SR
Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano representada en cien empresas (Empresas políticas)/Book 1 · Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano representada en cien empresas (Empresas políticas)
Chapter 9EmpresasPol.1.9

Empresa IX

The Nature and Self-Destruction of Envy

Envy is a self-consuming vice that arises from a distorted view of another's success, acting as a shadow to virtue.

At its own cost, envy dares to attack the glories and trophies of Hercules. Its mouth is left bloody when it sinks its teeth into the points of his club. It takes revenge on itself. It is like iron, which gets covered in rust and wastes away from the blood it sheds.1 All vices stem from some appearance of good or pleasure. This one arises from an inward torment and rancor at another's good.2 For the others, punishment comes later. For this one, it comes first. Envy feeds first on its own insides before it feeds on a neighbor's honor. It is the shadow cast by virtue. Let whoever wants to avoid it flee its light.3 When an owl turns its eyes toward the sun, it triggers rivalry and envy in the other birds.4 They wouldn't bother it if it stayed hidden in the darkness of night.5 Where there is equality, there is no rivalry. As one person's fortune grows, the other's envy grows. It is like weeds, which don't attack the low grain, but only the tall stalks once they bear fruit.6

Envy as a Spur to Virtue

While envy is a vice, it can serve as a catalyst for growth and emulation when properly channeled or met with contempt.

So, if you want to renounce envy, you must renounce fame, high rank, and public office. The dangers are smaller when your fortune is moderate. Regulus lived safely during Nero's cruelties because his newly gained nobility and moderate wealth didn't stir up envy against him.7 But that would be an unworthy fear for a generous spirit. What people envy is what makes us greater. What people pity is a mark against us.8 It's better to be envied than pitied. Envy is a spur to virtue, and a thorn that preserves it, just as the thorn preserves the rose. It would easily grow slack if it weren't spurred by rivalry.9 Emulation has made many people great, and envy has made many happy. Rome's glory grew through rivalry with Carthage. That of Emperor Charles V grew through rivalry with King Francis of France.10 Envy brought Sixtus V to Rome, and his fortune was born from there. There is no better remedy than contempt, and rising to glory until the envious lose sight of the one they pursue. The earth's shadow reaches as far as the first sphere, the boundary of the elements, and stains the moon's radiance; but it doesn't touch the higher planets.11 When the sun's force is great, it conquers and dissolves the mists.

Remedies for Envy

Practical strategies for mitigating envy include rapid advancement, modesty, and strategic distance from the envious.

There is no envy when the competition is very unequal, and so this alone is its remedy. The sooner someone rises to a higher position, the less envy there will be.12 A fire that catches instantly produces no smoke. While merits haggle among themselves, envy grows and arms itself against the person who pulls ahead. Pride and contempt for others are what, in prosperity, provoke envy and mix it with hatred. Modesty restrains it, because no one is envied as happy if they don't consider themselves to be so. To this end, Saul withdrew to his house as soon as he was anointed king. And, showing that the dignity did not puff him up, he set aside the scepter and put his hand to the plow.13 Raising your fortune in remote provinces is also a sure remedy, because envy belongs to the one who saw the man born and watches him grow.14 Envy enters more through the eye than through the ear. Many great men thought they could escape it by stepping down from high office. When Tarquin was consul, he chose to go into exile of his own free will to get out of envy's sight. Publius Valerius burned down his own houses, as their grandeur was earning him envious enemies. Fabius resigned the consulship, saying, "Now envy will leave the Fabian house alone." But I think they were mistaken, because that's really giving envy its revenge and its opportunity—and envy never lets go of the person it once pursued until it has driven him into total misery.15 The sun has no shadows when it stands at its greatest height. But as it declines, they grow and spread.16 So envy hunts more fiercely the one who begins to fall, and, as the child of cowardly hearts, it always fears he might rise again. Even after Daniel had been thrown to the lions, King Darius still felt he wasn't safe from those who envied Daniel’s favor.17 And, fearing the envy of men more than the fury of the wild beasts, he sealed the stone that closed the lions’ den so they couldn't harm him there.18 Sometimes envy is avoided, or at least its effects are, by bringing those who might envy a man’s fortune into that same fortune.19 So the remora that holds a ship back from the outside loses its power if they take it aboard.20

The Prince's Response to Calumny

Princes must maintain their composure and commitment to duty, viewing envy as a test of their fortitude rather than a reason to falter.

