Empresa VI
The Crown of Liberal Arts
The liberal arts serve as a necessary and noble adornment to the sciences and the character of a prince.
The Bridegroom in the Song of Songs made use of the body of this emblem to signify the adornment of his bride's virtues—to which the lily foliage that crowned the columns of Solomon's temple to perfect them seems to allude, and the lampstand of the tabernacle ringed with them.1 This gave me the opportunity to use the same emblem: the wheat to signify the sciences, and the lilies to represent the humanities and liberal arts that should adorn them.2 The comparison isn't a stretch, since Procopius interpreted the ears of grain as the disciples, and the Bridegroom himself understood the lilies to represent eloquence.3 What are the humanities if not a crown for the sciences? Cassiodorus called them the diadem of princes. The Hebrews crowned certain letters with a garland.4 This seems to be the meaning behind the poets' laurels, the coils on academic hoods, and the multicolored tassels of the doctors.5 Let the sciences occupy the center of the mind, but let their circumference be a crown of polished letters.
The Prince's Gracious Conduct
A prince should cultivate the liberal arts to temper his authority with affability and to engage the public mind.
A profession lacking knowledge or the refinement of others is a form of ignorance, because the sciences join hands and form a circle, much like the choir of the nine Muses. Who isn't worn out by even the greatest wisdom, if it is severe and doesn't know how to make itself loved and esteemed through the liberal arts and good letters? These are all the more necessary in a prince, to temper with them the severity of ruling, since people call them human because of how pleasing they are.6 Something common to other people must be seen in him, as he talks over various studies with affability and good grace, because it is not royal greatness that confounds, but ill-judged reserve—just as it is not the light of the sun that offends the eyes, but its harsh dryness.7 Therefore, it is right that political science be softened and adorned with the liberal arts.8 Rubies in a crown and diamonds in rings don't shine any brighter than they do. And so those arts in which the mind works and the hand obeys do not demean majesty; neither the prince's gravity nor the care of government need take offense because he gives himself to them. The emperor Marcus Antoninus used painting as a diversion.9 Maximilian II, with an engraving.10 Theobald, king of Navarre, with poetry and music, arts to which the majesty of Philip the Fourth, father of Your11 Highness,12 when he lays aside the cares of both worlds.13 The Spartans used it to raise their youth.14 Plato and Aristotle recommend these exercises as beneficial to the state. Even if the mind doesn't find rest in them, they can still be pursued for reasons of state, because the people are glad to see the prince’s thoughts occupied rather than always focused on making their bondage heavier.15 For this reason, the Roman people welcomed Drusus’s pastimes.
Moderation in Private Diversions
While arts and poetry are beneficial, a prince must practice them with strict moderation to avoid neglecting his primary duties.
Two things must be kept in mind when practicing these arts. First, they should only be practiced in private among one's closest household, as Emperor Alexander Severus did, even though he was highly skilled at playing and singing.16 For among everyone else, it breeds contempt to see the hand that holds the scepter and governs a kingdom busy with a plectrum or a paintbrush. This is noticed more once a ruler reaches the age when public responsibilities should take up more time than private hobbies; such is our nature that we don't blame a prince or think he's wasting time when he's simply idle, but we do when he amuses himself with these arts. The second is that not much time be spent on them, nor should the prince put all his effort into excelling at them, because afterward he will rest his glory more on that empty refinement than on the refinements of government—as Nero did, dropping the reins of an empire to drive those of a chariot, and priding himself more on playing the actor well on stage than on playing the emperor in the world. King Don Alfonso effectively forestalled this danger in his Partidas when, discussing the moderation of these diversions, he said: «And therefore the king who did not know how to use these things well, as we said above, besides the sin and the ill repute that would come of it, would also reap great harm, for it would debase his deeds, leaving greater and good things for base ones.»17 This abuse of a prince holding the arts in higher esteem than the science of ruling was elegantly rebuked by the poet in these verses: Poetry, though it is part of music—because what the low note and the high note do in music, accents and rhymes do in poetry—and though it is a nobler occupation, music belonging to the hand and poetry to the understanding alone, the one meant to delight and the other to teach while delighting: still, for all that, it does not seem fitting for the prince, because its sweetness greatly suspends the actions of the mind, and once the understanding is in love with its conceits, as the nightingale is with its own song, it cannot stop thinking about them, and it grows so sharp on poetry's subtlety that afterward it dulls and warps against the hard and rough work of government. And, not finding in government the delight it finds in verse, it despises and hates it, and leaves it in someone else's hands—as King Juan I of Aragon did, who idly spent his time on poetry, bringing from remote provinces those most excellent in it, until his impatient subjects rose against him and set rules for his idle pastime.18 However, since poetry is so common in courts and palaces and helps make minds more refined and agreeable, a prince would seem quite ignorant if he had no knowledge of it or didn't know how to use it occasionally.19 And so he may be allowed some application to it that will sharpen him and make him cultivated. We see very serious poems written by those who governed the world and held the helm of the Church's ship, to the universal applause of the nations.
