Empresa VIII
The Tyranny of Anger
Anger is a destructive passion that clouds a prince's judgment and undermines his dignity.
Nature was careful with the unicorn. She placed the weapons of anger right between its eyes. This passion—so tyrannical over our actions, so much the mistress of the soul's movements—really needs to be viewed in two ways. It is dazzled by the very flame it raises. Only time distinguishes it from madness. In anger a man is not the same as he was before, because with it he goes out of himself. Fortitude doesn't need anger to act, because fortitude is steady while anger is fickle; fortitude is sound, and anger is sick.1 Battles aren't won by the rashness and haste of anger. Nor is it fortitude that moves without reason. No sickness of the spirit runs more against a prince's dignity than this one, because becoming angry implies disrespect or an insult received; none is more opposed to his office, because none more disturbs the calm of judgment, which the one who rules needs so clear. A prince who lets anger carry him away puts the keys to his heart into the hands of whoever provokes him, giving that person power over himself. If he would count it an offense that someone should disarrange his royal mantle, let him count it a point of honor that no one should unsettle his spirit.2 The snares of a fit of anger would easily expose his plans and take control of his will.3 Anger is a moth that breeds and fattens itself in the purple.4 Power doesn't know how to be patient; pomp breeds pride, and pride breeds anger.5 Delicate is the temperament of princes: a mirror that clouds easily; a sky that light vapors unsettle and that hurls lightning; a vice that ordinarily falls on great and generous spirits, impatient and hard to bear with—like the sea, which, though so powerful and noble a body, is stirred and disturbed by any breath of wind. Still, the swell lasts longer in the breasts of kings than in the sea, especially when offenses against honor come into play, because it seems to them they cannot recover honor without revenge.6 King Alfonso III could never forget the discourtesy of King Sancho of Navarre: after the battle of Arcos, Sancho returned to his court without taking leave of him, and Alfonso did not rest over the offense until he took Sancho's kingdom from him.7 The anger of princes is like gunpowder: once it catches fire, it's bound to do its work. The Holy Spirit called it a messenger of death.✦ And so it is very important that they always live as masters of it.8
Restraint and Counsel
Princes must employ patience, delay, and wise counsel to prevent their anger from causing injustice.
It is not right that the one who is to command everyone should obey this passion. Princes should consider that, for this very reason, nothing was placed in their hands as a scepter that could be used to do harm.9 And if kings sometimes have a bare sword carried before them, it is an emblem of justice, not of revenge; and even then another hand carries it, so that the command may stand between anger and execution. The public welfare depends on princes, and it would easily be put in danger if they had such a rash counselor as anger.10 Who would be safe from their hands? Because it is a thunderbolt when power drives it on.11 "And because a king's anger," said King Don Alfonso in his Partidas, "is stronger and more harmful than that of other men, since he can carry it out more quickly, he must therefore be all the more on his guard when he feels it, to know how to restrain it."12 If princes could see themselves when they are angry, they would recognize that it is an unseemly disorder unworthy of majesty, whose calm and sweet harmony of words and actions should attract more than frighten, and should let itself be loved more than make itself feared. So let the prince restrain the effects of anger. And if he cannot, let him hold back his fury and take time before he acts on it; for as King Don Alonso himself said: «The king should restrain himself in his rage until it has passed, and when he does so, great good will follow for him, because he will be able to choose the truth and do with justice whatever he does.»13 Emperor Theodosius felt this danger in his own case, and he made a law that capital sentences should not be carried out until after thirty days. Tiberius had made this kind of decree first, though only for ten days, but he did not want the sentence revoked.14 Well considered, that would have been right if it had been meant to leave room for the prince’s clemency and for the condemned man to acknowledge his debt to him for it.1516 But Tiberius, being so cruel, made no use of it. Athenodorus advised Augustus Caesar not to give orders in anger without first reciting the twenty-four letters of the Greek alphabet.17 Since anger is a brief fury that clashes with the slow pace of deliberation, the remedy is counsel: a prince shouldn't decide on a course of action until he has sought advice. Queen Vashti scorned King Ahasuerus's summons, and though he was outraged by the