Envy doesn't always gnaw at the lofty cedars. Sometimes it breaks its teeth and bloodies its lips on the humble thorns, more wronged than favored by nature. And other people's miseries and calamities seize its eyes and its indignation—whether because its malice has gone mad, or because it can't bear the courage and steadfastness of the one who suffers and the renown that comes from fortune's injuries.21 Many causes for compassion, and few or none for envy, are found in the author of this book. Yet there are those who envy his labors and constant toils, even when they go unnoticed or unrewarded. Rivalry against him is fatal.22 It springs up on its own and rises without cause, accusing him of things he hears about before he has even imagined them. But they aren't enough to shake the composure of his guileless spirit, attentive to his duties.23 Instead, he loves envy because it wakes him up, and emulation because it spurs him on. Princes, who stand so far above everyone else, should scorn envy. If you don't have the courage to face envy, you won't have the courage to be a prince. Trying to defeat it with favors or severity is a reckless undertaking.24 Hercules subdued every monster, but against this one, neither force nor favor was enough.25 The people never stop their murmuring for anyone. Every favor seems to them a debt they are owed, and they promise themselves greater ones than they receive.26 Murmuring must not extinguish a prince's love for what is glorious. Nothing should intimidate him in his undertakings.27 Dogs bark at the moon, and she, with majestic contempt, goes on with the course of her journey. The first rule of leadership is knowing how to endure envy.28

Envy in Republics and Monarchies

Envy manifests differently in monarchies versus republics, requiring distinct structural remedies like sumptuary laws and civic equality.

Envy isn't very harmful in monarchies. On the contrary, it often kindles virtue and makes it better known when the prince is just and steadfast, and doesn't readily believe slanders.2930 But in republics, where each person is a party and can act out their passions with the partiality of relatives and friends, it is very dangerous, because it breeds discord and factions, from which civil wars arise, and from these, changes of rule.31 It’s what brought down Hannibal and other great men in the past, and in our own time, it managed to cast doubt on the great loyalty of Angelo Baduero, a most distinguished Venetian—the glory and ornament of that republic—who was so true and so zealous for the public good that, even when banished and unjustly persecuted by his rivals, he worked everywhere for the preservation and greatness of his country.32 The remedy for envy in republics is common equality, forbidding pomp and ostentation, because the growth and luster of wealth is what awakens it. For this reason the Roman republic took such care in regulating superfluous spending and in dividing fields and estates, so that its citizens' means and power would be equal.33

The Dangers of Ministerial Rivalry

Princes must avoid fostering rivalry among their ministers, as it leads to factionalism and undermines the public good.