The Vanity of Alchemy
Princes should avoid the deceptive pursuit of alchemy, recognizing that true wealth comes from wisdom and sound economic management.
Princes often throw themselves into the arts of distillation, and though it is a noble diversion in which notable effects and secrets of nature are discovered, it is best to keep them far from those arts, because curiosity easily slides into alchemy, and greed gets stained by it, trying to fix mercury and make silver and gold—on which time is wasted in vain, to everyone's contempt, and present riches are spent for future ones that are doubtful and uncertain.2021 It's a madness only death can cure—staking one experiment on another, never realizing there is no richer philosopher's stone than good economy.22 By it and by trade—not by chemical science—we should understand what Solomon said: that nothing was richer than wisdom. As was proven in him himself, who, together with commerce in Tarshish and Ophir, had gained great treasures—for which he would not have relied on fleets exposed to the dangers of the sea if he could have multiplied them with crucibles.✦2324 And the one who reasoned through everything and had infused knowledge would have—if it were possible—attained and worked this secret.2526 Nor is it to be believed that God will allow it, because the commerce of the nations would be thrown into confusion—commerce that rests on coins struck from precious and rare metal.
Read the original Latin
Del cuerpo desta empresa se valió el Esposo en los Cantares para significar el adorno de las virtudes de su esposa, a que parece aluden los follajes de azucenas que coronaban las columnas del templo de Salomón para perficionallas, y el candelabro del tabernáculo cercado con ellas. Lo cual me dio ocasión de valerme del mismo cuerpo para significar por el trigo las sciencías, y por las azucenas las buenas letras y artes liberales con que se deben adornar. Y no es ajena la comparación, pues por las espigas entendió Procopio los dicípulos, y por las azucenas la elocuencia el mismo Esposo. ¿Qué son las buenas letras sino una corona de las sciencias? Diadema de los príncipes las llamó Casiodoro. Algunas letras coronaban los hebreos con una guirnalda. Eso parece que significan los lauros de los poetas, las roscas de las becas y las borlas de varios colores de los doctores. Ocupen las sciencias el centro del ánimo; pero su circunferencia sea una corona de letras pulidas.
Una profesión sin noticia ni adorno de otras es una especie de ignorancia, porque las sciencias se dan las manos y hacen un círculo, como se ve en el coro de las nueve musas. ¿A quién no cansa la mayor sabiduría, si es severa y no sabe hacerse amar y estimar con las artes liberales y con las buenas letras? Éstas son más necesarias en el príncipe para templar con ellas la severidad del reinar, pues por su agrado las llaman humanas. Algo común a los demás se ha de ver en él, discurriendo de varios estudios con afabilidad y buena gracia, porque no es la grandeza real quien confunde, sino la indiscreta mesura, como no es la luz del sol quien ofende a los ojos, sino su sequedad. Y así, conviene que con las artes liberales se domestique y adorne la sciencia política. No resplandecen más que ellas los rubíes en la corona y los diamantes en los anillos. Y así, no desdicen de la majestad aquellas artes en que obra el ingenio y obedece la mano, sin que pueda ofenderse la gravedad del príncipe ni el cuidado del gobierno porque se entregue a ellas. El emperador Marco Antonio se divertía con la pintura.