affront, he did not proceed to punishment until he had taken the opinion of the great men of his kingdom.18 Talking over an injury you've received only stokes anger further. That's why Pythagoras forbade striking a fire with a sword: stirring it only makes the flames burn hotter, and there's no better remedy for anger than silence and withdrawal.19 Left to itself, it burns out and dies. Even soft words are often like dew on a forge: they only heat it more. Anger lives in the ears, or at least is almost always leaning toward them; a prince must guard his ears carefully so that malicious reports don't provoke him into a rage over trivial matters. For this reason I believe the statue of Jupiter in Crete had no ears, because in those who govern they usually do more harm than good. For my part, I think they are necessary for princes, provided they are well-warned and seek counsel with prudence, without letting themselves be carried away by first impressions.20 Anger is appropriate for them when reason drives it and prudence shapes it. Where anger is missing, justice is missing.21 Too much patience increases the vices and makes obedience bold.22 Putting up with everything is either ignorance or servitude, and sometimes a lack of self-respect.23 Persisting in anger to obtain redress for wrongs and to set a warning example regarding injuries to royal dignity is not a vice but a virtue, and it doesn't offend gentleness.
Justice, Mercy, and Dignity
While princes must maintain the dignity of their office, they should distinguish between private injury and public justice.
Who was gentler and milder than David? A man after God's own heart, so soft in taking revenge and so restrained in his anger that, with his enemy Saul in his hands, he was content to cut off a piece of his cloak—and even afterward he regretted having cut it.✦24 Yet for all that, when Hanun shaved the beards of the ambassadors David sent to offer condolences for his father's death and tore their clothes—believing it was a ruse to spy on him—David went to war against him. Once he had taken the cities of Hanun's kingdom, he sacked them, having the citizens sawn and threshed with iron sledges, and afterward ordered them cut to pieces with knives and burned in furnaces.✦25 This will look like cruelty and excess of anger to anyone who doesn't know that all of it is needed to heal the wounds of outrage so thoroughly that no marks of them remain.26 Artaxerxes threatened the cities and provinces that refused to obey his decree with fire and iron, declaring he would make the men and beasts an example of their contempt and disobedience. We can learn this policy from God in the extreme rigor He used—without offending His mercy—against the Syrian army because they called Him the God of the mountains.✦27 The sovereignty of princes is part of the commonwealth, and they cannot simply renounce the offenses and insults done to it.28 Also praiseworthy, and very important for princes, is the anger that stems from reason—spurred by honor, it drives them toward what is difficult and glorious; without it, nothing great can be started or finished. This is the anger that fuels the heart with a generous spirit and keeps it bold enough to overcome difficulties.29 The Academics called it the whetstone of fortitude; Plutarch, the companion of virtue. At the start of his reign, the prince should conceal his anger and forgive the offenses he received before, as King Don Sancho the Strong did when he succeeded to the Crown of Castile. With power, a man's nature changes, and so he must also change his affections and passions.30 It would be an abuse of power to take revenge on someone who is already obedient.31 The person who was wronged should be content to find himself the lord, and the one who wronged him a vassal. The turn of events could not have provided a more generous revenge.32 King Louis XII of France considered this when, urged to avenge the injuries he had received as Duke of Orléans, he said, "It does not become a king of France to avenge the injuries of the Duke of Orléans."33 Private wrongs done to the person and not to the dignity the prince must not avenge with the force of power; for though they seem inseparable, in many actions it is wise to make this distinction, so that majesty does not become terrifying and hated. I believe this is the basis for Tiberius's response when he said that if Piso's only guilt in Germanicus's death was rejoicing at it and at his grief, he didn't want to punish private enmities using the power of the prince.34 On the contrary, the prince must not avenge as a private man the wrongs done to his office or to the State, letting himself at once be carried away by passion and treating revenge as a point of reputation, when it is better to put it off for another time, or to forgive; for anger in princes must not be a motion of the temper, but of the public good.35
The Prudence of Concealment
A wise prince knows how to mask his resentment and manage the perceptions of those around him for the sake of the common good.