Envy in princes is unworthy of their greatness, both because it is a vice of the inferior against the greater, and because glory that cannot shine unless it darkens everyone else is not much glory. The pyramids of Egypt were a wonder of the world because they held their light within themselves, without staining neighboring things with their shadows. It is weakness to feel the lack in yourself of what you envy in another.34 This passion is even baser when a prince envies the courage or prudence of his ministers, because they are parts of him—and the head doesn't envy the feet for being strong enough to support the body, or the arms for the work they do. On the contrary, it takes pride in having such instruments.35 But who will bring the self-love of princes under control with reasons?36 Since they are superior in power, they want to be superior in the qualities of body and mind as well. Even the fame of Lucan's verses troubled Nero in the midst of so many grandeurs. And so those who move close to princes need to be very careful to avoid competing with them in knowledge or courage. And if circumstance should put them into that rivalry, they should skillfully yield and grant the princes the victory.37 Either approach is not only prudent but respectful. In the palace of God shown to Ezekiel, the cherubim—spirits of knowledge and wisdom—stood drawn in, their hands covered by their wings.38 I would only want the prince to be envious of the adoration that his excessive favors draw toward his favorite, so that he might moderate those favors.39 But I don't know what spell favor casts that blinds a prince's envy.40 See how Saul eyed David with ill will because David's feats—though done in Saul's service—were more acclaimed than his own; yet King Ahasuerus does not envy Haman, his favorite, who was obeyed like a king and adored by all. No envy is more dangerous than the envy that springs up among the nobles. And so care must be taken that honors and offices not seem hereditary in families, but pass from some to others—placing the very rich in posts of show and expense, and the poor in those by which they can rebuild their means and sustain the splendor of their nobility. Glorious emulation is the kind that does not envy someone else's virtue and greatness, but misses that virtue in itself and strives to win it through proofs of its own courage and talent: this is praiseworthy—not a vice, but a spark of virtue, born of a noble and generous spirit. Miltiades' glory for the victory he won against the Persians kindled such flames in Themistocles' breast that they burned away the green growth of his vices.41 And—42 With his formerly depraved habits corrected, he wandered around Athens as if out of his mind, saying that Miltiades' trophies robbed him of sleep and kept him awake.43 As long as Vitellius had rivals, he kept his vices in check.44 Once they were gone, he gave his vices free rein.45 This is the kind of emulation that must be fed in republics with prizes, trophies, and statues, because it is the soul of their preservation and the spirit of their greatness. For this reason, the republics of Helvetia don't expand their borders, and few great men emerge from them—even though their people don't lack courage and virtue—because their chief principle is equality in everything. In equality, emulation dies away; without competition, the embers of military virtue are covered with ash.46 But even though this emulation among ministers is useful and necessary, it is still dangerous, because the people, who are its authors, divide among themselves, and as some cheer one man and others another, rivalry is kindled in both, and seditions and tumults break out. The desire to outdo one another also arms itself with deceptions and tricks, and emulation turns into hatred and envy, from which grave troubles arise. Metellus, offended that Pompey was named his successor in Hither Spain and envious of his glory, discharged the soldiers, weakened the forces, and cut off the supplies.47 Pompey did the same thing later when he learned that the consul Marcus Popilius was his successor. To ensure his successor wouldn't win the glory of defeating the Numantines, he made peace with them on terms that were deeply insulting to Roman greatness.48 In our own time Grol was lost because of the quarrel among the commanders who were going to its relief.49 Nothing is more harmful to princes, or more in need of a remedy. Therefore, it seems right to punish both the one who is at fault and the one who is not.50 That one, because he gave cause for it; and this one, because he would not yield his right and let the opportunity slip away. If there's any excess in this rigor, it's balanced out by the public good and the example it sets for others.51 No great resolution comes without some admixture of injury. A vassal must prioritize his prince's service over his own satisfaction. He should ask for recompense for the offense later, and count the fact that he endured it as a form of service.52 In such a case the minister's endurance is true valor, because generous spirits must put the service of their kings and the public good above their passions. Aristides and Themistocles were great enemies, and having been sent together on an embassy, when they reached the city gates Aristides said: "Themistocles, shall we leave our enmities here, to take them up again when we leave?"53 Don Enrique de Guzmán, Duke of Medina-Sidonia, did the same; although he was deeply at odds with Don Rodrigo Ponce, Marquis of Cádiz, he came to his aid when the Moors had him besieged at Alhama.54 But because troubles are prevented at less cost than they are punished afterward, the prince must take great care not to place in office two ministers of equal greatness and authority, for it is hard for there to be concord between them. When Tiberius needed to send a minister to Asia with the same standing as the one already governing the province, he considered the difficulty. And so that there would be no rivalry with him, he sent a praetor of lower rank.

Read the original Latin

Con propio daño se atreve la invidia a las glorias y trofeos de Hércules. Sangrienta queda su boca cuando pone los dientes en las puntas de su clava. De sí misma se venga. Parecida es al hierro, que con la sangre que vierte se cubre de robín y se consume. Todos los vicios nacen de alguna apariencia de bien o delectación. Éste, de un íntimo tormento y rencor del bien ajeno. A los demás les llega después el castigo. A éste, antes.

Primero se ceba la invidia en las entrañas propias que en el honor del vecino. Sombra es de la virtud. Huya su luz quien la quisiere evitar. El sacar a los rayos del sol sus ojos el buho causa emulación y invidia a las demás aves. No le persiguieran, si se encerrara en el olvido y sombras de la noche. Con la igualdad no hay competencia. En creciendo la fortuna de uno, crece la invidia del otro. Semejante es a la cizaña, que no acomete a las mieses bajas, sino a las altas cuando llevan fruto.

Y así, desconózcase a la fama, a las dignidades y a los oficios el que se quisiere desconocer a la invidia. En la fortuna mediana son menores los peligros. Régulo vivió seguro entre las crueldades de Nerón, porque su nobleza nueva y sus riquezas moderadas no le causaban invidia. Pero sería indigno temor de un ánimo generoso. Lo que se invidia es lo que nos hace mayores. Lo que se compadece nos está mal. Mejor es ser invidiados que compadecidos. La invidia es estímulo de la virtud y espina que como a la rosa la conserva.

Fácilmente se descuidaría, si no fuese emulada. A muchos hizo grandes la emulación, y a muchos felices la invidia. La gloria de Roma creció con la emulación de Cartago. La del emperador Carlos Quinto, con la del rey , Francisco de Francia. La invidia trajo a Roma a Sixto Quinto, de donde nació su fortuna. Ningún remedio mejor que el desprecio, y levantarse a lo glorioso hasta que el invidioso pierda de vista al que persigue. La sombra de la tierra llega hasta el primer orbe, confín de los elementos, y mancha los resplandores de la luna; pero no ofende a los planetas más levantados. Cuando es grande la fuerza del sol vence y deshace las nieblas.

No hay invidia si es muy desigual la competencia, Y así sólo éste es su remedio. Cuanto más presto se subiere aî lugar más alto, tanto menor será la invidia. No hace humo el fuego que se enciende luego. Mientras regatean entre sí los méritos, crece la invidia y se arma contra aquel que se adelanta. La soberbia y desprecio de los demás es quien en la felicidad irrita a la invidia y la mezcla con el odio. La modestia la reprime, porque no se invidia por feliz a quien no se tiene por tal. Con este fin se retiró Saúl a su casa luego que fue ungido por rey. Y, mostrando que no le engreía la dignidad, arrimó el ceptro y puso la mano en el arado.

Es también remedio cierto levantar la fortuna en provincias remotas, porque el que vio nacer y ve crecer al sujeto, la invidia. Más por la vista que por el oído entra la invidia. Muchos varones grandes la pensaron huir retirándose de los puestos altos. Tarquinio, cónsul, por quitarse de los ojos de la invidia, eligió voluntariamente el destierro. Valerio Publio quemó sus casas, cuya grandeza le causaba invidiosos. Fabio renunció el consulado, diciendo: «Agora dejará la invidia a la familia de los Fabios.» Pero pienso que se engañaron, porque antes es dar venganza y ocasión a la invidia, la cual no deja al que una vez persiguió hasta ponelle en la última miseria. No tiene sombras el sol cuando está en la mayor altura.

Pero al paso que va declinando crecen y se extienden. Así la invidia persigue con mayor fuerza al que empieza a caer, y, como hija de ánimos cobardes, siempre teme que podrá volver a levantarse. Aun echado Daniel a los leones le pareció al rey Darío que no estaba seguro de los que invidiaban su valimiento. Y, temiendo más la invidia de los hombres que el furor de las fieras, selló la piedra con que se cerraba lu leonera, porque allí no le ofendiesen. Algunas veces se evita la invidia, o por lo menos sus efetos, embarcando en la misma fortuna a los que pueden invidialla. Así la rémora que fuera del navio detiene su curso, pierde su fuerza si la recogen dentro.

