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Chapter 4Altercaz.1.4

La beatitudine è la contemplazione che fa l’anima separata dal corpo non circa gli angioli, ma circa Dio; e piú per la volontá che con l’intelletto.

Invocation for Divine Wisdom

The poet invokes divine guidance and poetic inspiration to speak worthily of God.

Guided by no other deity, I’ve shaped this verse on a soft pipe, with the favor Pan has given us. Pan, whom every shepherd honors and reveres, whose name is celebrated in Arcadia, who rules over everything that decays or comes into being. For the denser and brighter the light is to mortal eyes, the greater the darkness and shadow it seems;1 It happens to the soul just as it does to certain animals that see less clearly when things are brightest; our eyes are the same way toward the sun. And so, because of its imperfection, the eye of our mind sees less of what is most clear and plain. The mortal foot can't climb any higher; so someone else must show the path and lift the soul that sits on earth up to heaven. Here let the daughter of the great Thunderer arise—she who came forth from his head without a mother—and let her hold out her hand to my lowly wit.2 May a holy love kindle my desire, and may such a light illuminate my intellect as befits anyone who wants to speak of God. And just as the holy Godhead has no mother, so may our keen intellect separate from the body free of matter, clean and pure.3 May this show the true and sure path, and may that Sun be for my intellect—the one that clears away all confusion and darkness. Now, because my Muse is grieving—so often called upon by me, yet now left forsaken—she wants to accuse me of ingratitude. Muse, dictate the words and the verse, and that light Minerva brings forth: as she shows it, so let it be written. Apollo, if you still love the chaste locks of your long-desired Daphne, help the one who keeps her fair name;4 And give me as much of your sacred frenzy as the subject I must sing of requires, rather than just what suits me.5 May your grace abound all the more as the lack increases, so that what Marsiglio went on to say may be finished in verse just as I have it in my mind.

The Nature of Contemplation

True beatitude is found not in the world, but in the soul's separation from the body to contemplate God through intellect and desire.

Looking at us with a cheerful expression, he said, "As we can see, the good is not here, Alfeo the father—and you, Lauro, the son in age."6 As long as the soul is bound in bodily chains and held in this dark prison, it remains in a state of constant uncertainty and constant ardor.7 In fact, while it's in the body, it's so wrapped in error that it has no knowledge of itself until it's completely free and unbound. So let's recognize that the separation the blessed soul makes from the body brings this good to perfection.8 Divine justice, which delights in good deeds, reserves this palm, as I mentioned before, for the soul dedicated to God. But our soul's contemplation is twofold: the angelic nature and the divine; the first gives us neither quiet nor calm. Our intellect, which Nature inclines to seek out the cause of every thing, always walks from one cause to another; And it never has any rest or pause until it finds the cause of every cause, which is locked and sealed in the secret of God. The will must always keep moving; it's never content with any good as long as a greater, fresher sweetness still lies above it. It stops and rests only in the divine rays, because it always lacks complete good until you've found the supreme good. Everything finds its rest in its proper cause, and that is God; so it is God, not the Angel, who provides the abundance of such good. Although Avicenna, Ispano, and Alcazello held that the supreme good is found in the First, the true good is God, fair and beautiful. But we have two ways of contemplating God: one is to see God through the intellect, and in that way, we know Him. The other way is to enjoy the good we know through desire, and so finally to possess the happy end we’ve longed for. The divine Plato, a phoenix to the world, calls the first vision "ambrosia," and he calls the joy of what was seen "nectar." Our pure and beautiful soul has two wings: the intellect and desire, by which she has risen, flying to the supreme God above every star, where she feeds at the divine table on ambrosia and nectar; and this supreme sweetness, eternal and immense, never fails. Of these two, the nectar is more delightful to the soul, which then lives completely absorbed in that world, and the joy of what it has seen is far fuller.9

The Primacy of Love

Love merits more than intellectual inquiry, as it leads the soul to a deeper union with God and a greater reward.

Because more was merited in the former life by loving God than by understanding Him: if love is the flower, the fruit of love is what earns the reward. I mean to prove that love merits more, and that the soul, by loving in this life, gains more of the divine goodness than by inquiring. First, our mortal sight is so limited that it doesn't provide true knowledge of God, but in this life seems to consist more of error. But the person who has a perfect and good will, and truly loves God, is the one who doesn't spare himself for Him, or anything else either. Just as error is greater and more pronounced in one who hates God than in one who does not understand Him, so the more a person loves Him, the more merit that person has in Him. Nature and reason make this plain; to make what I've said firmer and stronger, a rule is drawn from contraries. Love of Paradise opens the doors, and our soul never goes astray by loving—but seeking after it often brings death.10 Knowledge sometimes makes the earthbound mind proud and blinds the eyes; God always hides himself from people like these and shuts the door. He hides himself from the wise and the prudent—as the holy mouth said of himself—and love reveals him to simple eyes. Whoever set himself to scrutinize God is not credited or honored for it, and he may well have ascribed it to his own glory. But whoever falls in love with His beauties presents what he possesses, and himself, to God—and to him God gives Himself in return. The soul intent on knowing God makes little progress over a long time; the one that loves Him is soon thoroughly content. So, based on what's been said, we'll conclude that if love merits more, no one should think a greater reward isn't prescribed for it. To whoever seeks to see, it is fitting that they see; but for the lover of the thing he loves, always to enjoy and take delight in pleasures beyond measure. Love is what desires and craves; love is what should have the merit, and so it summons a worthier end to follow after it. as we will show even more clearly.

Read the original Latin

Sanza esser suto da altro nume scorto, modulato ho con la zampogna tenera il verso, col favor che Pan ne ha porto;

Pan, quale ogni pastore onora e venera, il cui nome in Arcadia si celébra, che impera a quel che si corrompe o genera.

Or perché quanto la luce è piú crebra e piú lucente agli occhi de’ mortali, par sia maggiore oscuro e piú tenébra;

all’alma avvien come a certi animali, che manco veggon quel ch’è piú lucente; ancora gli occhi nostri al sol son tali.

E cosí l’occhio della nostra mente per la imperfezione manco vede quel ch’è piú manifesto ed apparente.

Salir non può piú alto il mortal piede; onde convien ch’altri il cammin ne scorga, e levi l’alma al ciel, che in terra siede.

La figlia qui del gran Tonante sorga, che sanza madre del suo capo uscío; questa la mano al basso ingegno porga.

D’un amor santo incenda il mio disio, e d’un tal lume l’intelletto illumine, qual si convien chi vuol parlar di Dio.

E come sanza madre è il santo Numine, cosí sanza materia netto e puro si separi dal corpo il nostro acumine.

Mostri questo il cammin vero e sicuro, e sia allo intelletto mio quel Sole, ch’ogni confuso levi ed ogni oscuro.

Or perché qui la mia Musa si duole spesso da me chiamata, or derelitta accusar me d’ingratitudin vuole.

Musa, tu le parole e ’l verso ditta, e quella luce che Minerva prome, come mostra è da lei, cosí sia scritta.

Apollo, s’ami ancor le caste chiome della tua tanto disiata Danne, soccorri a chi ritiene il suo bel nome;

e tanto del tuo sacro furor dánne, non quanto a me conviensi, ma al subietto di che debbo cantar, bisogno fanne.

Tua grazia abbondi piú, s’è piú il difetto, acciò che quel che soggiunse Marsiglio ne’ versi chiuda come ho nel concetto.

Qual riguardando noi con lieto ciglio disse: — Come veggiam, qui non è il bene, Alfeo padre, in etá tu Lauro figlio.

Mentre è legata in corporal catene, e in questo oscuro carcer l’alma accolta, sempre ambiguitá, sempre ardor tiene.

Anzi nel corpo in tanto errore è involta, che non ha di se stessa cognizione, sin che in tutto non è libera e sciolta.

Dunque veggiam, che la separazione che fa l’alma dal corpo, ch’è beata, ne dá di questo ben la perfezione.

La divina giustizia al ben far grata serba, come pria dissi, questa palma all’anima, che a Dio è dedicata.

Ma doppio è il contemplar della nostr’alma, l’angelica natura e la divina; la prima non ne dá quiete o calma.

Nostro intelletto, che Natura inclina ricercar d’ogni cosa la sua causa, d’una in altra cagion sempre cammina;

e mai non ha quiete alcuna o pausa, fin che d’ogni cagion la causa trova, ch’è nell’arcan di Dio serrata e clausa.

La volontá convien sempre si muova, né si contenta d’alcun ben giamai, sopra il qual sia maggior dolcezza nuova.

Fermasi e posa sol ne’ divin rai, perché d’intero bene ha sempre inopia, fin che il supremo ben ritrovato hai.

Tutto quiesce nella causa propia; e questo è Dio: adunque Dio è quello, non l’Angiol, che ne dá di tal ben copia.

Benché Avicenna, Ispano ed Alcazello fermassin nella prima il ben supremo, il vero bene è Dio formoso e bello.

Ma contemplando Dio, due vie avemo, una per lo intelletto Dio vedere, onde per questo mezzo il conoscemo;

l’altra è pel conosciuto ben godere per mezzo del disio; onde il felice e disiato fin poi possedere.

Plato divino, al mondo una Fenice, la prima visione «ambrosia» appella, e il gaudio pel veduto «nettar» dice.

Due ale ha la nostr’alma pura e bella, lo intelletto e ’l disio, ond’ella è ascensa volando al sommo Dio sopra ogni stella,

ove si ciba alla divina mensa d’ambrosia e nettar; né giamai vien meno questa somma dolcezza eterna e immensa.

Di questi due è il nettare piú ameno all’alma, che allor vive al mondo interita, e il gaudio del veduto è assai piú pieno.

Perché s’è piú nella vita preterita merito, Dio amando, che intendendo, se amore è il fior, d’amore il frutto merita.

Che amor merita piú, provare intendo, e che piú l’alma amando in vita acquista la divina bontá, che inquirendo.

Prima, sí poca è nostra mortal vista che vera cognizion di Dio non dona, ma pare in vita in piú error consista.

Ma quello ha volontá perfetta e buona, e Dio veramente ama, che a se stesso per lui, o ad altra cosa non perdona.

Come error fa maggiore e piú espresso chi ha Dio in odio, che chi non lo intende, cosí chi l’ama piú, piú merto ha in esso.

Questo Natura e la ragion l’ostende; per fare il detto mio piú fermo e forte de’ contrari una regola si prende.

Amor del Paradiso apre le porte, né la nostr’alma amando giamai erra, ma il ricercarlo spesso induce morte.

Leva in superbia l’animo di terra la scienzia talora, e gli occhi vela; a questi sempre Dio s’asconde e serra.

A’ sapienti e prudenti si cela: come di sé la santa bocca disse, amore a’ semplici occhi lo rivela.

Colui che a perscrutar di Dio si misse, giá non gli attribuisce e non l’onora per questo, e forse a sua gloria lo ascrisse.

Ma chi di sue bellezze s’innamora, quel che possiede e sé a Dio presenta, a cui Dio sé tribuisce ancora.

L’anima che a conoscer Dio è intenta, in lungo tempo fa poco profitto; quella che l’ama, presto assai contenta.

Cosí conchiuderem per quel ch’è ditto, che se l’amor piú merta, alcun non pensi che maggior premio non gli sia prescritto.

A chi cerca veder, veder conviensi; ma all’amante della cosa che ama goder sempre e fruir piacere immensi.

Amore è quello, il qual disia e brama, amore è quel che debbe avere il merto, onde piú degno fin dietro a sé chiama,

come noi mostreremo ancor piú certo. —

Notes

  1. 1Italian crebra (from Latin creber) rendered as denser/more concentrated; in this optical paradox it names intensity of light that overwhelms sight, not mere frequency.
  2. 2«Tonante» is Jupiter’s classical epithet; «la figlia… che sanza madre del suo capo uscío» is Minerva/Athena. The tercet is a poetic invocation of wisdom before speaking of God, not a Christian petition.
  3. 3Numine keeps the sense of the divine essence/Godhead (from Lat. numen), not a lesser spirit. acumine is intellectual sharpness (Lat. acumen), rendered as keen intellect in this contemplative context.
  4. 4Danne is the Italian poetic form of Daphne (Apollo’s beloved, transformed into the laurel). 'Ritiene il suo bel nome' may mean the poet who preserves Daphne’s name, or who claims association with her through the laurel of poetry.
  5. 5sacro furor: classical/poetic furor (Apollo's sacred poetic frenzy), not mere rage; kept as 'frenzy' for the inspired poetic sense.
  6. 6il bene: in this chapter on beatitude, rendered as 'the good' (the true/supreme good), not mere well-being.
  7. 7Italian ambiguità here means the soul’s wavering uncertainty (not linguistic double meaning); ardor is restless burning desire, not mere enthusiasm.
  8. 8Italian ne is read as the partitive/clitic ('thereof' / of this good), not as negation; the gloss's negative-purpose tag is rejected as a low-confidence fallback. Subject is la separazione; object is la perfezione di questo ben.
  9. 9Rendered as 'wholly absorbed' from interito/interita (entire, undivided). Less likely: 'dead/perished' to the world (from interire). Context of the divine banquet favors total immersion in that heavenly world.
  10. 10ricercarlo: intellectual seeking/probing of Paradise (or of its love), contrasted with amando; context (will over intellect; next stanza on scienza and pride) supports 'seeking after' rather than mere longing.

Lorenzo de' Medici, Altercazione companion

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