King Fernando the Catholic looked to this when, the king of Granada having refused him the tribute his predecessors used to pay—saying they were already dead, and that in his mints neither gold nor silver was coined, but scimitars and spearheads were forged—he overlooked this insolence and arrogance, and made a truce with him, postponing revenge until the affairs of his kingdom were settled, in which he consulted the public good more than his private anger. It's also a matter of prudence to hide your anger and resentment when you foresee that showing them might eventually cause you harm. For this reason King Ferdinand the Catholic, though the grandees had deeply offended him, masked his feelings with them when he left the government of Castile and withdrew to Aragon, taking leave of them with so pleasant a face and so little acknowledgment of the offenses he had suffered, as if he foresaw that he would return to governing the kingdom—as later happened.36 A generous heart conceals the wrongs done to it, and does not wipe them out by acting out its anger, but by its own deeds: a noble and courageous revenge. While King Ferdinand the Saint was besieging Seville, a knight complained about Garci Pérez de Vargas, claiming the wavy shield he carried didn't belong to his lineage.37 He concealed the offense and, when an assault was made on Triana, pressed forward and fought so bravely that he brought out his shield dented and covered with arrows; and turning to his rival, who stood in a safe place, he said: "You're right to take the shield of our lineage from us, since we put it in such dangers.38 You deserve it more, since you keep it safer."39 Those who find themselves free of slander are very patient when it happens; it takes just as much courage to conquer this passion as it does to conquer an enemy.40 Kindling a prince's anger is just as dangerous as setting fire to a mine or a petard. Even when it's to your own advantage, it's prudent to temper it, especially when it's directed at powerful people, because such rages often explode later to the harm of the one who stirred them up.41 This is what the Moors of Toledo relied on when they tried to calm King Alfonso VI's anger against the Archbishop of Toledo and the queen, because those two had taken the mosque from them without his order.42 Two prudent warnings follow from this teaching. The first is that ministers must gently present to the prince—when their office requires it—the things that might kindle his anger or cause him offense; because once his mind is stirred up, it turns against the one who reports them, even if that person isn't at fault and acts with good zeal.43 The second is that they should not only try, with great skill, to temper his rages, but also to hide them.44 Those two seraphim (ministers of love) who attended God in Isaiah's vision covered their feet with two wings and with two others covered His face, so that, when He was indignant, He wouldn't drive those who had offended Him into such despair that they would rather be under the mountains than in His presence.45 Once the fury of anger has passed, princes take offense at having had witnesses to it, and even at anyone who so much as looked toward its carrying out, because both things are opposed to royal mildness.46 That is why God turned Lot's wife into a statue.47
Read the original Latin
Considerada anduvo la naturaleza con el unicornio. Entre los ojos le puso las armas de la ira. Bien es menester que se mire a dos luces esta pasión tan tirana de las acciones, tan señora de los movimientos del ánimo. Con la misma llama que levanta, se deslumbra. El tiempo solamente la diferencia de la locura. En la ira no es un hombre el mismo que antes, porque con ella sale de sí. No la ha menester la fortaleza para obrar, porque ésta es constante, aquélla varia; ésta sana, y aquélla enferma. No se vencen las batallas con la liviandad y ligereza de la ira.
Ni es fortaleza la que se mueve sin razón. Ninguna enfermedad del ánimo más contra el decoro del príncipe que ésta, porque el airarse supone desacato u ofensa recibida; ninguna más opuesta a su oficio, porque ninguna turba más la serenidad del juicio, que tan claro le ha menester el que manda. El príncipe que se deja llevar de la ira, pone en la mano de quien le irrita las llaves de su corazón, y le da potestad sobre sí mismo. Si tuviera por ofensa que otro le descompusiese el manto real, tenga por reputación que ninguno le descomponga el ánimo. Fácilmente le descubrirían sus desinios y prenderían su voluntad las acechanzas de un enojo.
Es la ira una polilla que se cría y ceba en la púrpura. No sabe ser sufrido el poder; la pompa engendra soberbia, y la soberbia, ira. Delicada es la condición de los príncipes; espejo que fácilmente se empaña; cielo que con ligeros vapores se conturba y fulmina rayos; vicio que ordinariamente cae en ánimos grandes y generosos, impacientes y mal sufridos, a semejanza del mar, que, siendo un cuerpo tan poderoso y noble, se conmueve y perturba con cualquier soplo de viento. Si bien dura más la mareta en los pechos de los reyes que en él, principalmente cuando intervienen ofensas del honor, porque no les parece que le pueden recobrar sin la venganza. Nunca pudo el rey don Alonso el Tercero olvidar la descortesía del rey don Sancho de Navarra, porque, dada la batalla de Arcos, se volvió a su Corte sin despedirse del, y no sosegó en la ofensa hasta que le quitó el reino. Es la ira de los príncipes como la pólvora, que, en encendiéndose, no puede dejar de hacer su efecto. Mensajera de la muerte la llamó el Espíritu Santo. Y así, conviene mucho que vivan siempre señores délia.
No es bien que quien ha de mandar a todos, obedezca a esta pasión. Consideren los príncipes que por esto no se puso en sus manos por ceptro cosa con que pudiesen ofender. Y, si tal vez llevan los reyes delante un estoque desnudo, insignia es de justicia, no de venganza, y aun entonces la lleva otra mano, para que se interponga el mandato entre la ira y la ejecución. De los príncipes pende la salud pública, y peligraría ligeramente, si tuviesen tan precipitado consejero como es la ira. ¿Quién estaría seguro de sus manos? Porque es rayo cuando la impele la potestad. «E porque la ira del rey (dijo el rey don Alonso en sus Partidas) es más fuerte e más dañosa que la de los otros homes, porque la puede más aína complir, por ende debe ser más apercibido, cuando la oviere, en saberla sofrir.» Si los príncipes se viesen cuando están airados, conocerían que es descompostura indigna de la majestad, cuyo sosiego y dulce armonía de las palabras y de las acciones más ha de atraer que espantar, más ha de dejar amarse que hacerse temer.
Reprima, pues, el príncipe los efectos de la ira. Y, si no, suspenda su furor, y tome tiempo para la execución; porque, como dijo el mismo rey don Alonso: «Debe el rey sofrirse en la saña fasta que sea pasada, e cuando lo ficiere, seguísele ha gran pro, ca podrá escoger la verdad, e facer con derecho lo que ficiere.» En sí experimentó el emperador Teodosio este inconveniente, y hizo una ley que las sentencias capitales no se executasen hasta después de treinta días. Este decreto había hecho primero Tiberio hasta solos diez, pero no quería que se revocase la sentencia. Bien considerado, si fuera para dar lugar a la gracia del príncipe y a que se reconociese del. Pero Tiberio, como tan cruel, no usaba dello. A Augusto César aconsejó Atenedoro que no diese órdenes enojado, sin haber primero pronunciado las veinte y cuatro letras del abededario griego.
Siendo, pues, la ira un breve furor opuesto a la tardanza de la consulta, su remedio es el consejo, no resolviéndose el príncipe a la execución hasta haberse consultado. Despreció la reina de Vasto el llamamiento del rey Asuero, y, aunque [éste] se indignó del desacato, no procedió al castigo hasta haber tomado el parecer de los grandes de su reino.
La conferencia sobre la injuria recibida enciende más la ira. Por esto prohibió Pitágoras que no se hiriese el fuego con la espada, porque la agitación aviva más las llamas, y no tiene mayor remedio la ira que el silencio y retiro. Por sí misma se consume y extingue. Aun las palabras blandas suelen ser rocíos sobre la fragua, que la encienden más.