No siempre roe la invidia los cedros levantados. Tal vez rompe sus dientes y ensangrienta sus labios en los espinos humildes, más injuriados que favorecidos de la naturaleza. Y le arrebatan los ojos y la indignación las miserias y calamidades ajenas o ya sea que desvaría su malicia o ya que no puede sufrir el valor y constancia del que padece y la fama que resulta de los agravios de la fortuna. Muchas causas de compasión y pocas o ninguna de invidia se hallan en el autor deste libro. Y hay quien invidia sus trabajos y continuas fatigas, o no advertidas o no remuneradas. Fatal es la emulación contra él. Por sí misma nace, y se levanta sin causa, atribuyéndole cargos, que primero los oye que los haya imaginado. Pero no bastan a turbar la seguridad de su ánimo candido y atento a sus obligaciones.

Antes ama a la invidia porque le despierta, y a la emulación porque le incita.

Los principes, que tan superiores se hallan a los demás, desprecien la invidia. Quien no tuviere valor para ella, no le tendrá para ser príncipe. Intentar vencella con los beneficios o con el rigor es imprudente empresa. Todos los monstruos sujetó Hércules, y contra éste ni bastó la fuerza ni el beneficio. Por ninguno depone el pueblo las murmuraciones. Todos le parecen deuda, y se los promete mayores que los que recibe. Las murmuraciones no han de extinguir en el príncipe el afecto a lo glorioso. Nada le ha de acobardar en sus empresas.

Ladran los perros a la luna, y ella con majestuoso desprecio prosigue el curso de su viaje. La primer regla del dominar, es saber tolerar la invidia.

La invidia no es muy dañosa en las monarquías. Antes suele encender la virtud y dalla más a conocer cuando el príncipe es justo y oonstante, y no da ligero crédito a las calumnias. Pero en las repúblicas, donde cada uno es parte y puede executar sus pasiones con la parcialidad de parientes y amigos, es muy peligrosa, porque cría discordias y bandos, de donde nacen las guerras civiles, y déstas las mudanzas de dominio. Ella es la que derribó a Aníbal y a otros grandes varones en los tiempos pasados, y en éstos pudo poner en duda la gran lealtad de Angelo Baduero, clarísimo veneciano, gloria y ornamento de aquella república, tan fino y tan celoso del bien público, que, aun desterrado y perseguido injustamente de sus émulos, procuraba en todas partes la conservación y grandeza de su patria.

El remedio de la invidia en las repúblicas es la igualdad común, prohibiendo la pompa y la ostentación, porque el crecimiento y lustre de las riquezas es quien la despierta. Por esto ponía tanto cuidado la república romana en la tasa de los gastos superfluos y en dividir los campos y las haciendas, para que fuese igual la facultad y poder de sus ciudadanos.

La invidia en los príncipes es indigna de su grandeza, por ser vicio del inferior contra el mayor, y porque no es mucha la gloria que no puede resplandecer si no escurece a los demás. Las pirámides de Egipto fueron milagro del mundo, porque en sí mismas tenían la luz, sin manchar con sus sombras las cosas vecinas. Flaqueza es echar menos en sí lo que se invidia en otro. Esta pasión es más vil, cuando el príncipe invidia el valor o la prudencia de sus ministros, porque éstos son partes suyas, y la cabeza no tiene invidia a los pies porque son muy fuertes para sustentar el cuerpo, ni a los brazos por lo que obran. Antes se gloría de tener tales instrumentos. Pero ¿quién reducirá con razones al amor propio de los príncipes? Como son superiores en el poder, lo quieren ser en las calidades del cuerpo y del ánimo. Aun la fama de los versos de Lucano daba cuidado a Nerón en medio de tantas grandezas.

Y así es menester que los que andan cerca de los príncipes estén muy advertidos, para huir la competencia con ellos del saber o del valor. Y, si el caso los pusiere en ella, procuren ceder con destreza y concedelles el vencimiento. Lo uno o lo otro no solamente es prudencia, sino respeto. En aquel palacio de Dios que se le representó a Ezequiel estaban los querubines (espíritus de sciencia y sabiduría) encogidos, cubiertas las manos con las alas. Solamente quisiera invidioso al príncipe de la adoración que causa en el valido el exceso de sus favores, para que los moderase. Pero no sé qué hechizo es el de la gracia, que ciega la invidia del príncipe. Mira Saúl con malos ojos a David porque sus hazañas (con ser hechas en su servicio) eran más aclamadas que las suyas, y no invidia el rey Asuero a Aman, su privado, obedecido como rey y adorado de todos.

Ninguna invidia más peligrosa que la que nace entre los nobles, Y así se ha de procurar que los honores y cargos no parezcan hereditarios en las familias, sino que pasen de unas a otras, ocupando los muy ricos en puestos de ostentación y gasto, y los pobres en aquellos con que puedan rehacerse y sustentar el esplendor de su nobleza.

La emulación gloriosa, la que no invidia a la virtud y grandeza ajena, sino la echa menos en sí, y la procura adquirir con pruebas de su valor y ingenio, ésta es loable, no vicio, sino centella de virtud, nacida de un ánimo noble y generoso. La gloria de Milcíades por la vitoria que alcanzó contra los persas, encendió tales llamas en el pecho de Temí stocles, que consumieron el verdor de sus vicios. Y, comió. «Lucanum propriae causae accendebant, quod faraam carminum ejus puestas sus costumbres, antes depravadas, andaba por Atenas como fuera de sí, diciendo que los trofeos de Milcíades le quitaban el sueño y traían desvelado. Mientras tuvo competidores Vitelio cor rigió sus vicios. En faltando, les dio libre rienda. Tal emulación es la que se ha de cebar en las repúblicas con los premios, los trofeos y las estatuas, porque es el alma de su conservación y el espíritu de su grandeza. Por esto las repúblicas de Helvecia no adelantan sus confines, y salen délias pocos varones grandes, aunque no falta valor y virtud a sus naturales, porque su principal instituto es la igualdad en todo, y en ella cesa la emulación, y sin la competencia se cubren de ceniza las ascuas de la virtud militar.

Pero, si bien es conveniente y necesaria esta emulación entre los ministros, no deja de ser peligrosa, porque el pueblo, autor della, se divide, y, aplaudiendo unos a uno y otros a otro, se enciende la competencia en ambos, y se levantan sediciones y tumultos. También el deseo de preferirse se arma de engaños y artes, y se convierte en odio y en invidia la emulación, de donde nacen graves inconvenientes. Desdeñado Mételo de que le nombrasen por sucesor en España Citerior a Pompeyo, y invidioso de su gloria, licenció los soldados, enflaqueció las armas y suspendió las provisiones. Después hizo lo mismo Pompeyo cuando supo que era su sucesor el cónsul Marco Popilio. Y, porque no ganase la gloria de vencer a los numantinos, asentó paces con ellos, muy afrentosas a la grandeza romana. En nuestro tiempo se perdió Grol por la diferencia de los cabos que iban al socorro. Ninguna cosa más perjudicial a los príncipes, ni más digna de remedio. Y así parece conveniente castigar al culpado y al que no lo es.

A aquél, porque dio causa; y a éste porque no cedió a su derecho y dejó perder la ocasión. Si algún exceso hay en este rigor, se recompensa con el beneficio público y con el exemplo a los demás. Ninguna gran resolución sin alguna mezcla de agravio. Primero ha de mirar el vasallo por el servicio de su príncipe que por su satisfacción. Pida después la recompensa de la ofensa recibida, y cargue por servicio el haberla tolerado. Valor es en tal caso el sufrimiento del ministro, porque los ánimos generosos deben anteponer el servicio de sus reyes y el beneficio público a sus pasiones, Arístides y Temístocles eran grandes enemigos y, habiendo sido enviados a una embajada juntos, cuando llegaron a las puertas de la ciudad, dijo Arístides: «¿Quieres, Temístocles, que dejemos aquí nuestras enemistades para tomallas después cuando salgamos?» Así lo hizo don Enrique de Guzmán, duque de Medina-Sidonia/7 que, aunque muy encontrado con don Rodrigo Ponce, marqués de Cádiz, le socorrió cuando le tenían cercado los moros en Alhama. Pero, porque a menos costa se previenen los inconvenientes que se castigan después, debe el príncipe atender mucho a no tener en los puestos dos ministros de igual grandeza y autoridad, porque es difícil que entre ambos haya concordia.

Habiendo de enviar Tiberio a Asia un ministro que era de igual calidad con el que estaba gobernando en aquella provincia, consideró el inconveniente. Y, porque no hubiese competencia con él, envió un pretor, que era de menor grado.

Scripture echoes

  1. Dan.6.17Then the king spoke, and they brought Daniel and threw him into the den of lions. The king answered and said to Daniel, "Your God, whom you serve continually, He will deliver you."

Notes

  1. 1robín is older Spanish for rust (orín); rendered as rust.
  2. 2Elliptical Spanish (Éste, de...) continues s5's nacen de; 'this one' = envy as the exception among vices.
  3. 3su luz most naturally points back to virtue's light (s2), which casts the shadow of envy; the pronoun is kept as in the source.
  4. 4El sacar a los rayos del sol sus ojos is an inverted absolute construction: the owl's act of bringing/turning its eyes into the sunlight (appearing by day), which traditionally provokes other birds.
  5. 5olvido rendered as obscurity (being forgotten/out of notice), not mere forgetfulness as a mental act.
  6. 6cizaña kept as tares for the traditional grain-field image (and possible biblical echo); modern alternatives would be darnel or weeds.
  7. 7nobleza nueva rendered as newly gained nobility (recent/upstart rank), not merely novel character.
  8. 8nos está mal rendered as a mark against us / to our discredit, not as mere misfortune.
  9. 9The subject is feminine in Spanish (emulada) and, from the preceding sentence, is virtue: envy is the spur that keeps virtue from growing careless.
  10. 10Source has a stray space/comma before Francisco ('rey , Francisco'). Rendered as the intended 'King Francis of France.' Ellipsis continues 'gloria' from the previous sentence: Charles V's glory grew with Francis's rivalry, parallel to Rome and Carthage.
  11. 11Ptolemaic image: the earth's shadow reaches only the lunar sphere (primer orbe), not the loftier planets—so envy can darken middling greatness but not the truly exalted.
  12. 12Source reads «aî lugar»; translated as «al lugar» (to the place), the most plausible intended reading.
  13. 13«ceptro» is the older spelling of «cetro» (scepter).
  14. 14Spanish is elliptical after 'al sujeto, la invidia' (verb not expressed). Rendered as envy residing in / belonging to the familiar onlooker who knew the rising man from the start.
  15. 15'antes es' rendered as 'really' / 'rather' (contrastive correction: withdrawal does not cure envy; it feeds it). 'ponelle' = ponerle.
  16. 16Continues the previous image: as the sun declines from its height, its shadows (envy’s reach) grow and lengthen. Subject of crecen/extienden is implied from sombras in the prior sentence.
  17. 17valimiento = court favor/influence; su points to Daniel’s standing with the king, not Darius’s own rank.
  18. 18Normalized lu leonera as la leonera (‘the lions’ den’); lu is almost certainly a transcription or typesetting error.
  19. 19embarcando en la misma fortuna: not literal embarkation, but putting potential rivals into a shared stake/fortune so they no longer envy it from outside.
  20. 20Classical natural-history image: the remora was thought to stop ships by clinging outside the hull; brought inside, it can no longer hinder. Parallel to neutralizing envy by taking potential envyers into the same enterprise.
  21. 21Subject of arrebatan is las miserias y calamidades ajenas; le is envy. Los ojos y la indignación are the things seized/stirred. The double o ya sea que… o ya que gives two alternative motives for that reaction.
  22. 22emulación rendered as rivalry (hostile competitive envy), not modern positive 'emulation' as imitative excellence; pairs with invidia in this chapter.
  23. 23candido rendered as guileless (pure/innocent), not modern 'candid' as frank speech.
  24. 24vencella = vencerla ('defeat it/envy'); beneficios can mean favors, gifts, or kindnesses shown; empresa is Saavedra's key term for a deliberate political design or undertaking.
  25. 25éste points back to envy as the unconquerable 'monster'; beneficio here pairs with fuerza as the soft means of conquest, continuing the beneficios/rigor contrast of s3.
  26. 26Todos refers to the favors/benefits implied by the surrounding discussion; le and se track el pueblo (the people) as a collective singular in the Spanish.
  27. 27empresas here means the prince's designs or political undertakings, not commercial 'enterprises' in the modern sense; the word is central to Saavedra's emblematic vocabulary.
  28. 28Source 'invidia' is the early-modern Spanish form of envidia (envy); rendered as envy to match chapter usage, not classical Latin invidia as spite alone.
  29. 29Source reads «oonstante»; translated as «constante» (steadfast), the only plausible intended form.
  30. 30«dalla» is the older contracted form of «darla» (make it known).
  31. 31«cada uno es parte» means each citizen shares in the body politic / is a stakeholder in power, not merely 'part of' it in a weak sense.
  32. 32«fino» here is moral/political purity of loyalty, not social polish; rendered «true».
  33. 33tasa de los gastos superfluos rendered as regulating/limiting superfluous spending (sumptuary control), not as a simple tax; facultad as material means/resources rather than mental faculty.
  34. 34"echar menos" is the Golden Age idiom for missing or feeling the lack of something; rendered as "feel the lack" to keep the envy/deficiency link clear.
  35. 35"Antes" here is corrective/adversative ("rather / on the contrary"), not temporal "before"—the head takes pride in its limbs instead of envying them.
  36. 36"reducirá ... al amor propio" uses Golden Age reducir for bringing a passion to order or submission by argument; rendered "bring under control" rather than modern "reduce."
  37. 37Period form concedelles = concederles (“grant them”). Ella points back to competencia (the rivalry) in the previous sentence.
  38. 38sciencia is period spelling for ciencia; rendered as knowledge, paired with sabiduría (wisdom).
  39. 39valido is the court favorite (privado), not “valid.” Invidioso here is the envy the author would welcome in a prince—begrudging the worship over-favor creates—so he will rein in his favors.
  40. 40gracia here is courtly favor (parallel to favores in the previous sentence), not divine grace; rendered as favor to keep the political sense clear.
  41. 41Source splits the name as "Temí stocles"; translated as Themistocles. "vitoria" is period spelling for victoria.
  42. 42Supplied reading is only "Y, comió." In context this is almost certainly truncated or corrupt OCR/print damage, not a complete clause about eating.
  43. 43Opening Latin fragment («Lucanum propriae causae accendebant, quod faraam carminum ejus) looks corrupt or intrusive and is not continuous sense with the clear Spanish that follows; Spanish from "puestas sus costumbres…" is translated. Subject (Themistocles) is supplied from the preceding sentence.
  44. 44Source reads "cor rigió"; corrected to "corrigió" (corrected / kept in check).
  45. 45"les dio libre rienda": "les" refers back to his vices (s5); "En faltando" = when the competitors were lacking/gone.
  46. 46Source "délias" read as "de ellas" (out of them).
  47. 47Mételo rendered as Metellus (Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius). España Citerior = Hither Spain (Hispania Citerior).
  48. 48porque no ganase: purpose clause; the subject who would gain glory is the incoming successor (Marco Popilio), while asentó paces continues with Pompeyo from s4.
  49. 49Grol = Groenlo (Dutch town). cabos = military commanders; diferencia = quarrel/disagreement, not mere difference of opinion alone.
  50. 50The next section supplies the grounds: punish the guilty for giving cause, and the other for not yielding his right and letting the opportunity be lost. The severity is political utility, not moral equivalence of guilt.
  51. 51'exemplo' is the early-modern spelling of 'ejemplo' (example).
  52. 52'Cargue por servicio' means to enter/count the endurance of the offense as service rendered to the prince.
  53. 53Early-modern 'tomallas' = 'tomarlas' (take them up again). Source runs two clauses together after 'pasiones'; English supplies a natural sentence break without changing sense.
  54. 54Source has 'Medina-Sidonia/7', almost certainly an edition footnote marker; rendered as 'Medina-Sidonia'.

Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano representada en cien empresas (Empresas políticas) companion

Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat

Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.

Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.

  • A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
  • One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
  • Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit
Chosen Portion — Daily Prayer (free iOS app)