Maximiliano Segundo, con cincelar. Teobaldo, rey de Navarra, con la poesía y con la música, a que también se aplica la magestad de Felipe Cuarto, padre de V. A. , cuando depone los cuidados de ambos mundos. En ella criaban los espartanos su juventud. Platón y Aristóteles encomiendan por útiles a las repúblicas estos exercicios. Y cuando en ellos no reposara el ánimo, se pueden afectar por razón de Estado, porque al pueblo agrada ver entretenidos los pensamientos del príncipe, y que no estén siempre fijos en agravar su servidumbre. Por esto eran gratas al pueblo romano las delicias de Druso.
Dos cosas se han de advertir en el uso de tales artes. Que se obren a solas entre los muy domésticos, como hacía el emperador Alejandro Severo, aunque era muy primo en sonar y cantar. Porque en los demás causa desprecio el ver ocupada con el plectro o con el pincel la mano que empuña el ceptro y gobierna un reino. Esto se nota más cuando ha entrado la edad en que han de tener más parte los cuidados públicos que los divertimientos particulares; siendo tal nuestra naturaleza, que no acusamos a un príncipe ni nos parece que pierde tiempo cuando está ocioso, sino cuando se divierte en estas artes. La segunda, que no se emplee mucho tiempo, ni ponga el príncipe todo su estudio en ser excelente en ellas, porque después fundará su gloria más en aquel vano primor que en los del gobierno, como la fundaba Nerón, soltando las riendas de un imperio por gobernar las de un carro, y preciándose más de representar bien en el teatro la persona de comediante, que en el mundo la de emperador. Bien previno este inconveniente el rey don Alonso en sus Partidas, cuando, tratando de la moderación destos divertimientos, dijo: «E por ende el Rey que ño sopiese destas cosas bien usar, según desuso diximos, sin el pecado, e la mal estanza que le ende vernía, seguirle ía aun de ello gran daño, que envilescería su fecho, dexando las cosas mayores y buenas por las viles.» Este abuso de haber el príncipe más aprecio de las artes que de la sciencia de reinar acusó elegantemente el poeta en estos versos:
La poesía, si bien es parte de la música, porque lo que en ella obra el grave y el agudo, obran en la poesía los acentos y consonantes, y es más noble ocupación, siendo aquélla de la mano, y ésta de solo el entendimiento; aquélla para deleitar, y ésta para enseñar deleitando; con todo eso, no parece que conviene al príncipe, porque su dulzura suspende mucho las acciones del ánimo, y, enamorado de sus conceptos el entendimiento, como de su canto el ruiseñor, no sabe dejar de pensar en ellos, y se afila tanto con la sutileza de la poesía, que después se embota y tuerce en lo duro y áspero del gobierno. Y, no hallando en él aquella delectación que en los versos, le desprecia y aborrece, y le deja en manos de otro, como lo hizo el rey de Aragón don Juan el Primero, que ociosamente consumía el tiempo en la poesía, trayendo de provincias remotas los más excelentes en ella, hasta que impacientes sus vasallos se levantaron contra él, y dieron leyes a su ocioso divertimiento. Pero como es la poesía tan familiar en las cortes y palacios, y hace cortesanos y apacibles los ánimos, parecería el príncipe muy ignorante, si no tuviese algún conocimiento delia y la supiese tal vez usar. Y así, se le puede conceder alguna aplicación que le despierte y haga entendido. Muy graves poesías vemos de los que gobernaron el mundo y tuvieron el timón de la nave de la Iglesia, con aplauso universal de las naciones.
Suelen los príncipes entregarse a las artes de la distilación, y, si bien es noble divertimiento, en que se descubren notables efectos y secretos de la naturaleza, conviene tenellos muy lejos délias, porque fácilmente la curiosidad pasa a la alquimia, y se tizna en ella la cudicia, procurando fijar el azogue y hacer plata y oro, en que se consume el tiempo vanamente, con desprecio de todos, y se gastan las riquezas presentes por las futuras, dudosas y inciertas. Locura es que solamente se cura con la muerte, empeñadas unas experiencias con otras, sin advertir que no hay piedra filosofal más rica que la buena economía. Por ella y por la negociación, y no por la sciencia química, se ha de entender lo que dijo Salomón, que ninguna cosa había más rica que la sabiduría/4 como se experimentó en él mismo, habiendo sabido juntas con el comercio en Tarsis y Ofir grandes tesoros, para los cuales no se valdría de flotas, expuestas a los peligros del mar, si los pudiera multiplicar con los crisoles. Y quien todo lo disputó/5 y tuvo sciencia infusa, hubiera (si fuera posible) alcanzado y obrado este secreto. Ni es de creer que lo permitirá Dios, porque se confundiría el comercio de las gentes que consiste en las monedas labradas de metal precioso y raro.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Prov.3.13-Prov.3.15 — Blessed is the one who finds wisdom, and the one who obtains understanding. Prov.3.14 — For her profit is better than the profit of silver, and her yield than fine gold. Prov.3.15 — She is more precious than rubies, and all your desires cannot equal her.
Notes
- 1 ↩cuerpo desta empresa: in emblem literature, cuerpo is the pictured device/body of the empresa (emblem), not a physical body.
- 2 ↩buenas letras rendered as humanities (belles-lettres / humane letters); artes liberales kept as liberal arts.
- 3 ↩dicípulos treated as discípulos (disciples).
- 4 ↩letras here may mean written characters (letters of the alphabet) rather than literary learning; the crowning-with-a-garland image suggests calligraphic or scribal ornament.
- 5 ↩roscas de las becas: beca is the academic hood/stole of Spanish universities; rosca is its coiled band. borlas are the colored doctoral tassels marking faculty.
- 6 ↩"humanas" echoes the classical name of the studia humanitatis (humane letters); the rendering keeps the source's word-play with "agrado" (pleasing quality).
- 7 ↩"mesura" here is measured reserve/gravity of bearing, not mere "moderation"; "sequedad" is the sun's harsh, unsoftened glare (dry severity), parallel to that reserve.
- 8 ↩"se domestique" = be tamed/gentled/made houseable, not domesticated in a modern agricultural sense; rendered as "softened" to keep the tempering force from the surrounding sentences.
- 9 ↩Spanish "Marco Antonio" with "emperador" almost certainly means Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (not the triumvir Mark Antony); the form is kept close to the source as Marcus Antoninus.
- 10 ↩Elliptical continuation of the previous section’s pattern (emperors who divert themselves with arts): cincelar is metal-chiseling/engraving, not painting.
- 11 ↩Sentence is cut mid-address: 'padre de V.' continues into the next ref as V. A. (Vuestra Alteza).
- 12 ↩Standalone 'A.' is the second half of the abbreviation V. A. (Vuestra Alteza), 'Your Highness,' split from the previous sentence.
- 13 ↩'ambos mundos' points to Spain’s dual sphere (Old World and New World), not a spiritual two-worlds allegory.
- 14 ↩'ella' most naturally points back to music (la música) in the preceding examples.
- 15 ↩'afectar' here is political practice/cultivation (take up, put on for effect), not emotional affect; 'por razón de Estado' = reason of state.
- 16 ↩Spanish 'muy primo' (from primor) means highly skilled/excellent, not 'cousin'.
- 17 ↩Medieval Partidas quotation shows transcription noise: 'ño sopiese' read as 'no sopiese/supiese'; 'según desuso diximos' as 'según de suso diximos' (as we said above); 'mal estanza' as ill standing/repute; 'seguirle ía' as 'le seguiría'.
- 18 ↩Subject of desprecia/aborrece/deja continues from s1's entendimiento (the understanding captivated by poetry); rendered as 'it' with government as the thing despised and abandoned.
- 19 ↩Source reading 'delia' treated as 'de ella' (of it/poetry), a common early-modern spacing/orthography for della; sense is clear from context.
- 20 ↩«fijar el azogue» is alchemical jargon for solidifying/fixing mercury (quicksilver); rendered as «fix mercury».
- 21 ↩Source forms «tenellos», «délias», and «cudicia» read as tenerlos, de ellas, and codicia.
- 22 ↩«economía» here means thrift, household/state husbandry, and sound management of resources, not modern academic economics alone.
- 23 ↩Normalized text embeds «sabiduría/4»; treated as a source footnote marker after «wisdom», not as content. «sciencia» read as ciencia.
- 24 ↩«Por ella» points back to «la buena economía» in the previous sentence; «negociación» is commercial dealing/trade.
- 25 ↩Normalized text embeds «disputó/5»; treated as a source footnote marker, not as content. «sciencia» read as ciencia.
- 26 ↩«sciencia infusa» is the scholastic term for knowledge poured in by God; kept as «infused knowledge».
Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano representada en cien empresas (Empresas políticas) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit