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Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano representada en cien empresas (Empresas políticas)/Book 1 · Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano representada en cien empresas (Empresas políticas)
Chapter 5EmpresasPol.1.5

Empresa V

The Art of Disguised Learning

The prince should be introduced to the rigors of study through playful and disguised methods that make learning attractive.

Learning has bitter roots, though its fruits are sweet.1 Our nature hates it, and no labor feels harder than the basics. What anguish and sweat it costs the young! And so, both for this reason and because study needs unbroken attendance—which harms the health and cannot be found amid the business, ceremonies, and diversions of the palace—the teacher's skill and craft are needed, taking care that amid those things and in children's games the teaching is so well disguised that the prince drinks it in without noticing: as one might do so he would learn to read by making him a game of twenty-four dice with the letters carved on them, the winner being whoever, once they were thrown, showed one or many syllables or formed a whole word—the bait of winning and the entertainment of which would easily give him knowledge of the letters, since there is more to learn in cards, and children soon play them.23 Let him learn to write using letters engraved on a thin plate. Placed over the paper, it should guide his hand and pen, while he practices hard to get used to those letters from which the rest are formed.4 In this way, he will come to love the work, attributing the ingenuity of the plate to his own cleverness.

Languages and Global Wisdom

A prince must master multiple languages to govern effectively and avoid the deceptions of interpreters.

It's essential for a prince to know several languages, because relying on an interpreter or reading translations leaves him open to deception and causes the truth to lose its impact. It’s also deeply distressing for a subject when the ruler who is supposed to address his needs, right his wrongs, and reward his service cannot even understand him. For this reason Joseph, when he was to govern Egypt, where there was a great diversity of languages he did not understand, set himself to study them so as to learn them all.5 In the present emperor Don Ferdinand, the perfection with which he speaks many languages is confirmed and made endearing: he answers each person who comes on business in that person’s own tongue.6 He shouldn't be taught these languages through rules that just clutter the memory, but rather by keeping pages from different nations at his side, each speaking to him in their own language. In that way, he’ll naturally pick them up in a few months without any real effort or strain.7

Practical Sciences for Rulers

Geography, military arts, and geometry should be taught through practical, visual, and interactive play.

To help him grasp the practical side of geography and cosmography—sciences so vital that without them statecraft is blind—have the tapestries in his rooms woven with general maps of the four corners of the earth and the major provinces. Don't clutter them with every single location; include only the rivers, mountains, and key cities and positions. Also, design the ponds so that when he goes for a walk, he can recognize the layout of the sea, with harbors and islands modeled along their shores, just like on a nautical chart. On globes and spheres let him see the placement of both hemispheres, the movements of the heavens, the paths of the sun, and the differences of days and nights—not through scientific demonstrations, but by way of storytelling and entertainment. Let him practice geometry by using instruments to measure distances, heights, and depths. Let him learn fortification by building fortresses and strongholds out of modeling paste, complete with covered approaches, moats, bastions, half-moons, and tenaille works, which he can then batter with small pieces of artillery.8 To help these shapes stick in his memory, they should be formed from myrtle and other plants in the gardens, just as they appear in the current emblem.9 Let him practice troop formations by using metal figures of every type of soldier—cavalry and infantry—that an army requires. On a table, he can arrange them into various squadrons based on a diagram; a prince should have no pastime in his youth that isn't an imitation of what he will eventually have to do for real.10 In this way he will gently come to love these arts, and later, once the light of reason has fully dawned, he will be able to understand them better through conversation with learned men who can show him their causes and effects, and with ministers seasoned in peace and war; because their knowledge is more of the present time, answers doubts, is learned more readily, and wearies less.

The Necessity of Princely Formation

The art of ruling is a rigorous science that requires deliberate cultivation rather than relying on natural talent alone.

Don't let some people take these exercises for the proper upbringing of kings' sons as pointless, since experience shows how many things children learn easily on their own that they could never learn under their teachers' care alone. Nor should these means be judged cumbersome, since, if so many kinds of bits, bridles, cavessons, and nosebands have been invented to break and correct a horse, and so much has been written about it, how much greater must the care be in forming a perfect prince, who is to govern not only the ignorant common people but also the masters of the sciences themselves?11 The art of ruling isn't a gift of nature; it comes from study and experience.12 It is the science of sciences. Reason of state was born with man, and it will die with him without ever having been perfectly understood.

A Universal Mirror for Princes

While the author acknowledges the prince's existing tutor, he offers these lessons as a guide for all current and future rulers.

I am not unaware, most serene Lord, that Your Highness13 has at your side a master so learned and wise, and one so well versed in everything—a true blessing to the monarchy—that he will lead Your14 Highness15 with greater skill along these shortcuts through the sciences and the arts. Still, I could not forgo these admonitions, because, although this book speaks to Your16 Highness,17 this book also speaks to the other princes who are and will be.

Read the original Latin

Las letras tienen amargas las raíces, si bien son dulces sus frutos. Nuestra naturaleza las aborrece, y ningún trabajo siente más que el de sus primeros rudimentos. ¡Qué congojas, qué sudores cuestan a la juventud! Y así por esto, como porque ha menester el estudio una continua asistencia, que ofende a la salud, y no se puede hallar en las ocupaciones, ceremonias y divertimientos del palacio, es menester la industria y arte del maestro, procurando que en ellos y en los juegos pueriles vaya tan disfrazada la enseñanza, que la beba el príncipe sin sentir, como se podría hacer para que aprendiese a leer, formándole un juego de veinte y cuatro dados en que estuviesen esculpidas las letras, y ganase el que arrojados pintase una o muchas sílabas o formase entero el vocablo; cuyo cebo de la ganancia y cuyo entretemmiento le daría fácilmente el conocimiento de las letras, pues más hay que aprender en los naipes, y los juegan luego los niños. Aprenda a escribir teniendo grabadas en una lámina sutil las letras. La cual, puesta sobre el papel, lleve la mano y la pluma, ejercitándose mucho en habituarse en aquellas letras de quien se forman las demás. Con que se enamorará del trabajo, atribuyendo a su ingenio la industria de la lámina.

El conocimiento de diversas lenguas es muy necesario en el príncipe, porque el oír por intérprete o leer traducciones está sujeto a engaños o a que la verdad pierda su fuerza y energía, y es gran desconsuelo del vasallo que no le entienda quien ha de consolar su necesidad, deshacer sus agravios y premiar sus servicios. Por esto Josef, habiendo de gobernar a Egipto, donde había gran diversidad de lenguas, que no entendía, hizo estudio para aprendellas todas. Al presente emperador don Fernando acredita y hace amable la perfección con que habla muchas, respondiendo en la suya a cada uno de los negociantes. Éstas no se le han de enseñar con preceptos que confundan la memoria, sino teniendo a su lado meninos de diversas naciones, que cada uno le hable en su lengua, con que naturalmente sin cuidado ni trabajo las sabrá en pocos meses.

Para que entienda lo prático de la geografía y cosmografía (ciencias tan importantes, que sin ellas es ciega la razón de Estado), estén en los tapices de sus cámaras labrados los mapas generales de las cuatro partes de la tierra y las provincias principales, no con la confusión de todos los lugares, sino con los ríos y montes y con algunas ciudades y puestos notables. Disponiendo también de tal suerte los estanques, que en ellos, como en una carta de marear, reconozca (cuando entrare a pasearse) la situación del mar, imitados en sus costas los puertos, y dentro las islas. En los globos y esferas vea la colocación del uno y otro hemisferio, los movimientos del cielo, los caminos del sol, y las diferencias de los días y de las noches, no con demostraciones scientíficas, sino por vía de narración y entretenimiento. Ejercítese en los usos de la geometría, midiendo con instrumentos las distancias, las alturas y las profundidades. Aprenda la fortificación, fabricando con alguna masa fortalezas y plazas con todas sus entradas encubiertas, fosos, baluartes, medias lunas y tijeras, que después bata con pecezuelas de artillería. Y para que más se le fijen en la memoria aquellas figuras, se formarán de mirtos y otras yerbas en los jardines, como se ven en la presente empresa. Ensáyese en la sargentería, teniendo vaciadas de metal todas las diferencias de soldados, así de caballería como de infantería que hay en un exercito, con los cuales sobre una mesa forme diversos escuadrones, a imitación de alguna estampa donde estén dibujados; porque no ha de tener el príncipe en la juventud entretenimiento ni juego que no sea una imitación de lo que después ha de obrar de veras. Así suavemente cobrará amor a estas artes, y después, ya bien amanecida la luz de la razón, podrá entendellas mejor con la conversación de hombres doctos, que le descubran las causas y efectos délias, y con ministros exercitados en la paz y en la guerra; porque sus noticias son más del tiempo presente, satisfacen a las dudas, se aprenden más y cansan menos.

No parezcan a algunos vanos estos ensayos para la buena crianza de los hijos de los reyes, pues muestra la experiencia cuántas cosas aprenden por sí mismos fácilmente los niños, que no pudieran con el cuidado de sus maestros. Ni se juzguen por embarazosos estos medios, pues, si para domar y corregir un caballo se han inventado tantas diferencias de bocados, frenos, cabezones y mucerolas, y se ha escrito tanto sobre ello, ¿cuánto mayor debe ser la atención en formar un príncipe perfeto, que ha de gobernar, no solamente a la plebe ignorante, sino también a los mismos maestros de las sciencias? El arte de reinar no es don de la naturaleza, sino de la especulación y de la experiencia. Sciencia es de las sciencias. Con el hombre nació la razón de Estado, y morirá con él sin haberse entendido perfectamente.

No ignoro, serenísimo Señor, que tiene V. A. al lado tan docto y sabio maestro, y tan entendido en todo (felicidad de la monarquía), que llevará a V. A. con mayor primor por estos atajos de las sciencias y de las artes; pero no he podido excusar estos advertimientos, porque, si bien habla con V. A. este libro, también habla con los demás príncipes que son y serán.

Notes

  1. 1Spanish letras here means letters/learning (humanistic studies), not literature alone; rendered as "learning" for sense in this proverbial opening.
  2. 2Source has entretemmiento; translated as the intended entretenimiento (entertainment/amusement).
  3. 3pintase of the thrown dice: the face that lands up / shows the letter(s); rendered "showed."
  4. 4lleve la mano y la pluma: the plate should carry/guide hand and pen along the engraved forms; rendered "guide."
  5. 5Saavedra presents Joseph’s multilingual study as a political exemplar; Genesis does not narrate language study in these terms, so the biblical force is traditional-exemplary rather than strict citation.
  6. 6«negociantes» is rendered as “each person who comes on business” (court petitioners/envoys), not modern commercial “businessmen.” «en la suya» is taken as each speaker’s own language, which matches the surrounding argument for polyglot rule.
  7. 7«meninos» is the court term for young noble pages/attendants, retained in sense as “pages.”
  8. 8Spanish 'tijeras' here is the fortification term tenaille (scissor-shaped outwork), not ordinary scissors; 'medias lunas' are half-moon works (ravelins).
  9. 9'empresa' here means the emblem/impresa of this chapter (Empresa V), not a commercial enterprise.
  10. 10'sargentería' is the sergeant's craft of arranging soldiers in formation and drill, not a modern sergeantcy alone.
  11. 11Period equestrian terms: bocados (bits), frenos (bridles/reins), cabezones (cavessons), mucerolas/muserolas (nosebands). Rendered with standard English tack vocabulary.
  12. 12especulación here means reflective study/theory, not modern financial or idle speculation.
  13. 13Standalone 'A.' is the second half of the abbreviation 'V. A.' (Vuestra Alteza). Rendered as 'Highness' to complete the address begun in s1.
  14. 14Parenthetical 'felicidad de la monarquía' is taken as praise of the master as a good fortune or blessing for the realm, not as abstract 'happiness' of monarchy as a form of government.
  15. 15Standalone 'A.' completes 'V. A.' (Vuestra Alteza) after 'llevará a V.' in s3.
  16. 16'primor' rendered as skill/refinement of craft; 'atajos' as pedagogical shortcuts; 'excusar' as forgo/omit rather than 'excuse' in the apologetic sense; 'advertimientos' as admonitions/counsels.
  17. 17Standalone 'A.' completes 'V. A.' (Vuestra Alteza) after 'habla con V.' in s5.

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