Habita la ira en las orejas, o por lo menos está casi siempre asomada a ellas; éstas debe cautelar el príncipe, para que no le obliguen siniestras relaciones a descomponerse con ella ligeramente. Por esto creo que la estatua de Júpiter en Creta no tenía orejas, porque en los que gobiernan suelen ser de más daño que provecho. Yo por necesarias las juzgo en los príncipes, como estén bien advertidas y se consulten con la prudencia, sin dejarse llevar de las primeras impresiones. Conveniente es en ellos la ira, cuando la razón la mueve y la prudencia la compone. Donde no está la ira, falta la justicia." La paciencia demasiada aumenta los vicios y hace atrevida la obediencia. Sufrillo todo o es ignorancia o servidumbre, y algunas veces poca estimación de sí mismo. El durar en la ira para satisfacción de agravios y para dejar escarmientos de injurias hechas a la dignidad real, no es vicio, sino virtud, en que no queda ofendida la mansedumbre.
¿Quién más apacible y manso que David? 1 Varón según el corazón de Dios, tan blando en las venganzas y tan corregido en sus iras, que teniendo en las manos a su enemigo Saúl, se contentó con quitalle un jirón del vestido, y aun después se arrepintió de haberle cortado." Y con todo esto, habiendo Hammón hecho raer las barbas y desgarrar los vestidos de los embajadores que enviaba a dalle el pésame por la muerte de su padre, y, creyendo que era estratagema para espiar sus acciones, le movió la guerra, y, ocupadas las ciudades de su Estado, las saqueó, haciendo aserrar a sus ciudadanos y trillarlos con trillos de hierro, y después les mandó capolar con cuchillos y abrasar en hornos. Crueldad y exceso de ira parecerá esto a quien no supiere que todo es menester para curar de suerte las heridas de los desacatos, que no queden señales délias. Con el hierro y el fuego amenazó Artaxerxes a las ciudades y provincias que no obedeciesen un decreto suyo, y que dejaría ejemplo de su desprecio y inobediencia a los hombres y a las bestias, De Dios podemos aprender esta política en el extremo rigor que sin ofensa de su misericordia usó con el exercito de Siria, porque le llamaron Dios de los montes. Parte es de la república la soberanía de los príncipes, y no pueden renunciar a sus ofensas e injurias.
También es loable y muy importante en los príncipes aquella ira, hija de la razón, que, estimulada de la gloria, obliga a lo arduo y glorioso, sin la cual ninguna cosa grande se puede comenzar ni acabar. Ésta es la que con generosos espíritus ceba el corazón y lo mantiene animoso para vencer dificultades. Piedra de amolar de la fortaleza la llamaron los académicos; y compañera de la virtud, Plutarco.
En los principios del reinado debe el príncipe disimular la ira y perdonar las ofensas recibidas antes, como lo hizo el rey don Sancho el Fuerte cuando sucedió en la Corona de Castilla. Con el imperio se muda de naturaleza, y así también se ha de mudar de afectos y pasiones. Superchería sería del poder vengarse de quien ya obedece. Conténtese el ofendido de verse señor, y vasallo al ofensor. No pudo el caso dalle más generosa venganza. Esto consideró el rey de Francia, Ludovico Duodécimo, cuando, proponiéndole que vengase las injurias recibidas siendo duque de Orliens, dijo: «No conviene a un rey de Francia vengar las injurias del duque de Orliens.»
Las ofensas particulares hechas a la persona y no a la dignidad, no ha de vengar el príncipe con la fuerza del poder; porque, si bien parecen inseparables, conviene en muchas acciones hacer esta distinción, para que no sea terrible y odiosa la majestad. En esto creo se fundó la respuesta de Tiberio cuando dijo que, si Pisón no tenía en la muerte de Germánico más culpa que haberse holgado délia y de su dolor, no quería castigar las enemistades particulares con la fuerza del príncipe. Al contrario, no ha de vengar el príncipe como particular las ofensas hechas al oficio o al Estado, dejándose luego llevar de la pasión, y haciendo reputación la venganza, cuando conviene diferüla para otro tiempo, o perdonar; porque la ira en los príncipes no ha de ser movimiento del ánimo, sino de la conveniencia pública. A ésta miró el rey don Fernando el Católico, cuando habiéndole el rey de Granada negado el tributo que solían pagar sus antecesores, diciendo que eran ya muertos, y que en sus casas de moneda no se labraba oro ni plata, sino se forjaban alfanjes y hierros de lanzas, disimuló esta libertad y arrogancia, y asentó treguas con él, remitiendo la venganza para cuando las cosas de su reino estuviesen quietas, en que se consultó más con el bien público que con su ira particular.
Es también oficio de la prudencia disimular la ira y los enojos cuando se presume que puede suceder tiempo en que sea dañoso el haberlos descubierto. Por esto el rey Católico don Fernando, aunque le tenían muy ofendido los grandes, disimuló con ellos cuando dejó el gobierno de Castilla, y se retiró a Aragón, despidiéndose dellos con tan agradable semblante y tan sin darse por entendido de las ofensas recibidas, como si anteviera que había de volver al gobierno del reino, como sucedió después.
Un pecho generoso disimula las injurias, y no las borra con la ejecución de la ira, sino con sus mismas hazañas: noble y valerosa venganza. Murmuraba un caballero (cuando el rey don Fernando el Santo estaba sobre Sevilla) de Garci Pérez de Vargas, que no era de su linaje el escudo ondeado que traía. Disimuló la ofensa y, al dar un asalto a Triana, se adelantó y peleó tan valientemente, que sacó el escudo abollado y cubierto de saetas, y, volviéndose a su émulo, que estaba en lugar seguro, dijo: «Con razón nos quitáis el escudo de nuestro linaje, pues lo ponemos en tales peligros. Vos lo merecéis mejor, que lo recatáis más». Son muy sufridos en las calumnias los que se hallan libres délias, y no es menor valor vencer esta pasión que al enemigo.
Encender la ira del príncipe no es menos peligroso que dar fuego a una mina o a un petardo. Y, aunque sea en favor propio, es prudencia templalia, principalmente cuando es contra personas poderosas, porque tales iras suelen reventar después en daño de quien las causa. En esto se fundaron los moros de Toledo, cuando procuraron aplacar el enojo del rey don Alfonso el Sexto contra el arzobispo de Toledo y contra la reina, porque les* habían quitado la mezquita sin orden suya. Desta doctrina se sacan dos avisos prudentes. El primero, que los ministros han de representar blandamente al príncipe (cuando es obligación de su oficio) las cosas que pueden encendelle la ira o causalle disgusto; porque, alborotado el ánimo, se vuelve contra quien las refiere, aunque no tenga culpa y lo haga con buen celo. El segundo, que no solamente deben procurar con gran destreza templar sus iras, sino ocultallas. Aquellos dos serafines (ministros de amor) que asistían a Dios en la visión de Isaías, con dos alas se envolvían a sus pies y con otras dos le cubrían el semblante, porque, estando indignado, no pusiese en tal desesperación a los que le habían ofendido, que quisiesen antes estar debajo de los montes que en su presencia. Pasado el furor de la ira, se ofenden los príncipes de haber tenido testigos délia, y aun de quien volvió los ojos a su execución, porque ambas cosas son opuestas a la benignidad real.
Por esto Dios convertió en estatua a la mujer de Lot.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Prov.16.14 — A king's wrath is messengers of death, but a wise man will appease it.
- ↩1Sam.13.14;Acts.13.22 — But now your kingdom will not endure; the LORD has sought out a man after his own heart, and the LORD has appointed him ruler over his people, because you have not kept what the LORD commanded you. Acts.13.22 — and after removing him, he raised up David as their king, to whom he also testified, 'I have found David the son of Jesse, a man after my heart, who will do all my will.'
- ↩2Sam.12.31;1Chr.20.3 — And he brought out the people who were in it and set them under saws and under iron harrows and under iron axes, and he made them pass through the brick kiln. And so he did to all the cities of the Ammonites. And David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. 1Chr.20.3 — And he brought out the people who were in it and cut them with saws, iron picks, and iron axes. Thus David did to all the cities of the Ammonites. Then David and all the people returned to Jerusalem.
- ↩1Kgs.20.23-1Kgs.20.28 — The servants of the king of Aram said to him, "Their gods are gods of the hills; therefore they were stronger than we. But let us fight them on the plain, and surely we will be stronger than they." 1Kgs.20.24 — And do this thing: remove the kings, each from his place, and appoint governors in their place. 1Kgs.20.25 — And you must count for yourself an army like the army that fell from you, and horses like the horses, and chariots like the chariots, and we will fight them on the plain—surely we are stronger than they. And he listened to their voice and did so. 1Kgs.20.26 — And it came to pass at the turn of the year that Ben-hadad mustered the Arameans and went up to Aphek to battle against Israel. 1Kgs.20.27 — The Israelites were mustered and supplied, and went out to meet them. The Israelites encamped before them like two small flocks of goats, while the Arameans filled the land. 1Kgs.20.28 — And the man of God came near and said to the king of Israel, "Thus says the LORD: Because the Arameans have said, 'The LORD is a god of the hills and not a god of the valleys,' I will give all this great multitude into your hand, and you shall know that I am the LORD."
Notes
- 1 ↩ésta/aquélla: ésta = fortaleza (fortitude), aquélla = ira (anger). Rendered with the nouns repeated for clarity.
- 2 ↩reputación here means the prince's standing/honor rather than mere public opinion; rendered as 'point of honor' to keep the parallel with ofensa.
- 3 ↩Source desinios read as designios (designs/plans), a period orthography; meaning is secure.
- 4 ↩púrpura: the royal purple of rank and power, not merely the color.
- 5 ↩sufrido: classical sense 'patient/forbearing,' not 'long-suffering' in a passive modern register.
- 6 ↩mareta: residual chop/swell after the sea image in the previous sentence; en él points back to the sea.
- 7 ↩Historical exemplum of lingering princely anger; subjects clarified in English for readability (Sancho leaves without farewell; Alfonso seizes the realm).
- 8 ↩délia = de ella: of anger (ira). 'Señores de ella' = masters over anger, not subjects of it.
- 9 ↩ceptro is the older spelling of cetro (scepter). ofender here means to injure/harm others by the use of power, not merely to give offense in manners.
- 10 ↩ligeramente here means readily/easily (Golden Age sense), not 'slightly' in the weak modern sense.
- 11 ↩la impele la potestad: anger (ira, feminine) is the subject of 'es rayo'; potestad (power/authority) is what drives/impels it.
- 12 ↩Embedded medieval Castilian from the Siete Partidas (homes, aína, complir, oviere, sofrir). Rendered in modern English for sense; sofrir taken as restrain/endure patiently, consistent with the following section's sofrirse en la saña.
- 13 ↩Medieval Partidas Spanish (sofrirse, saña, fasta, ficiere, seguísele ha gran pro, ca, facer con derecho) rendered into clear modern English while keeping the quoted authority of King Alfonso’s counsel.
- 14 ↩«hasta solos diez» is understood as a cooling-off period of only ten days, parallel to Theodosius’s thirty days in the previous sentence.
- 15 ↩«gracia del príncipe» is royal clemency/pardon, not divine grace; rendered as «clemency» to keep the political sense clear.
- 16 ↩The clause is elliptical in the source; the translation supplies the implied judgment that such a delay would be sound only if ordered toward pardon and gratitude.
- 17 ↩Source «abededario» treated as «abecedario» (alphabet).
- 18 ↩Source «reina de Vasto» / «rey Asuero» are the Esther forms for Queen Vashti and King Ahasuerus; rendered with the familiar English biblical names.
- 19 ↩Spanish 'prohibió... que no se hiriese' uses the classical pleonastic negative after prohibit; sense is forbade striking/stirring the fire with a sword (the Pythagorean symbol against prodding anger).
- 20 ↩"como estén" is read as a proviso ("provided they are"), not temporal "as they are"; "las" continues the referent "ears" from the preceding sentences.
- 21 ↩Normalized source ends with a stray closing quotation mark after justicia; treated as a printing artifact and not rendered.
- 22 ↩"hace atrevida la obediencia" means excessive forbearance emboldens those who ought to obey—subjects grow presumptuous—not that obedience itself becomes a virtue of daring.
- 23 ↩"Sufrillo" is the enclitic form sufrir + lo ("to endure it all"); rendered as "putting up with everything."
- 24 ↩corregido en sus iras: rendered as 'restrained' (well-governed/disciplined anger), not merely 'corrected after the fact'.
- 25 ↩Hammón rendered as biblical Hanun (Ammonite king). dalle = darle; archaic clitics normalized in English sense only.
- 26 ↩délias read as de ellas ('of them'), referring to the wounds of the outrages.
- 27 ↩Source runs two clauses together before 'De Dios'; a sentence break is supplied in English. exercito normalized as ejército/army.
- 28 ↩renunciar a sus ofensas e injurias: not personal spite, but that injuries to sovereign dignity cannot be waived as if they were only private wrongs, because that dignity belongs to the republic.
- 29 ↩ceba (literally 'feeds/fattens') rendered as 'feeds'; generosos espíritus as 'generous spirit' (noble courage, not ghosts or alcoholic spirits).
- 30 ↩imperio here means rule/sovereignty (the office of power), not specifically the Empire.
- 31 ↩superchería can mean foul play, treachery, or underhanded abuse; rendered as abuse of power to keep the political force.
- 32 ↩dalle is period spelling for darle ('to give him'); translated from that reading.
- 33 ↩Orliens is the source's period spelling of Orléans; modernized in English. Ludovico Duodécimo rendered as Louis XII.
- 34 ↩Source «délia» is early-modern orthography for «de ella» (of it/her), referring to Germanicus's death; «su dolor» may be Germanicus's suffering or Tiberius's grief over him—rendered as 'his grief' with the latter historical sense in view.
- 35 ↩Source «diferüla» read as «diferirla» (to defer it); sense is secure.
- 36 ↩Spanish «disimuló con ellos» and «sin darse por entendido» mark deliberate political dissimulation: not public forgiveness, but refraining from showing that the offenses had been registered.
- 37 ↩escudo ondeado: heraldic 'wavy' arms (a shield with undulating bars), not merely a physical wavy surface.
- 38 ↩Quoted speech is ironic self-abasement: he pretends to yield the disputed arms because he has risked them, while exposing the rival's caution.
- 39 ↩recatáis: to keep carefully / hold back from risk; rendered as 'keep safer' to preserve the taunt that the rival protects the arms by avoiding battle.
- 40 ↩délias read as de ellas ('of them'), referring to calumnias.
- 41 ↩Source surface 'templalia' read as early-modern enclitic 'templarla' (to temper/moderate it).
- 42 ↩Source has 'les*' (asterisk in witness). Rendered as 'from them' (the Moors). 'sin orden suya' taken as without the king's order, not without the Moors' order.
- 43 ↩Early-modern enclitics 'encendelle'/'causalle' read as 'encenderle'/'causarle'.
- 44 ↩'ocultallas' read as 'ocultarlas' (hide them—the prince's rages).
- 45 ↩Saavedra allegorizes Isaiah 6: the seraphim hide God's countenance so offenders are not driven to despair—an image applied to ministers concealing a prince's anger. Canonical Isaiah has each seraph covering its own face and feet.
- 46 ↩Source 'délia' read as 'de ella' (of it—the anger). 'execución' is early spelling of 'ejecución'.
- 47 ↩Spanish estatua is rendered as statue; Genesis traditionally has a pillar of salt (Gen 19:26).
Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano representada en cien empresas (Empresas políticas) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit