SR
Chapter 5Altercaz.1.5

La felicitá consiste nel fruire Dio per volontá.

The Sweetness of Divine Desire

Marsilio explains that true beatitude is found not merely in intellectual vision, but in the soul's loving desire for God.

My heart was so full of sweetness that, as I listened, I felt drawn toward the good his words described. My mind had become abstracted and withdrawn, and I said to myself, "What, then, must the true good be, if just hearing it spoken of makes me blessed?" When Marsilio saw what I was thinking, he said to me, "Now test it for yourself: which of those two is the complete good?" It does you a great deal of good to understand what I'm saying; but once that first act is past, the good you've understood creates a greater new sweetness in the heart. When a soul is kindled by this search, it seeks to possess the good it has come to know, so that it may enjoy only the good it has grasped. and it doesn't want to enjoy for the sake of understanding: so that understanding which comes first is a servant of the good it seeks to possess. We can explain to anyone who asks what goal we're pursuing: it's to enjoy the good that our mind first perceives. There is no explanation for joy other than joy itself, which lasts forever, nor can the mind reach toward any greater good. Our nature never turns away from joy; it often refuses to look at the things it considers troublesome or a heavy burden. The one who sees has not always found sweetness in seeing; but the one whose mind is fulfilled by joy both sees and understands. And just as grief offends our nature more than ignorance does, so conversely, joy is considered a greater good than sight. It isn't sound judgment, drawn from our changeable nature, that this joy is the ultimate good if pain—its adversary—is the primary evil. And just as it’s natural for us to avoid pain for its own sake, and, because of pain, to avoid anything as if it were the worst of torments; So the heart desires joy for its own sake, and for the sake of joy desires everything, and our love runs toward it as toward the highest good. Just as you can't count someone among the good if they only see the good without desiring it, even with the simple intention that can both grant it and take it away;1 So it's fitting that our soul be made divine by loving God, not just by seeing Him—for then it enjoys what it has first seen. It happens to our soul, when it understands God, that such vastness contracts to its capacity, and God is drawn tight within it. Through love, we expand and open our minds to His immense breadth; this seems to be true beatitude. By seeing, we take from the immense Omnipotent only the share that can fit in us, and only what the soul then sees present. By loving—both what you can then see and love, and that still more of His infinite goodness which your thought has since promised you. We contemplate the abyss of divine infinity almost as if through a mist, even though the soul keeps its eye fixed on it. but we love him with a perfect and true love. God draws to himself whoever knows him; through love, we are raised to his height.

The Analogy of Taste

Using the analogy of taste, Marsilio clarifies how the soul enjoys God through the will, moving beyond finite vision to infinite love.

The mind aspires, as its highest good, to that which contents it; but it is not content if it only looks at God and gazes on him.2 Because the vision the seeing soul receives into itself, however intent it may be, is limited as something created and finite.3 And so it must stand within its degrees: if the soul is finite in power, its working is finite and brief as well. But the soul that has escaped these snares finds complete contentment and rests only in things of immense life. and she is willing only for that good which is known by God; and such desire, and the joy of it, seem something immense; for by loving it is transformed into God, and once God is seen, it expands upon Him.4 And then I broke my silence. And I said: "Let this matter be better explained by you — it is confused to my intellect because of some darkness born within the heart." Marsilio said to me: — If the soul is clouded by some error, I'm not surprised, and don't make that an excuse with me. The mortal eye cannot look so high; but for your fuller understanding I take a sensory example for you.5 There's a difference between taste and tasting: taste is the capacity to taste, while tasting is the actual act itself.6 To set these two in motion, there must be a savor that acts as their object, which makes the first serve the second.7 Taste is the soul, pure and perfect, that moves to savor the worthy object through the tasting that is the intellect. And once it reaches this first mark, it enjoys God tasted with holy desire, and such joy is the savor full of every good. The tasting is good precisely because the flavor is sweet; the soul tastes God through gazing, and desire makes that pleasure so great for her. So, in the end, we conclude that our true and highest good is the eternal God whom we are all seeking. the simple, pure, immaculate Lamb, toward whom the pilgrim soul walks, to rest in his holy lodging. And her divine blessedness is to enjoy this good through the will, for love moves her, and so she walks toward God. where she tastes the sweetness she has so long desired and sought from that good—a sweetness that created things cannot give her. Loving God, it is fitting that God clothe him with His holy love, turn the mind into Himself, and give it a joy that never ends. Love is what love alone deserves when it is loved; love gives us our eternal peace; love is true salvation, complete and sure. The holy Apostle, a true witness, reached all the way to heaven through this love—a vessel well able to hold so much grace. Love took him up as far as the third heaven, to the star that pours love into the world, and there he joined his eyes with the divine. In that realm, God never hides himself; from there, he reveals himself, his holy dwelling, and his vast, deep riches. Because above it is that clear aperture which shows itself and everything to the eyes only where God has set his tabernacle.8

The Vanity of Mortal Life

The dialogue shifts to the realization that true happiness is unattainable in this transient world, which is full of suffering and illusion.

This prize is reserved for our soul once it's freed from the body; neither my life nor yours can find it in this blind world. But such a life in the world carries so much evil with it that brute and wild animals in some den would live more happily. The more mortal eyes see the good, the more they grieve if they're deprived of it, and greater knowledge of it brings more ills. And beyond this, while we're still alive here, our life longs for far more things than the little grass and the fresh streams that are enough for them. Happier is the one who needs less; so man seems the most unhappy creature in the world, while here in this life he wavers and dreams. But the reward comes later, in that second life of his which the misguided world calls a "wretched death"; then he reaches his end glad and joyful. So our life isn't that life—nor yours, shepherd, which is quieter—nor yours, Lauro, which seems so beautiful. that not even one single moment among so many is ever happy, or any other life that is mortal, because the world forbids true sweetness.

The Shepherd's Departure

As the sun sets, the dialogue concludes with the shepherds returning to their labors, leaving the narrator inspired by the holy flame of divine love.

Now, since Phoebus seems to be sinking into the Ocean, and my discourse ends with the sun, Alpheus, stay with God; you, Lauro, farewell. So he left those shores alone, and even though we were at the clear spring, we thirsted all the more to hear his eloquent words again. the words that will never pass through Lethe.9 But then the shepherd said: "The hour is pressing me to lead the humble flock back into the fold."10 Already Phoebus's light is leaving us; so I'm going back to my old hard labor, and you wherever your desire leads you.11 With that, he moved his herd along, and I turned away, walking off with a slow step. So everyone went back to their own lodging, and I, kindled by the holy flame, while I follow that sweet thought, moved me to sing of the love that inflames everything.

Read the original Latin

Era il mio cor sí di dolcezza pieno, che udendo mi pareva esser tirato al ben che le parole sue dicieno.

L’animo s’era astratto e separato, e dicevo fra me: — Or che fia il vero, se ’l sentirne parlar mi fa beato? —

Quando, visto Marsilio il mio pensiero, dissemi: — In te medesmo ora fa’ pruova qual è de’ due predetti il bene intero.

Intender quel ch’io dico assai ti giova; ma, passato il primo atto, il bene inteso crea nel cor maggior dolcezza nuova.

L’animo ch’è nel ricercare acceso, pel conosciuto ben poi possedere cerca, per goder solo il ben compreso;

e non a fin d’intender vuol godere: adunque quello intender che procede, ministro è di quel ben che cerca avere.

Render ragion possiamo a chi richiede a che fin noi cerchiam, ch’è per fruire quel ben che nostra mente prima vede.

Del gaudio altra ragion non si può dire, se non sol gaudio, che in eterno dura, né in altro maggior ben può la mente ire.

Non fugge gaudio alcun nostra natura; spesso veder quelle cose rifiuta, che stima esser moleste o di gran cura.

Colui che vede non ha sempre avuta dolcezza pel veder; ma vede e intende chi di gaudio ha la mente sua compiuta.

E come piú nostra natura offende dolersi che ignorar, pel suo contrario il gaudio per piú ben che ’l veder prende.

Non è giudicio buon dal nostro vario, che questo gaudio sia l’ultimo bene, s’è dolor primo mal, ch’è suo avversario.

E come alla natura nostra avviene fuggir dolor per sé, e per dolore qualunque cosa come somme pene;

cosí gaudio per sé disia il core, e pel gaudio ogni cosa, ed a quel corre, sí come a sommo bene, il nostro amore.

Come non puoi nel numer de’ buon porre un che sol veda il ben, se nol disia, pur coll’intento che il può dare e tôrre;

cosí convien che l’alma nostra sia divina amando Dio, non sol vedendo, che gode allor quel che ha veduto pria.

Avviene all’alma nostra, Dio intendendo, che a sua capacitá tanta amplitudine contrae, e Dio in sé vien ristrignendo.

Amando, alla sua immensa latitudine amplifichiamo e dilatiam la mente: questo par sia vera beatitudine.

Vedendo, dello immenso onnipotente pigliam la parte sol che cape in noi e quel che l’alma vede allor presente.

Amando, e quel che allor vedi amar puoi, e quel piú che il pensier tuo t’ha promisso dell’infinita sua bontá dipoi.

Della divina infinitá l’abisso quasi per una nebbia contempliamo, benché l’alma vi tenga l’occhio fisso;

ma d’un perfetto e vero amor l’amiamo. Quel che conosce Dio, Dio a sé tira; amando alla sua altezza c’innalziamo.

A quel per sommo ben la mente aspira, che la contenta; ma non è contenta, se solamente Dio riguarda e mira.

Perché la vision, benché sia intenta, che l’anima vedente in sé riceve, per creata e finita si conventa.

E cosí esser ne’ suoi gradi deve; se per potenzia l’anima è finita, suo operare anco è finito e brieve.

Ma l’alma ch’è di questi lacci uscita sol si contenta interamente, e posa in cose, le quai sien d’immensa vita;

e solo è di quel ben volenterosa, ch’è da Dio conosciuto; e tal disio e ’l gaudio d’esso pare immensa cosa;

però che amando si converte in Dio, e sopra Dio veduto si dilata. — Ed io allor ruppi il silenzio mio,

e dissi: — Sia da te meglio esplicata tal cosa, allo intelletto mio confusa per qualche oscuritá drento al cor nata. —

Marsilio a me: — Se l’alma è circonfusa da qualch’error, non me ne meraviglio, né tu per questo meco ne fa scusa.

Mirar non può sí alto il mortal ciglio; ma io a tua piú intera cognizione un sensuale esemplo per te piglio.

Differenzia è da gusto a gustazione: il gusto è la potenzia del gustare, la gustazion per l’atto suo si pone.

A muover questi due ad operare bisogna sia ’l sapor ch’è il suo obietto, che fa il primo al secondo ministrare.

Il gusto l’animo è, puro e perfetto, che si muove a gustar l’obietto degno per la gustazion, ch’è l’intelletto.

E poi che giugne a questo primo segno, gode gustato Dio col disio santo, e tal gaudio è ’l sapor d’ogni ben pregno.

La gustazione appunto è buona quanto dolce è il sapore: e gusta Dio mirando l’alma, e ’l disio piacer glielo fa tanto.

Cosí conchiuderemo, al fine andando, che ’l nostro vero e sommo bene è quello eterno Dio, che tutti andiam cercando:

semplice, puro, immaculato agnello, al qual cammina l’alma peregrina, per riposarsi nel suo santo ostello.

E la beatitudin sua divina è fruir questo ben per voluntate, ché amor la muove, ond’ella a Dio cammina;

ove assapora la suavitate da lei giá tanto disiata e chiesta, qual non gli posson dar cose create.

Amando Dio, convien che Dio l’investa del santo suo amore, e in sé converta la mente, e díale gaudio che non resta.

Amore è quel che amato amor sol merta, amor ne dá l’eterna nostra pace, amor vera salute, intera e certa.

L’Apostol santo, testimon verace, con questo amore insino al cielo aggiunse, vaso di tanta grazia ben capace.

Amore insino al terzo ciel lo assunse, alla stella che al mondo amore infonde, onde i suoi occhi co’ divin congiunse.

A quella spera Dio mai non s’asconde; indi sé mostra e il suo santo abitacolo, e le ricchezze sue magne e profonde.

Perché sopr’essa è quel chiaro spiracolo, che sé ed ogni cosa agli occhi mostra sol dove pose Dio suo tabernacolo.

Questo premio è serbato all’alma nostra o sciolta dal corpo, né nel mondo cieco lo può trovar la mia vita o la vostra.

Ma al mondo vita tal mal tanto ha seco che in vita piú felice gli animali sarien bruti e selvaggi in qualche speco.

Quanto piú veggon gli occhi de’ mortali il ben, si dolgon piú se ne son privi, e maggior cognizion ne dá piú mali.

Ed oltre a questo, mentre siam qui vivi, assai piú cose nostra vita agogna, che a lor basta l’erbetta e i freschi rivi.

Felice è piú a chi manco bisogna; cosí par l’uomo piú infelice al mondo, mentre che in vita qui vacilla e sogna.

Ma il premio è poi nel viver suo secondo, che il mondo errante «trista morte» appella; allor giunge al suo fin lieto e giocondo.

Cosí la vita nostra non è quella, ovver la tua, pastor, ch’è piú quieta, ovver, Lauro, la tua che par sí bella,

che un punto sol di tanti mai sia lieta, o qualunque altra vita ch’è mortale, perché vera dolcezza il mondo vieta.

Or perché par che all’Ocean si cale Febo, e finito è il mio sermon col sole, Alfeo, statti con Dio; tu, Lauro, vale. —

Cosí lasciò le piagge di lui sole, e noi, benché al chiar fonte, con piú sete d’udire ancor l’ornate sue parole;

le parole che mai passeran Lete. Ma poi disse il pastor: — L’ora m’induce a ridur l’umil gregge nella rete.

Giá si parte da noi la febea luce; ond’io ritorno al mio antico stento, e tu dove il desir tuo ti conduce. —

E, questo detto, mosse il suo armento, ed io alle sue spalle volsi il tergo, partendomi da lui col passo lento.

Cosí ciascun tornossi al proprio albergo, e me acceso della santa fiamma, mentre che drieto al pensier dolce pergo,

mosse a cantar l’Amor che tutto infiamma.

Scripture echoes

  1. Rom.11.33Oh, the depth of the riches and wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are his judgments, and how inscrutable his ways!

Notes

  1. 1intento: here the directed aim of the mind/will (not a casual 'purpose'), which the argument pairs with seeing vs. desiring the good.
  2. 2Italian 'se solamente Dio riguarda e mira' is rendered as 'if it only looks at… and gazes on…' (mere regard/vision insufficient). The chapter’s will-fruition theme and the next section’s finite-vision argument support that sense; 'unless it regards God alone' would require a different source wording (e.g. se non… solamente).
  3. 3Italian 'si conventa' (from convenire) in this scholastic-poetic register: rendered as 'is limited' (proportioned/suited as created and finite), not as mere social 'is fitting.' Follows the chapter's argument that mere looking at God cannot fully content the soul.
  4. 4Subject of si converte / si dilata continues from the prior tercet (tal disio, that desire, and its joy). sopra Dio veduto is read as expansion upon God once seen, not as rising above God.
  5. 5`sensuale esemplo` means an example drawn from the senses (scholastic sense-experience), not modern ‘sensual’/erotic coloring; `ciglio` is poetic for mortal sight/gaze.
  6. 6Italian gusto/gustazione tracks the scholastic faculty–act distinction (potenzia vs atto): gusto = the power/capacity to taste; gustazione = the act of tasting. 'Power' renders potenzia; 'is established as its act' renders per l'atto suo si pone.
  7. 7In the prior stanza, the pair is gusto (the power of tasting) and gustazione (the act). Sapor is the object-flavor that activates both and makes the faculty minister to the act.
  8. 8Renaissance poetic 'spiracolo' is an aperture/window of light (not merely a physical vent); rendered 'clear aperture' to keep the sense of a bright opening through which vision is given.
  9. 9Lete (Lethe): the classical river of forgetfulness; words that never pass Lethe are words that will never be forgotten.
  10. 10rete: literally “net,” here the pastoral enclosure/fold for gathering sheep at night; next section’s fading daylight supports that reading.
  11. 11febea luce: classical epithet for the light of Phoebus (the sun); rendered as Phoebus's light to keep the pastoral-poetic register without inventing a weaker paraphrase.

Lorenzo de' Medici, Altercazione companion

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