired country man has in his own house than any prince in the world has at court.10

Pericles and the Harbor of Rest

Pericles finds his final rest in a simple village life, having left behind the tumult of the Athenian senate.

Cleo and Pericles succeeded Solon Solonino in the republic of Athens, a man highly esteemed among the Greeks and reputed almost a god by the Athenians; for, in truth, Solon was the first who reformed Greece and gave laws to the republic.11 These two illustrious men were both captains, both philosophers, both Greeks, and even both very great men of the republic; except that Cleo was held the more valiant, and Pericles the more virtuous.12 Plutarch says of Pericles that during the thirty-six years he governed Athens, no one ever saw him enter another person's house or sit down in a public street, for he was very just in government and very grave in his personal reputation. When Pericles was old and had had his fill of public affairs, he decided to leave the court and senate of Athens to live and die on his country estate, where he spent another fifteen years reading books by night and plowing fields by day. The house Pericles owned in that village had a very small door, through which the good philosopher came and went, and above that door he had these words written: Inveni portum, spes et fortuna, valete. This means: Hope and Fortune, stay behind and farewell, for I have already found the harbor of rest. From so notable an example one can gather that no courtier can truthfully say he lives a secure life unless it is after he withdraws to his own house.13

Seneca and the Persistence of Fortune

Even in retirement, Seneca shows that one must remain vigilant, as fortune can pursue the wise even in solitude.

Lucius Seneca was the moral tutor and master of letters to Nero the Cruel, the sixth emperor of Rome—a man truly learned in letters, solid in his teaching, a lover of the commonwealth, and very well-ordered in his life. Seneca lived at the Roman court for forty-four years, during which he had a great hand in public business and very close familiarity with the princes, because he was a man very careful in what he said and very prudent in what he advised. Since Seneca was very old and was thoroughly worn out by public affairs, he left the court of Rome and went to live on an estate of his near Nola in Campania, where he still lived for many years, spent in very good pursuits. So, living there in retirement, he wrote the books On Benefits, On Anger, On the Good Man, and On Adverse Fortune; and in the end, human malice doing its work, Nero, his pupil, ordered him put to death—not because he had done anything dishonest, but because the shameless Domitia bore him ill will.14 From this so notable example one can gather that Fortune also pursues the wretched and ill-fated man when he is withdrawn in his house, just as when he is caught up at court.15

Scipio and Plato’s Academy

Scipio Africanus and Plato both choose the simplicity of the village to conclude their illustrious lives.

Scipio Africanus was one of the most longed-for and beloved captains Rome ever had, because in the twenty-six years he followed the wars in Spain, Africa, and Asia he never did anything dishonorable, never lost a battle, never wronged anyone, and never was weakness known in him.16 This good Scipio subdued Africa, laid waste to Carthage, defeated Hannibal, destroyed Numantia, and restored Rome, which had been left desolate since the battle of Cannae.17 At fifty-two, Scipio left the Roman court and retired to a small village between Puteoli and Capua, where, as Seneca notes, he had nothing but a garden for food, a house to live in, a bath for bathing, and a granddaughter to serve him.18 Scipio committed himself so fully to village life that in the eleven years he lived there, he never once entered Capua or returned to visit Rome.19 From so heroic an example you can gather how much greater the glory and honor is in scorning the honors and riches of this life than in winning them. As for the divine Plato: he was born in Lycaonia, raised in Egypt, and lived in Athens.20 This great philosopher was the one who answered the ambassadors from Cyrene when they asked him for laws for their republic: Difficillimum est homines amplissima fortuna ditatos legibus continere.21 This means: "Men who are greatly favored by fortune submit only with great difficulty to the laws of the republic."22 Unable to bear the demands of his friends and the public uproar, Plato withdrew to a village two leagues from Athens called the Academy, where the good old man spent eighteen years reading and writing, and there finished his happy days.

The Noble Choice of Poverty

A concluding reflection on why the greatest men of history chose to order their lives through voluntary withdrawal.

In memory of that village where Plato read and lived: what Latin speakers now call a school of learning, the ancients used to call an Academy.23 All these illustrious men, along with countless others, walked away from kingdoms, consulships, governorships, cities, palaces, positions of influence, courts, and riches to seek an honest poverty and a quiet life in the villages.24 We will not say that any of these men left the court because he was poor, shamed, living in disgrace, out of favor, or because he had been banished; rather, moved by their pure goodness and their own free will, they went to put their lives in order before death could waylay them.25

Read the original Latin

Marco Crasso fué uno de los ilustres capitanes que tuvo Roma en los tiempos que conquistava los reynos de Asia, porque era muy animoso para pelear y muy cuerdo para governar. Este Marco Crasso siguió la parcialidad del cónsul Sila y fué muy contrario al cónsul Mario y al ditador Julio César, a cuya causa, quando César fué preso en el mar Adriático por los pyratas, luego a grandes vozes dixo: No me pesa de ser preso, sino del plazer que ha de tomar mi enemigo Marco Crasso.» Fué maestro de este Marco Crasso un filósofo que avia nombre Alexandro, al qual él tenía como a padre en los consejos, como a hermano en el governar, como amigo en los trabajos y como a preceptor en las letras. Anduvo este filósofo Alexandro con su amigo Marco Crasso diez y ocho años, después de los quales pidióle licencia para irse a su tierra y retraerse a su casa, y al tiempo que se despidió, dixo estas palabras a Marco Crasso: Por el amor que te he tenido y por la doctrina que te he dado y aun por los servicios que te he hecho, no te pido otro galardón que me des sino que ni me llames que torne acá ni me escrivas carta allá después que de aquí me fuere y de ti me partiere; porque estoy tan harto de corte, que no sólo la quiero dexar, mas aun olvidar.» Dionisio Siracusano, aunque fué el mayor tirano de los tiranos, por otra parte fué muy grande amador de filósofos y amigo de hombres sabios; y assí, dezía él que a los filósofos de Grecia que los avía de oyr, mas no creer, porque todo su hecho era parlar y no obrar. Vinieron desde Grecia basta Siracusana, que era la ciudad a do Dionísio residía, ocho muy ilustres filósofos, es a saber: Platón, Chilo, Demofón, Diógenes, Mirto, Pilades, Olvidio, Surrano y otros muchos con ellos, los quales se aprovechavan más de la hazienda dél que no Dionisio de la doctrina dellos. Onze años continuos estuvo el filósofo Diógenes en la casa y corte de Dionisio, el qual como dexase a Dionisio ya su casa y se tornasse a Grecia y un día estuviesse lavando unas bergas, díxole otro filósofo, por le motejar y aun lastimar: Si tú no dexaras la corte de Dionisio, no lavaras berças. Al qual respondió Diógenes:

Y aun si tú te contentasses con berças, no estarías en la corte de Dionisio. Catón Censorino, de quien tomaron renombre todos los Catones, fué el más virtuoso y el más estimado romano que uvo en todos los antiguos romanos; porque en sesenta y ocho años que bivió, jamás hombre le vió hazer liviandad ni perder la gravedad. Plutarco dize dél estas palabras: Fué Catón en el consejo prudente; en la conversación, manso; en el corregir, severo; en las mercedes, largo; en el comer, templado; en la vida, honesto; en lo que prometía, cierto; en lo que mandava, grave, y aun en la justicia, inessorable. Ya que el buen Catón era en edad de cincuenta y ocho años, dexó la corte romane y fuésse a bivir en un aldea que estava junto a Picenio, a do agora es Puzol, y allí se estuvo el buen viejo todo el restante de su vida grangeando y comiendo de su propia hazienda. Como se estava el buen Catón en aquella su pobre casa aparte y solo, y a ratos leyendo en los libros y a tiempos podando las viñas, escrivieron con carbón a las puertas de su casa estas palabras: O felix Cato, tu solus scis vivere. Que quieren dezir: O bienaventurado Catón, pues tú solo sabes bivir! Desta tan noble antigüedad se puede coligir que ningún cortesano en la corte sabe bivir ni aprende a morir.

Lúculo, el consul y capitán romano, estuvo en las guerras de los partos diez y seis años continuos, de la qual empressa él sacó mucha fama para su persona, mucha honra para Roma, muchas tierras para la república y aun muchas riquezas para su casa; porque de todos los ilustres capitanes roma nos sólo Lúculo mereació gozar en la vejez lo que avía ganado en la mocedad. Después que Lúculo vino de Asia y vió que la república estava partida en parcialidades de Silanos y Marianos, acordó de dexar la corte romana y hazer unas casas cabe Nápoles, sobre la mar, que agora llaman Castil del Lobo, adonde estuvo otros diez y ocho años, basta que murió rodeado de regalos y ahorrado de enojos. Era la casa de Lúculo muy freqüentada de todos los capitanes que iban a Asia y de todos los embaxadores que venían de Roma; y como una noche no tuviesse huéspedes y su despensero se escussasse averle dado corta y pobre cena porque no avía quien con él cenasse, respondióle con muy buena gracia: «Aunque no avía huéspedes que cenassen con Lúculo, avías de pensar que Lúculo avía de cenar con Lúculo. Plutarco, contando los exercicios de Lúculo después que se retraxo & su casa, dice: «Quotidie in suam bibliothecam intrabat, velut in quoddam amoenissimum locum musarum, et ibi legendo, loquendo et disputando, tempus terebat.» Como si dixesse: «No passava día que no se retraía Lúculo en una gran librería que tenía, en la qual él con otros y otros con él, leyendo, disputando y platicando passavan su tiempo. Deste tan notable exemplo se puede coligir que no está la bienaventurança en que tenga uno a su plazer de comer, sino en que le dé Dios reposo para que lo pueda gozar. Helio Esparciano dize que el em perador Diocleciano, después que uvo governado el imperio diez y ocho años, renunció totalmente el imperio y se salió de la corte romana con intención de retraerse a su casa y acabar allí en paz y reposo la vida; porque según él dezía muchas vezes, a sólo el emperador han de tener mancilla ya sólo el labrador embidia. Dos años después que renunció el imperio Diocleciano le embiaron los romanos una muy solemne embaxada, por la qual le rogavan mucho uviesse piedad de la república romana y fuesse servido de tornarse a Roma, porque en quanto él fuesse bivo de ninguno otro fiarían la silla del imperio.

Fué, pues, el caso que quando los embaxadores llegaron a su pobre casa estava en essa hora Diocleciano en una hortezuela pequeña que tenía escardando unas lechugas. y podando unas parras; y como lo diessen la embaxada que traían, respondióles él: «¿Parésceos, amigos, que quien tales lechugas como éstas ha plantado y escardado y regado que no será mejor comerlas con reposo en su casa que no tornar a los bullicios de Roma?» Y díxoles más: Ya he probado a qué sabe el mandar, y también he probado a qué sabe el arar y cavar; dexadme, yo os ruego, en mi casa, que más quiero ganar de comer con mis manos en esta aldea que no traer a cuestas el imperio de Roma. Deste imperial exemplo se puede coligir quánta mejor vida tiene en su casa el rústico desmelenado, que no tiene en la corte ningún príncipe del mundo. Cleo y Pericles suscedieron en la república de Atenas a Solón Solonino, el qual fué de los griegos muy estimado y de los atenienses como dios reputado; porque, a la verdad, Solón fué el primero que reformó la Grecia y dió leyes en la república. Estos dos ilustres varones, ambos fueron capitanes, ambos fueron filósofos, ambos fueron griegos y aun ambos fueron muy grandes repúblicos; excepto que Cleo era tenido por más esforçado y Pericles por más virtuoso. Plutarco dize deste Pericles que en treinta y seis años que governó la república de Atenas jamás hombre le vió entrar en casa agena ni assentarse en calle pública; porque en la governación era muy justo y en la reputación de su persona era muy grave. Ya que Pericles era viejo y que de los negocios públicos estava harto, acordó de salirse de la corte y senado de Atenas e irse a bivir y a morir a una heredad que tenía en una aldea, en la qual bivió aún otros quinze años, leyendo de noche en los libros y arando de día los campos.

La casa que Pericles tenía en aquella aldea tenía una puerta muy pequeña, por la qual el buen filósofo entrava y salía, y encima de aquella puerta tenía escritas estas palabras: Inveni portum, spes et fortuna, valete.» Que quiere dezir:

Esperança y fortuna, quedaos en hora buena, que yo ya he hallado el puerto de holganças tan notable exemplo se puede coligir que ningún cortesano con verdad puede dezir que bive vida segura si no es después que se retrae a su casa. Lucio Séneca fué ayo en las costumbres y maestro en las letras de Nerón el cruel, sexto emperador que fué de Roma, varón por cierto docto en las letras, sólido en la doctrina, amador de la república y muy corregido en la vida. Residió Séneca en la corte romana quarenta y quatro años, en los quales él tuvo mucha mano en los negocios y muy gran familiaridad con los principes, porque era hombre muy atentado en lo que hablava y muy cuerdo en lo que aconsejava. Ya que Séneca era muy viejo y que de los negocios públicos estava muy cansado, salióse de la corte de Roma y fuesse a morar a una heredad suya que tenía cabe Nola de Campania, en la qual bivió aún hartos años, empleados en muy buenos exercicios. Estando, pues, allí retraído, escrivió los libros De beneficiis, los De ira, los De bono viro, y los De adversa fortuna, y al fin, haziendo su officio la malizia humana, mandóle Nerón, su discípulo, quitar la vida, y no porque él uviesse hecho cosa deshonesta, sino porque le quería mal la impúdica Domicia. Deste tan notable exemplo se puede coligir que al hombre desdichado y mal fortunado también persigue fortuna estando en su casa retraído, como en la corte distraído.

Escipión Africano fué uno de los desseados y amados capitanes que tuvo Roma, porque en ve ynte y se ys años que siguió la guerra en España y en Africa y en Asia nunca hizo cosa deshonesta, nunca perdió batalla, nunca hizo a nadie injusticia ni nunca en él se conosció flaqueza. Este buen Escipión domó a Africa, asoló a Cartago, venció a Aníbal, destruyó a Numancia y restauró a Roma, la qual desde la batalla de Cannas estaba derelicta.

En edad de cincuenta y dos años se salió Escipión de la corte romana y se fué a retraer a una aldea pequeña que estava entre Puzol y Capua, en la qual dize Séneca que no tenía otra cosa sino una huerta de que comía, una casa do morava, un baño do se bañava y una nieta que le servía. Tan de coraçón se retrajo Escipión a su aldes, que en onze años que allí moró jamás entró en Capua ni tornó a ver a Roma. Deste tan heroico exemplo se puede coligir quánta mayor gloria y honra es las honras y riquezas desta vida menospresciarlas que alcançarlas. Del divino Platón, su naturaleza fué de Licaonia, su criança en Egipto y su residencia en Atenas. Este gran filósofo fué el que a los embaxadores de Cirene que le pedían leyes para su república respondió: Difficillimum est homines amplissima fortuna ditatos legibus continere. Que quiere dezir: «Los hombres que están muy favorescidos de la fortuna con gran difficultad se sujetan a las leyes que tiene la república. No pudiendo Platón suffrir las importunidades de los amigos y los bullicios populares, retráxose en una aldea dos leguas de Atenas, que avía nombre Academia, en la qual el buen viejo, por espacio de diez y ocho años leyendo y escriviendo, acabó sus felices días.

Por memoria de aquella aldea a do Platón leía y vivía, a lo que los latinos llaman agora estudio llamavan los antiguos academia. Todos estos ilustres varones y otros con ellos infinitos dexaron reynos, consulados, governaciones, ciudades, palacios, privanças, cortes y riquezas y se fueron a las aldeas a buscar una honesta pobreza y una vida quieta. No diremos que ninguno destos dexó la corte por ser pobre, estar corrido, andar affrentado, verse desprivado o por averle desterrado, sino que movidos de su pura bondad y de su propia voluntad fueron a dar orden en su vida antes que los salteasse la muerte.

Notes

  1. 1Source "basta Siracusana" read as "hasta Siracusa" (to Syracuse); the city name and the travel sense require hasta, not basta.
  2. 2The personal names "Olvidio" and "Surrano" (rendered Ovidio, Surrano) look corrupt or nonstandard in the witness; kept close to the source rather than silently modernized to better-known classical forms.
  3. 3Source first has "unas bergas," then the taunt uses "berças"; neighboring section also has berças. Read as berzas/cabbages (the classic Diogenes lettuce/cabbage anecdote), not bergas.
  4. 4Source 'inessorable' treated as inexorable (inesorable).
  5. 5Source 'corte romane' read as 'corte romana' (Roman court).
  6. 6Reading «capitanes romanos» for the source's «capitanes roma nos», and «mereció» for «mereació».
  7. 7«Silanos y Marianos» rendered as Sulla's and Marius's factions (Silanos = Sullani). Place name «Castil del Lobo» left as in the source.
  8. 8Reading «se retraxo a su casa» for source «se retraxo & su casa».
  9. 9«mancilla» rendered as pity (compassion for a hard lot); «embidia» as envidia, envy. Source «ya sólo» read as «y a sólo».
  10. 10rústico desmelenado: rustic with unbound/unkempt hair; rendered as rough-haired country man to keep the vivid social contrast without modern slang.
  11. 11Source name Cleo left as given; it may intend a classical figure such as Cimon/Cleon, but the witness reading is Cleo.
  12. 12repúblicos: men devoted to the commonwealth / statesmen of the republic, not modern 'republicans' in a party sense.
  13. 13The source runs the Spanish rendering of the Latin motto into the following moral without clear punctuation; the English is split for sense while keeping both parts in this sentence ref.
  14. 14Guevara’s titles De bono viro and De adversa fortuna are kept as given; they do not map one-to-one onto the modern Seneca corpus labels.
  15. 15retraído / distraído is an intentional Spanish contrast (withdrawn vs. scattered/caught up); rendered as ‘withdrawn’ / ‘caught up’ to keep the parallel without forced rhyme.
  16. 16Source spacing is broken as «ve ynte y se ys»; read as early-modern «veynte y seys» (twenty-six).
  17. 17The source attributes both the defeat of Hannibal/Carthage and the destruction of Numantia to one «Escipión»; classical history divides these between Scipio Africanus the Elder and Scipio Aemilianus. Translation follows the Spanish as written.
  18. 18Source Puzol is the Spanish form of classical Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli); rendered with the usual English classical place-name.
  19. 19Source surface aldes is treated as a corrupt/variant reading of aldea ('village'), required by sense and by the surrounding sentences.
  20. 20divino Platón is conventional humanist praise ('the divine Plato'), not a claim of divinity; kept as 'divine Plato'.
  21. 21Embedded Latin dictum left in Latin as in the source; the next sentence supplies the author's Spanish sense-paraphrase, rendered in English there.
  22. 22Source opens a quotation mark without a clear close; treated as a complete sense-unit ending at 'república'.
  23. 23estudio is the early modern Spanish term for a place of study or college; rendered here as “school of learning” to mark the contrast with ancient academia.
  24. 24privanças means royal favor or intimate standing as a court favorite (privado), not private property.
  25. 25desprivado means stripped of court favor (no longer a privado); salteasse is the subjunctive of saltear, ‘to ambush/waylay,’ used of death overtaking them unprepared.

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